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MAKHLK, TKKKA COTTA, SLATK, TILINC, IMIKSSKD AND IILA/.ICD HKKK, AT TIIIC
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BULLETIN No« 38.
SAN FRANCISCO, JANUARY, 1906.
THE
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
OF CALIFORNIA.
ISSUED BY THE
CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU,
Ferry Building, San Francisco*
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
LEWIS E. AUBURY, State Mineralogist.
W. W. SHANNON, SUPERINTENDENT STATE PRINTING, SACRAMENTO.
1906
LfP.RARY
UNIVERSITY ()!<' CALIFORNIA
DAVIS
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
San Fran'cisco, January 2, 1906.
To Hon. George C. Pardee, Governor of the State of California, and to
the Honorable Board of Trvstees of the State Mining Bureau,
Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit the work of the State
Mining Bureau in the investigation of the Structural and Industrial
Materials of California, as incorporated in Bulletin No. 38 of this
department, and which have not been fully reported upon in previous
bulletins, named below and issued under my direction.
For information on mineral substances not herein noted, and which
might be classed as industrial materials, references are made particu-
larly to the following bulletins issued by the State Mining Bureau:
Bulletin No. 23, "Copper Resources of California"; Bulletin No. 24,
" Saline Deposits of California"; Bulletin No. 27, " Quicksilver Resources
of California"; Bulletin No. 32, "Production and Use of California
Petroleum"; Bulletin No. 37, "Gems and Jewelers' Materials and
Ornamental Stones of California."
It was considered advisable to issue the bulletin at this time, owing
to the rapid increase in building operations in California within the
past few years. The great demand for building stones, marble, clay
products, etc., together with the phenomenal strides made in the
various industrial pursuits, which are to a very great extent dependent
upon the mineral industry of this State, has created a demand for an
official bulletin wherein would be found a description not only of the
developed but also of the undeveloped mineral resources of the State,
on which this bulletin treats.
The field work was commenced on this bulletin in July, 1904, and it
has been carried on as rapidly as conditions would permit. The inves-
tigation of the subjects contained in the publication has extended over
large areas, as all counties in California, with one or two exceptions,
b LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
produce or contain structural or industrial materials in oonimorcial
quantities.
California offers exceptional opjiortunities to the investor, ])arti('U-
larly in the many mineral substances of economic importance. A large
percentage of these materials is imported from other states or foreign
countries, even though the raw materials are here, not only in ahun-
dance, l)ut in many cases of superior quality, and only awaiting the
capital necessary to develop them.
In this l)ulletin it may be found that there are omissions, and lack
of descriptions of some mines or quarries. Wherever practicable,
mines or quarries were visited by a field assistant, but in some instances
they were found to be closed down, with no one in charge at the time
of the visit of the field assistant. In such cases, it was impossible to
secure necessary data or any information as to the name of owner,
address, etc.
Employed as field assistants in the work of collecting data for this
bulletin were Mr. William Forstner, Prof. T. C. Hopkins, Mr. C.
Naramore, and Mr. L. H. Eddy.
Many courtesies were extended to the field assistants by the owners
of the different mines and quarries, and much assistance was rendered
generally by persons interested in California's mineral development.
To this large number of persons who extended information and cour-
tesies to the field assistants, and to those who aided in this work, I
herewith wish to extend the thanks of this department.
Very respectfully,
LEWIS E. AUBURY,
State Mineralogist.
CONTENTS.
PART I. BUILDING STONES.
Page.
INTRODUCTORY - - 13
USES^ OF STONE -------------- M
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING STONES .----.. 14
KINDS OF BUILDING STONES IN CALIFORNIA ------ 14
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE SELECTION OF A BUILDING STONE 15
Adaptability -------------- iq
Cost ---------- 16
Durability - - - - - - - 16, 17, 18, 19
Methods OF Ascertaining DrRABiMTv - - - 20,21
ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATIVES ---------- 22
THE SELECTION OP A QUARRY SITE --------- 22
GRANITE --------- 23
Definition ----------.--.-23
OcCfRRENCE IN CALIFORNIA -- ---- 24
Descriptions of Different Quarries -------- 26-56
Uses ------ _ . - . 23
Production ---------------24
GRANITIC ROCKS— DIORITE, GABBRO, SYENITE 56-61
LIMESTONE AND LIME 61-95
MARBLE ---------------- 95-114
SANDSTONE -------------- 114-146
SERPENTINE - ------ 146-148
SLATE ---------------- 149-154
VOLCANIC AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS— BASALT, RHYOLITE, AND TUFF 154-164
ARTIFICIAL STONE ------------ 165-170
Varieties and Process of Manufacture - 165
Factories in California ----- 166-170
PART n. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA.
CEMENT - - - 171-189
NATURAL ROCK CEMENT ------ 171
PORTLAND CEMENT ------- - 171
History -- .-----172
Production ---- ---. 172
Uses --..-------.---- 173
Testing ----- ----- 174
Composition --------------- 175
Materials Used ------------- 175
^Iethods of Manufacturing ---------- 175-177
Analyses of Cements ----- 178, 185, 188
Portland Cement I^'actories in California 17&
f7)
8
CONTENTS.
PART in. CLAYS AND CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES.
Page.
DKKINITION OF CLAY - 190
OKKilN OF CLAYS 191
( II K.MICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAYS -------- 192
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY'S 192-193
CLASSIFICATION— VARIETIES OF CLAYS ------- 194-202
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS—
Fire, Tile, AND Pottery Clays AKi> In ursTRiEs - 195-202
Description OF Localities IN California - - - - - - - 202-230
LOW-GRADE CLAYS—
Red Brick and Tile Indistry in California 231-259
PART IV. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS.
ANTniONY -------------- 260
ASBESTOS - 261-264
BARYTES -------------- 264
BAUXITE - - - . . - 265
CALCAREOUS TUFA ------------ 265
CHROMITE .--------.-... 266-272
CONCRETE ROCK. See Macadam.
FULLER'S EARTH ------------- 273-275
GLASS INDUSTRY AND GLASS-MAKING MATERIALS IN CALIFORN lA 276-279
GRAPHITE 279-281
GYPSUM --------------- 281-288
INFUSORIAL OR DIATOMACEOUS EARTH 289-296
IRON ORE - - - 297-305
JASPER --------------- .305-306
LITHIA - - - - 306-310
MACADAM, RUBBLE, AND CONCRETE ROCK ----- 311-327
MAGNESITE - - - - 327-334
MANGANESE - - - - 335-337
MICA ---------- 337-338
MINERAL PAINT - - - - 338-342
ONYX ------ 111-114
PAVING-BLOCKS ----- 342-345
PLATINUM -------- 346-349
PYRITES - -------- 349
QUARTZ-CRYSTALS ----- 349-350
RUBBLE. See Macadam.
SOAPSTONE— TALC - - - 350-353
SULPHUR 354
TUNGSTEN - - 354-355
ZINC - 355-356
SUPPLEMENT.
LIST OF SPECIMENS OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES (ENUMERATED IN
THIS BULLETIN) IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU - - 359-373
ADDITIONAL QUARRIES AND MINES 374-378
APPENDIX.
CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU - 381-386
MINERAL STATISTICS OF CALIFORNIA-1904 ------ 386-388
MIXINC BUREAU PUBLICATIONS - 390-391
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,
Relief Map of Calil'oriiia.
Illustrations. Page.
No. 1. Composite arch, built of California structural materials Frontispiece.
2. Showing use of quarry-bar 25
3. View of stone-planer - 25
4. Sketch map, showing granite areas in California 27
5. San Francisco's new Post Office - 2^
(i. Raymond Granite Quarry, Madera County 31
7. Fairmount Hotel, San Francisco 33
8. Mantyla's Granite Quarry, Rocklin, Placer County 35
9. Eureka Granite Quarry, Rocklin, Placer County 37
10. Rocklin Granite Company's Quarry, Placer County 3S>
11. Granite Quarry, Corona, Riverside County---- 41
12. Stone-sawing machine 42
13. Granite-surfacing machine 43-
14. Casa Blanca Granite Quarry, Riverside County -- 45
15. Casa Blanca Quarry, No. 2, Riverside County 45
16. H. W. Hellman Building, Los Angeles 46
17. Declez Granite Quarry, San Bernardino County 4&
18. Farmers and Merchants' National Bank Building, Los Angeles 49
19. Granite Quarry at Oro Grande, San Bernardino County. 50
20. Santee Granite Quarry, San Diego County 52
21. Rocky Point Granite Quarry, Tulare County 55
22. Boulder of orbicular gabbro 57
23. Section of orbicular gabbro 58
24. Orbicular Diorite mine, Dehesa, San Diego County. Near view of outcrop.- eO'
25. Limestone quarry of Henry Cowell's Lime and Cement Company, at
Concord, Contra Costa County 67
26. Jameson Lime Company's kilns, Tehachapi, Kern County 69
27. Mountain Summit Lime Company's kilns, at Keene, Kern County 70
28. Quarry and kiln of the Union Lime Company, Tehachapi, Kern County-. 71
29. Rock-crusher at Colton Limestone Quarry, San Bernardino County 77
30. Limestone Quarry, Oro Grande, San Bernardino County 7&
31. Lompoc Limestone Quarry, Santa Barbara County : 81
32. H. Cowell & Co.'s Limestone Quarry, ^ miles northwest of Santa Cruz 84
33. I X L Limestone Quarry, Felton, Santa Cruz County 85
34. Santa Cruz Limestone Quarry, 18 miles northwest of Santa Cruz 86^
35. Kilns and cooperage of the Santa Cruz Lime Company 87
.H(). McCloud Limestone Bluffs, from the U. S. Fisheries, Shasta County 8^
37. Sketch " D," Shasta County--- 91
38. Oleta Marble (Quarry, Amador County 97
39. Marble mill and yard, Colton, San Bernardino County - 103.
(9)
] 0 ILLUSTRATIONS.
Illustrations. I'agk.
No. 40. Colton ]SLTrl)le Quarry, San Bernardino County... 104
41. Mojave Consolidated Development Company's Verde Antique Marble
(Quarry, San lierjiardino County 105
4'_'. N'cnlc Aii(i<|U(' Marlilc (^uari-y, San Heriiardino County 10(J
43. East side of Marble Mountain, Si.skiyou County.. .. 109
44. West slope of Marble Mountain, Siskiyou County 109
45. Columbia Marble Company's (Quarry, Tuolumne County 110
40. Aragonite Quarry, San Luis Obispo County 113
47. Aragonite Quarry, San Luis Obispo County 113
48. Vein of arches of Quadrangle, Stanford University _. 115
49. lone Red Sandstone Quarry, Amador County 115
50. Kohl Building, San Francisco 118
51. Colusa Sandstone Quarry. View from south end of quarry... 120
52. St. Francis Hotel and Dewey Monument, San Francisco 121
53. James L. Flood Building, San Francisco 123
54. A portion of the face of the McGilvray Sandstone Quarry, Colusa County.. 125
55. Franklyn Sandstone Quarry, Contra Costa County 125
56. Green Sandstone Quarry of the Kern Development Syndicate, Kern County 127
57. Red Sandstone, Kern County 127
58. Public Library, Pasadena, Los Angeles County 129
59. Sandstone Quarry, Kern County 129
60. Chatsworth Park Sandstone Quarry, Los Angeles County 130
61. Sketch of Chatsworth Park Sandstone Quarry, Los Angeles County 130
62. Carnegie Library, Santa Cruz 1.34
63. Stanford Sandstone Quarry, Santa Clara County 135
64. Stanford Sandstone Quarry, Santa Clara County 135
65. Memorial arch and church, Stanford University 136
66. General view of buildings in the Quadrangle, Stanford University 137
67. Sketch "C," Shasta County 139
68. View in Sespe Canon, Ventura County, showing "Coldwater Anticline"... 143
69. Eureka Slate Quarry, Slatington, El Dorado County 151
70. View in yard near quarry of the Eureka Slate Company, El Dorado County 153
71. St. Helena Public School, Napa County 155
72. Newman's Trachyte Quarry, Napa County ._ ... 156
73. Wing's Trachyte Quarry, Napa County 157
74. Wylie's Rhyolite Quarry, San Luis Obispo County... 159
75. Volcanic Tuff (Quarry, Los Berros, San Luis Obispo County 160
76. Carnegie Library, Petaluma, Sonoma County... 163
77. Pacific Sandstone Brick Company's plant, Redondo, Los Angeles County.. 169
78. Santa Ana Viaduct, on the S. P., L. A. & S. L. R. R., crossing the Santa
Ana River, near Riverside 173
79. Works of the Standard Portland Cement Conii)any, at Nai)a .Tunction 179
80. Limestone (Quarry of the Standard Portland Cement Company, at Napa
.lunction, Najia County__. 181
81. Sketch of elevation of Limestone (Quarry at Colton Cement Works 183
82. Jjimestone (Quarry, Pacific Portland Ci'mcnt Company, Solano County . 186
H3. Plant of the Pacific Portland Cement Company, Solano County.... 187
84. Clay Pit of Pacific Portland Cement Company, Solano County 189
ILLUSTRATIONS. 11
Illustrations. Page.
No. 85. Cars loaded witli limestone at Paeitie Portland Cement Company's plant,
Solano County 189
86. High-grade clay product, hand-carved - --- 196
87. High-grade clay product, modeled by hand 197
88. High-grade clay products, " thrown" and hand-modeled 198
89. High-grade clay products, "thrown" and hand-modeled 199
90. Pottery and Limekiln at Carnegie, San Joaquin County 201
9L X. Clark it Sons' Pottery, Alameda 203
92. Plant of the Tesla Coal Company, Alameda County -- 205
93. Clay Pit of N. Clark* Sons, Amador County-.- 207
94. Clay Pit, Irish Hill, Amador County 209
95. Clay Pit of the Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Company, Amador County 209
96. E. M. Hamilton's Clay Deposit, Kern County 212
97. Los Angeles Stoneware and Sewer-pipe Company's plant 215
98. Silica Croppings, Tropico, Los Angeles County 216
99. Clay Pit of Gladding, McBean & Co. , Placer County 219
100. Pottery of Gladding, McBean & Co., Placer County 220
101. Harrington Clay Pit, Riverside County 222
102. Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Company's plant, San Mateo County 228
103. High relief terra cotta ware, by Steiger Terra Cotta Pottery Works 229
104. Adobe house, San Bernardino County 231
105. Pott's disintegrator 234
106. Auger stiff-mud brick machine 235
107. Rotary automatic wire-cutter 236
108. Pott's horizontal brick machine 237
109. Six-mold brick press 238
110. Field brickkiln, oil burner.... - 239
111. Interior of a continuous brick kiln 240
112. Berg & Oxby Clay Pit, Los Angeles 245
113. Works of Los Angeles Brick Company 245
114. Plant of the Los Angeles Brick Company 247
115. Wire cutting and pressed brick machine 247
116. Simons Brick Company, Los Angeles 248
117. Plan of kiln, Orange County Tile Works 251
118. Sketch "A," Shasta County 270
119. Detail of "c" and "d" of Sketch "A" --- 271
120. Quarry of Fuller's Earth, Kern County 275
121. Plant of Southwestern Glass Manufacturing Company, Los Angeles 277
122. Gypsum Quarry, Palmdale, Los Angeles County 285
123. Diatomaceous Earth from Lompoc; highly magnified 290
124. Photomicrograph of diatom 291
125. Quarry of Infusorial Earth at Lompoc, Santa Barbara County 294
126. Outcrop of Infusorial Earth, Santa Barbara County... 294
127. Balaam Bros.' quarry of Infusorial Earth, Santa Barbara County.. 295
128. Magne-Silica Quarry, near Lompoc, Santa Barbara County 295
129. Iron vein, San Luis Obispo County 300
130. Sketch "B," Shasta County .-. --• 302
13J.. Sketch — section on iiortli side of "GreyRocks" --- 303
12 ILLUSTRATIONS.
Illustrations. Page.
No. 132. View of Jasper Claim, Los Angeles County 305
183. Lei)i(lolite Mine, San Dicjjo County.. .307
134. Pala Mountain, view of T.itliia Mine .31)9
I.3."). r>lair (Quarry No. 1, Alameda County 31 L
136. Blake & IMlger Quarry, Oakland 312
137. Piedmont Paving Company's Quarry .314
138. Stege Quarry, Contra Costa County... , 316
13!t. Sketch— San Pedro breakwater 317
14(1. Piiotograph of San Pedro breakwater 318
141. Basalt (Quarry at Cordelia, Solano County 326
142. White Itoek Magnesite Mine, Napa County 329
143. Creon Magnesite Mine, Sonoma County 332
144. Lewis Voyle's Ochre Mine, Knight's Ferry, Stanislaus County 341
145. Ferry Building, San Francisco .380
14(>. ^iineral Museum, California State Mining Bureau 383
147. Lil)rary and Free Reading Room, State Mining Bureau 385
148. Laboratory, State Mining Bureau. 387
149. Draughtingand Map Department, State Mining Bureau... 389
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
or CAUfORNIA.
PART I.
BUILDING STONES.
GENERAL ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE BUILDING
STONES OF CALIFORNIA.
INTRODUCTORY.
California has now reached a period in her history when the building-
stone resources of the State have greater economic importance than ever
before. In the period of the first settlement in any country the demand
is for cheap building material, and especially for one that can be handled
rapidly and will facilitate the quick construction of buildings. After
the first mushroom growth, industries and settlements begin to take on
aii air of stability and permanence, due to the establishment of settled
industries, such as agriculture, manufactures, and mining ; wealth
begins to accumulate in cities, and in the hands of capitalists; then a
desire arises for buildings, both private and public, which show stability,
durability, architectural skill, and beauty. Each year finds additional
inquiries for good building and ornamental stones of different kinds.
That there is a great wealth of valuable stone in California has been
known for many years. It is equally well known that much of it is
still undeveloped, a very considerable portion of the building and orna-
mental stones used in California being imported from other states and
from European countries. It is the object of this Bulletin to give
such particulars as could be obtained concerning this very important
one of the resources of the State.
(13)
14 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
USES OF STONE.
Stone is used in substructures almost universally. Wood, l)rick. and
iron are frequently used as a substitute in superstructures, but Avbat-
ever may be tbe material used in tbe upper l)uilding, stone is almost
always used for the foundation and basement. In superstructures
where first cost can be subordinated to architectural effect, stone will
in most cases be used.
For monuments there is no satisfactory substitute for stone. For this
purpose the stone is often shipped long distances, in order to get one
that has an established reputation. Many of the monuments in this
State are of stone from New England, Indiana, Georgia, or EurojDe, and
often a large part of the cost of the monument is in railroad or steam-
ship transportation charges. One of tlie objects of this Bulletin is to
show where good stone for monuments, architectural, and other uses
can be obtained in this State.
Some of the other uses of stone are in the construction of breakwaters,
bridge abutments, culverts, curbing, fences, flagstone, hitching posts,
macadamizing, paving blocks, piers, retaining walls, reservoirs, sewers,
sluiceways, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING STONES.
Rocks are commonly divided into two, sometimes three, great classes:
the unstratified, or igneous; the stratified, or sedimentary.
The first class may be subdivided into the granitic or crystalline rocks,
and the volcanic or glassy and stony rocks. The granitic class includes
granite, syenite, etc. ; the volcanic class includes basalt, trachyte, tuff, etc.
The sedimentary rocks include those formed in water, such as sand-
stone, limestone, etc.
The third class includes the metamorphosed forms of tlie other two
classes. They may be formed from the igneous rocks, as gneiss, some
of the schists, serpentine, and talc; or from the sedimentary rocks, such
as marble, which is metamorphosed limestone; ([uartzite, which is meta-
morphosed sandstone; or slate, whicli is metamorphosed clay or shale.
KINDS OF BUILDING STONES IN CALIFORNIA.
Nearly all of these classes of building and ornamental stones occur in
California, as will be seen in the following pages.
Granite is (quarried in the following counties: Los Angeles, Madera,
Nevada, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San l^iego,
Tuolumne, and Tulare. Undeveloped masses of it occur in other
counties.
Limestone is (juari'ifd in Ainadoi-, Calaveras, Colusa. Na])a, Santa
Barl)ara, Butte, El Dorado, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Kern. Mono,
BUILDING STONES— ECONOMIC FEATURES. 15
Monterey, Placer, Riverside, San Bernardino, Inyo, Santa Criiz. Santa
Clara. Shasta, Sonoma, and Tnolunine counties.
Marble is quarried in Amador, Riverside, San Bernardino, Inyo, and
Tuolumne counties.
Sandstone quarries are in operation in Colusa, Los Angeles, Santa
Barbara, Santa Clara, Ventura, and Yolo counties.
Slate is quarried in El Dorado County, but occurs in several other
counties.
Serpentine occurs in a great many counties in large quantities, but
has been quarried only on a small scale in a few places. It is quarried
on Santa Catalina Island, and as Verde Antique in San Bernardino
County.
Rubble and broken stone for macadam are quarried in a score or more
counties.
Porphyry is quarried for building stone at San Luis Obispo.
Volcanic Tuff is quarried at several places in Calaveras, Napa, San
Luis Obispo, and Sonoma counties.
REFERENCES ON CALIFORNIA BUILDING STONES.
1. Tenth Census Report U. S., Vol. X, p. 279.
2. Mineral Resources U. S. 1893, p. 560.
3. Xeues Jahrbuch fiir Min. N. S. W., 1887, Bnd. V., pp. 451-578.
4. Sixth Report of State Mineralogist, Pt. I, p. 16.
5. Seventh Report of State Mineralogist, p. 205.
6. Eighth Report of State Mineralogist, p. 885.
7. Ninth Report of State Mineralogist, pp. 53, 209, 224.
8. Tenth Report of State Mineralogist, p. 955.
9. Eleventh Report of State Mineralogist, p. 602.
10. Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, pp. 379-411.
11. Thirteenth Report of State Mineralogist, pp. 612 et seq.
12. U. S. Geological Survey, Geological Atlas, Folio V.
13. Geological and Industrial Resources of California. By Philip T.
Tyson. Baltimore, 1851.
14. Special Report U. S. Census Office, Mines and Quarries, 1902,
pp. 180 et seq.
A short discussion of the general properties of building stones and
some of their commercial features is here inserted before taking up the
discussion of the different quarry regions of the State.
POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN SELECTING A BUILDING STONE.
In selecting a Ijuilding stone for any purpose, there are a number
of different things to be considered, among the most important of which
are (1) Adaptability, including the architectural effect; (2) Cost, and
(3) Durability.
16 STRUCTIKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORXIA.
Adaptability is the point that is freiiiu-ntly overlooked or receives
but hasty consideration in selecting a building stone. A stone that
may be very desiral:)le in certain places for certain uses is quite unsuit-
able for other uses in other places. The selection of the stone is largely
a matter of taste, and as the selective taste is good or bad, so in large
measure is the resulting structure. The stone should harmonize with
its surroundings in its use, color, grain, and structure, as well as in the
shape and size of the building.
Cost. — The principal items affecting the cost of a building stone are
thickness of the bed, its i)Osition, the thickness and kind of material
overlying the stone, the workability of the rock, remoteness of the
quarry, and the transportation facilities. There are many other items,
such as the price of labor, the cost of fuel, the equipment of the quarry,
the skill in planning work, the climatic conditions, etc., that often
materially affect the price of any given building stone.
The thickness of the overburden, the material of which it consists,
the contour of the surface, and other local conditions affect the cost of
the stripping. It is just as expensive to remove the waste from a thin
bed as from a thick one. While it might not pay to remove 20 feet of
waste from a bed of stone 5 or 10 feet in thickness, it might pay to do
so from a bed from 50 to 100 feet thick. It also makes a difference
whether there is scattered through the bed much waste material that
must be thrown out in quarrying. In some quarries lack of uniformity
(due to the presence of foreign material), change in color, or defect in
structure means a corresponding increase in cost of quarrying, because
of the expense in handling the defective or waste stone.
Having opened the quarry, the cost of removing the stone is often
influenced greatly by the hardness, structure, grain, and rift of the
stone, which properties are included under the general term " work-
ability."
In many cases the principal item of cost in a building stone is that
of transportation. It must be a very desirable stone that could be
quarried with profit remote from railway or water transportation.
It is frequently necessary to ship stone a long distance in order to get
the kind required for a particular use; l)ut tlie waste comes in when
shipping from a distant country a stone of average quality, because it
has been exploited and is w^ell known, instead of using a stone from
near-by deposits which is equally as good, or perhaps better, l)ut which
has not l)een developed.
The durability of a l)uilding stone, or its ability to withstand the
action of weather and other agencies, is one of the most important
properties to l)e considered in selecting a stone. No difference how
pleasing the color, how cheaply it may be (junrried, how small the
BUILDING STONES — ECONOMIC FEATURES. 17
tvansportation charges, if the stone will not stand intact in the wall it
is dear at any price. There are many different points to be considered
in determining the durability of a certain stone. Too frequentlj^ the
selection is made or not made on some point of minor importance,
which, in some instances, leads to the selection of an inferior stone, and
in other cases to the selection of a stone from a distant locality, which
means an enormously high freight bill, when a good, or perhaps better,
stone was near at hand and condemned on insufficient evidence.
The factors influencing durability may be divided into two classes:
internal and external.
INTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF A STONE.
The chemical composition, and more directly the mineral composition
and texture, are important factors in the durability of a stone. Thus
one with a high percentage of soluble substances, such as the alkalies,
the haloids or sulphates, is not as promising as one wdthout these
substances.
It also makes a difference in wdiat mineral forms the elements are
combined. Thus, soda, combined with silica and alumina, in the fresh
feldspars is quite a different substance from soda carbonate or chloride.
The texture is an important factor in the durability. Thus, a finely
crystalline rock is likely to be more durable than one very coarsely
crystalline. A finely porous stone will likely prove to be less durable
than one which is not so porous, especially in a cold climate. A homo-
geneous texture will generally prove to be more durable than one that
is coarse in one place and fine in another.
EXTERNAL CAUSES AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF
BUILDING STONES.
The external agencies affecting the durability are: (1) Temperature
changes; (2) Chemical agencies; (3) Vegetation; (4) Abrasion;
(5) Method of quarrying and dressing; (6) Seasoning; (7) Position in
the wall.
(1) Temperatupe Changes. — The climatic and weather changes are
among the most important agents in disintegration. Probably the
most important of these is the action of frost, or the freezing of water,
in the pores and cavities of the rock. Each ice crystal formed in the
rock acts as a little wedge to push apart the grains or burst it asunder.
This is a consideration that becomes of great importance in the moun-
tainous districts of this State and in the more rigorous climates of
northern and northeastern United States.
2— BUL. 38
18 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
The expansive force of the heat of the sun is less conspicuous than
the frost action, but it is a powerful agent of disintegration, everywhere
active. The expansion caused by the lieat of the sun on the surface
while the interior of the stone remains cool produces a great differential
strain on the surface layers both in the expansion under the heat and
in the contraction from the cold at night or by the sudden cooling from
a shower of rain. Rocks deficient in elasticity suffer the most in this
way. In some instances it produces checking, or incipient cracks, on
the surface; sometimes it causes chips to split off from the surface, and
sometimes even splits asunder large masses. The expansion under the
bright sun is said to be sufficient to cause a perceptible motion of such
structures as the Bunker Hill and Washington monuments.
That frost is a more active agency of injury than sunshine is indi-
cated by the obelisk known as Cleopatra's Needle, which was brought
from Eg3'pt to New York City. The stone that stood uninjured for
many centuries in the dry, equable climate of Egypt began to cruml)le
in a few years in New York by the frost splitting off chips from the
surface of the stone.
(2) Chemical Agencies. — There are several more or less active chem-
ical agencies in the atmosphere that are nearly as destructive as the
frost and sunshine. They are more active in warm than in cold cli-
mates. The presence of moisture increases their activity. Water itself
is a solvent of the materials in the ordinary building stone to such a
very slight degree that it could be ignored except as a carrier to bring
the more destructive agents into contact with the stone. The acids of
the atmosphere, such as sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, and the less
active l)ut more abundant carbonic and organic acids, are all agents of
disintegration, serious in proportion to their quantity. They are more
abundant and hence more active in cities and manufacturing centers
than elsewhere, due to the combustion of greater quantities of fuel.
They are less active in a dry climate.
(3) Vegetation. — While vegetable growth may exercise a protective
effect at times, it is likewise an active, though generally slow-acting
agent of injury or destruction. The mosses and lichens that grow on
the rock-surface gather dust and disfigure the wall. Both the living
and decaying portions produce some vegetable acids, which act as cor-
roding agents. The plants also catch and hold moisture, which acts as
an agent of injury, as already described. It should be stated, however,
that while the lichen growth may injure the stone on whicli it is grow-
ing, it is at the same time an indication of a dnral)le stone, as the
lichens and mosses do not ordinarily start to grow on an inferior or
ra])idly weathering stone.
BUILDING STONES— ECONOMIC FEATURES. 19
(4) Abrasion. — The greatest wear on a building stone from the fric-
tion of feet and other agencies will be in walks, steps, and sills, and
stones for such places should be selected with this in mind. A stone
that might last indefinitely in the wall of a building might wear aAvay
rapidly in the steps.
Wind-blown sands and dust are very often important agencies of
injury. These are generally most injurious in a dry, windy climate, such
as the Basin region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierras; but
are often conspicuous elsewhere, as on the monuments and the fronts of
many buildings in our large cities subject to the sweep of winds through
the streets.
(5) Methods of Quarpying and Dressing. — The durability of a build-
ing stone may be very materially affected by the methods of quarrying
and dressing. Thus, stone quarried l)y the careless use of powder in
which it is subject to violent jars or explosions will be injured. Stone
has a life which may be destroyed by the shock from heavy explosions,
and the dead stone will crumble more rapidly than before. This in-
herent life or texture of the stone may be destroyed by heavy sledging
or hammering, which loosens the grains and forms incipient cracks, in
which moisture, frost, and other agents of destruction gain a foothold
and hasten the disintegration. Sometimes the stone is quarried at the
top of a hill or mountain, and intentionally or accidentally sent tum-
bling down the slope by force of gravity alone, in which operation the
stone bounds from ledge to ledge, striking with terrific impact, and
shattering it as badly as a powder explosion. Hence, the keynote to
successful quarr3ang and dressing of stone is to avoid explosions, con-
cussions, and jars that will injure the grain or life of the stone.
(6) Time of Quarrying.— It is pretty generally recognized tliat build-
ing stones, like lumber, should be seasoned before being placed in the
wall. The necessity for seasoning is greater with some rocks than with
others, and greater in some climates. In a rigorous climate no build-
ing stone should be quarried in the winter or late fall. The reason for
the need of greater care in cold climates is the liability to injury from
frost. All freshly quarried (green) stone contains some water, known
as quarry sap, or quarry water, similar in many ways to the sap in
timber, which when once evaporated can never be replaced. The green
stone is softer, weaker, and more susceptible to injury than the seasoned
stone, hence the desirability of getting rid of the greater part of this
quarry sap before the stone is subject to freezing or to heavy strains in
the building. Many of the fragmental stones are so soft and friable in
the green state that they lack the strength to support the overlying
material in the wall, but after seasoning they are quite firm and strong.
Such stones should be dressed ready for the wall when first quarried,
20 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .MATERL\LS OF CALIFORNIA.
wliilc thev are soft and easily cut, but should be well seasoned before
being placed in the wall, unless it be a very mild climate, where the
seasoning may be done in the wall.
(7) Position in the Wall. — Stratilied rocks should be placed in the
wall in their natural position, that is, with the lamination or bedding
l)lanes horizontal. Stone in this position will withstand the action of
the weather and crushing forces much better than the same stone on
edge. The effect of this principle is shown in many sandstone build-
ings, notably the brownstone fronts of our Eastern cities.
METHODS OF ASCERTAINING THE DURABILITY.
(1) Observation. — Careful study of a building stone on the outcrop,
in the quarry, and in the buildings and monuments where it has been
used, is probably the best means of ascertaining its durability. In a
new country or with an undeveloped stone there would be no oppor-
tunity to study the stone in buildings or monuments, and observations
on the outcrop become all the more important. Some experience and
good judgment, combined with some knowledge of minerals and the
principles of geology, are necessary to interpret what may be seen on
the outcrop. It involves so many and varied local conditions that no
very specific directions can be given for the guidance of the inexperi-
enced, and almost any general rules might lead to mistakes if inter-
preted too literally.
To the experienced eye a study of the outcrop often shows the
uniformity, or lack of it, in the color, texture, and structure of the
stone. It also indicates the possible changes of color which tlie stone is
likely to undergo in the wall. The relative durability of the stone is
indicated by its influence on the topographic relief. Cross-grain,
lamination, unequal disintegration, and presence of clay or other
deleterious substances are some of the other points shown by a study
of the outcrop.
In the observation of buildings and monuments care is necessary to
avoid wrong conclusions about the strength and durability of a build-
ing stone. If the stone has been injured in the quarrying or dressing,
as indicated above, or wrongly placed in the wall, it may appear to
have rapidly deteriorated from exposure, while the fault was in the
handling. Likewise, care in selection may not have been used, and the
stone may have been badly injured when first placed in the wall. If
the stone has been (juarried, dressed, selected with care, and properly
placed in the wall, then the effect of time on it after many years is one
of the Ijest and most rigid tests that can l)e applied to any l>uilding
stone.
BUILDING STONES — ECONOMIC FEATURES. 21
(2) Labopatopy Tests.— Some of the laboratory tests which are more
or less helpful in determining the durability and strength of a stone
are the chemical analysis, microscopical examination, specific gravity,
absorption, acid, freezing, and crushing tests.
Chemical analysis indicates whether or not there are soluble constit-
uents in the rock. The microscopical examination, which is much more
useful, indicates not only the elements of the rock, but also the separate
minerals which compose it. It also shows the condition of the miner-
als, whether fresh or partly disintegrated, and the texture of the rock,
whether the minerals are interlocked in a manner that is productive of
strength. The microscopic examination, if properly interpreted, often
proves more serviceable than any other laboratory test.
The specific gravity and porosity tests, if properly made and inter-
preted in the light of other tests, may prove very helpful. There are
several ways in which the specific gravity may be determined, with
different results in each case, which must be taken into account in
making comparisons between the different stones. The porosity is a
more important factor in cold climates, as the stone which absorbs and
holds much water is more liable to injury from frost than a non-absorb-
ent stone, or one that dries quickly. To ascertain the strength of a
stone in resisting the action of frost, the attempt is made to subject a
sample to repeated freezings and thawings in the presence of moisture.
A modification of this test is sometimes made with a saturated solution
of some salt, like sodium sulphate, which will crystallize in the pores
of the rock and exercise an action similar to that of frost.
(3) Crushing and Tpansvepse Tests. — One of the most common labora-
tory tests is the crushing of a small cube, and measuring the force
necessary to crush it. The result is generally given in the number of
pounds pressure per square inch of surface necessary to destroy the
stone. Nearly all the rocks are much stronger than required by any
stress ordinarily placed upon them in any common building. It is
only in such extraordinary structures as the Washington monument
that actual danger from crushing is at all imminent; but if the result
of the test is properly interpreted in the light of the chemical analysis
and other examinations, it is helpful as indicating the strength of the
rock and the uniformity of texture, or the lack of it.
The transverse test gives a clew to the relative value of the stone for
lintels, jambs, water tables, etc., where it will be subject to transverse
strains.
The modulus of elasticity, if properly determined, gives a clew to the
strength of the stone in resisting the extremes of heat and cold.
2'2 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATIVES.
Where a stone is found to be giving way, various devices have been
tried and substances used to protect the surface from further decay.
The principle underlying most of these attempts is to waterproof the
stone, or to put something on the surface which will prevent moisture
from penetrating the pores. Paint has been used, but it is very objec-
tionable from an artistic standpoint, as it destroys and mars the grain
and natural beauty of the stone. Paraffine has been used with some
success, as it does not entirely destroy the natural texture and luster of
the stone, although it does mar it to some extent. Another process
that has met with some success is the use of water glass, or an alkaline
silicate in solution, followed by a solution of some salt like aluminium
chloride, which forms an insoluble silicate in the pores of the stone. It
gives the stone a glassy 'luster, which detracts from its value, and it is
too expensive. In foundations and substructures the rock is often
coated with asphalt or tar to protect it from moisture, but as yet no
very satisfactory process has been found for protecting the stone in
superstructures — a process that is not too expensive and does not
disfigure nor mar the beautv of the stone.
THE SELECTION OF A QUARRY SITE.
In selecting a site for opening a cjuarry the following points should
be considered:
(1) The Overburden or Waste Material to be Removed.— In a rolling or
hilly country the stone to be quarried will generally outcrop in many
places under different thicknesses of overlying material. The removal
of the waste is expensive, whether it be soil, disintegrated or fresh rock,
and the aim should be to avoid as much expense of this kind as possi-
ble; but in doing so care is necessary not to incur a still greater expense,
since a layer of soil or clay overlying a quarry stone protects it in part
from disintegrating agencies so that practically all of the bed, after the
removal of the overburden, is availa])le for dimension stone, while the
portion of the ledge not so protected may be so injured by the weather,
either by discoloration or partial disintegration, that a large part of it
must be discarded. Hence, where there is little or no overburden it is
advisable to note carefully the condition of the rock before selecting it.
(2) The Drainage.— Fre(inently the removal of water from a quarry
is a great expense that might have been avoided with proper care in
selecting the opening where there would be natural drainage.
(3) The Disposition of the Waste and Ease of Quarrying.— Tlie outcrop
on a cliff, for instance, already has one side free, and liciicc there will
GRANITE — DESCRIPTION. ETC. 23
be much less expense in removing the stone than on a flat area, where
the quarry must he sunk down through the soHd bed, and where the
first blocks, inclosed on all sides, are difficult to remove. The waste
material in the latter case must be carted far away, or it will have to
be moved again on extending the quarrj^ while the quarry on the cliff
may dispose of its waste by dumping it over the cliff, where it is dis-
posed of cheaply and for all time.
(4) Tpanspoptation.— The cost of transportation of stone, great
enoueh at best, mav be greatlv increased bv a lack of discretion in
selecting the quarry site. The site should not only be near the railway
or Avater-way, but care should l)e taken to avoid up-grades wherever
possible.
GRANITE.
The term "granite'' is used in the stone trade, ordinarily, to include
all the massive crystalline igneous rocks, which the petrographer sub-
divides into several different classes and sub-classes. Sometimes the
term is used to include the volcanic and intrusive rocks as well. The
other crystalline igneous rocks are syenite, diorite, diabase, gabbro, and
peridotite. The true granite is a crystalline rock, containing more
than 65 per cent of silica, and is composed of quartz and orthoclase
feldspar, with generally some plagioclase and biotite, muscovite, horn-
blende, or augite, one or more of them, and frequently smaller quanti-
ties of one or more of the following: apatite, zircon, tourmaline, garnet,
sphene, magnetite, and pyrite. The materials in the last list, except
tourmaline and garnet, are generally present only in microscopic
crystals, and ordinarily do not greatly affect the value or use of the
stone. Pyrite is sometimes present in sufficient quantities to discolor
the stone on exposure to the weather, and occasionally in sufficient
quantities to be an element of weakness.
The strength and durability of the granite are dependent upon the
size and arrangement of the crystals, the relative amounts of the
different minerals, and the state of their preservation. If the minerals
have undergone incipient decay, they will not be as strong nor last as
long as fresh minerals. Large crystals, or large quantities of biotite, in
a rock will prove to be a factor of weakness. The close interlocking of
medium-sized feldspar crystals which inclose the quartz in the inter-
spaces gives the texture desirable for a good building granite.
The orthoclase feldspar and the quartz alone form the graphic granite
or pegmatite (sometimes called binary granite), which commonly occurs
in vein-like bands, from a few inches to many feet in width, in the
24 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNLV.
midst of otlier rocks, and which may locally be much enriched with
other minerals such as tourmaline, garnet, or mica. It is quite common
in ISan Diego County.
Most of the granites of California that are used for building stone are
true granites. At Penryn, a gabbro is quarried in small quantities, and
the stone at Rocklin has been classed as a granodiorite.
METHOD OF QUARRYING AND DRESSING THE GRAT'JITE.
In the smaller quarries the drilling is done by hand, but in most of
the larger ones steam or electric drills are used. In many of the
quarries the blocks are loosened from the bed by driving wedges, plugs,
or feathers in the drill holes. In some of the quarries the Knox*
blasting system is used, and in some the rocks are blasted without any
system.
The Raymond Granite Company uses a quarry bar to cut out the
ends of the quarry. In many of the granite quarries in the Eastern
States channeling machines are used for this purpose.
In the smaller quarries the stone is dressed by hand, by means of
hammer and chisels and the bush hammer. In the larger quarries
this part of the work is facilitated by machinery. Rock planers, pol-
ishing machines, surfacing machines, and pneumatic surfacing tools are
in quite general use at the largest quarries. Lathes are used also for
turning and polishing columns, pillars, and round monuments.
PRODUCTION OF GRANITE IN CALIFORNIA IN 1904, USED FOR BUILDING
AND MONUMENT STONE,
Cubie Feet. Value.
Maderu County - 113,627 !i)i«,083
Xevada County 2,335 5.395
Placer County 84,796 110,:571
Riverside County 250,055 195,364
Sacramento County 5,164 4,458
San Bernardino County 250 250
San Diego County 7,760 7,851
Tulare County -. 7,000 16,000
Tuolumne County 9,700 9,700
Total... 480,687 .$447,472
Besides this there was produced $1,388, 901 worth of rubble and
paving blocks, which is nearly all of igneous rocks, mostly granite,
witli some basalt, etc.
*The Knox blasting system (patent) consists of drilling an oval-shaped liolo. elon-
gated in the direction of tlie desired break, and putting in a small c|uaiitity of l)hu'k
powder, leaving an air space between the powder and the covering. The expansion ot'
the air on the exi)losi()n of the jiowder acts as a great force t(> sj)lit the rock.
ILL. No. 2. RAYMOND GRANITE QUARRY, MADERA COUNTY.
Showing use of quarry bar.
ILL. No. :;. VIEW OF STUNK I'LANKU, 13LV IJIIUS.' STuNE LUMi'ANV, L( JS ANGELES.
(25)
26 STRUCTIHAL AND IXDI'STRIAI, .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
According to the mineral resources of the United States, })uhlished
by the U. S Geological Survey for 1902, California stood sixth in the
list of granite-producing states.
GRANITE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1902.
Ni'w Jersey... !i;753,005
Massachusetts •. 427,035
Pennsylvania 386,774
New York.--. :. 318,003
Connecticut 295,063
California 266,103
Total for United States $3,211,780
THE GRANITE QUARRIES AND QUARRY DISTRICTS IN
CALIFORNIA.
Granite and the closely associated granitic rocks (granolites) form
part of the Gavilan and Santa Lucia ranges of the coast south of San
Francisco bay; farther south they form the principal part of the moun-
tain ranges in the western part of southern California, connecting with
the large exposure of granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada range, which
runs from Tehaehapi northward to the recent volcanics, in Lassen
County. Considerable exposures of granitic rocks are also found in
northwestern California in the eastern portion of the Klamath moun-
tain region.
The accompanying sketch map gives the general outline of the
granite formations in California.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Granitic rocks form the core of the Sierra Nevada range, and large
bodies of those rocks are found in the eastern part of Butte County.
As yet, lack of transportation facilities has prevented their commercial
use. The principal and most approachable exposures are:
Bald Roek.-:\Iiddle Fork of Feather River, Sec. 27, T. 21 N., R. 6 E.
Big Bend.— North Fork of Feather River, Sec. 3, T. 21 N., and Sec. 33,
T. 22 N., R. 5 E.
Stirling.— Sec. 31, T. 24 N., R. 4 E. Diamond Match Company, owner.
FRESNO COUNTY.
Academy Granite Company.— Sec. 1:5, T. 12 S.; R. 22 E., ^l. D. M.
J. S. Williams, M. F. Marshall, and Mr. Dubois, Fresno, owners. The
rock is a dark, medium-grained granite, and is quarried from large
boulders. Its dark color makes it a pretty trimming stone for struc-
tures of other stones.
ILL. No. 4.
MAP OF CALIFORNIA,
SHOWING AREA OF
^GRANITE OUTCROPPINGS.
By Wm. Fokstner.
«5X7A' BEHN^fiP'^p
C-iT)
28 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
GLENN COUNTY.
Talbott Granite.— In Sec. 8, T. 18 N., K. 4 W., 10 miles southwest of
Willows. James Talbott, Willows, owner. S3'enitic granite is exposed
in the form of a dike intruding through the sandstone formation, within 8
miles of the Southern Pacific Railroad. At the point of chief exposure,
the granite stands from 10 to 15 feet high and is exposed along the sur-
face of the western slope of the hill for a width of about 40 feet. The
dike strikes north 14 degrees west, and follows the general trend of the
sandstone. This granite is hard, fine-grained, and of even fracture, as
has been shown by rifting large pieces from the main body.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
At Devil's Gate, near Pasadena, the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt
Lake Railway Company quarries granite boulders. This granite is
crvished and used for liallast on its roadbed.
E. M. Ross, Glendale. On the Glendale ranch, Verdugo Canon, 8
miles from Los Angeles, and three fourths of a mile from railroad, is
a body of very dark hornblende biotite granite, somewhat banded
(gneissic), taking a very high polish, and very well adapted for monu-
ment work and for trimming of the light-colored granites and marbles.
No development work.
MADERA COUNTY.
The granite quarries near Raymond are at present large producers.
There are two quarries in operation (September, 1904), employing
about 300 men, and at times it is said as high as from 400 to 500 men.
The quarries are located about 2 miles southeast of the village of
Raymond, on a spur of the Raymond branch of the Southern Pacific
Railroad. The two (juarries are about half a mile apart, on the east
side of the little valley in which they occur.
There is an extensive granite area covering many square miles in the
vicinity of Raymond. Near the town it is a hornblende biotite granite,
but at the (quarries there is almost no hornblende except an occasional
crystal. Li many places the granite is disintegrated to a depth of
many feet, while over limited areas it outcrops firm and solid on the
surface. It is on such areas that the quarries should be located. The
weathering of the granite is mainly by slow disintegration over the
surface and along the joint planes. There are very few of the round
residual Ijoulders so conspicuous in many places. INIost of the surface
boulders are angular.
Among the many structures built of Raymond granite may be
mentioned tiic new i»ostoflic(' in San l-'ramisco, which was furnished
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(29)
30 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
$425,()00 worth, with only oiu' small stone mciliiig replacement; the
Fail-mount Hotel was fui-nished ahout 20,000 euljic feet ; the Dewey
Monument, in rnion Square; the Mercantile Trust Company, of San
Francisco, on Califoi-nia street, and numerous others.
The Hall Quappy, located ahout 2 miles nortli of the McClellan
quariy, near the Raymond-Berenda Railway, was opened a ninnher of
years ago, and furnished stone for a San Francisco contract, hut was
then abandoned and has not been operated for ten years or more.
The Knowles Quappy, operated by the Raymond Granite Company,
S. E. Knowles, president, Tenth and Division streets, San Francisco,
has been open for seventeen years, and is well equipped with modern
machinery for taking out and handling large quantities of stone. The
outcrop of the granite at this point is something like a portion of the
surface of a huge globe, about 300 feet or more in diameter, partly
buried in the earth. Where it })rojects above the surface it is almost
entirely bare of any soil, vegetation, or other material. It is apparently
barren of seams, except the curved exfoliation seams parallel with the
surface, and -which are partly at least the result of weathering. In
places there are remnants of these layers of exfoliation only a few
inches in thickness, but the underlying layers, which are the ones
worked in the quarry, vary from 1 or 2 feet to 25 feet in thickness.
The quarry opening is on the northwest side of the sphere, and the
quarry floor, which follows the foliation cleavage, is inclined from
20 to 30 degrees to the northwest.
The three large cutting sheds are located below the quarry opening,
and an inclined tramway is run up to the quarry floor, down which the
blocks are carried into the cutting sheds.
Hand and steam drills and the quarry bar are used in quarrying
the stone. The quarry bar is used for cutting out the sides and ends of
the quarry and also for drilling the large blocks in cutting dimension
stone.
The stone is easily split and has a straight, even grain. It is split
from the thin layers by drilling shallow holes and driving in wedges or
plugs and feathers. From large layers the l)locks are split off by
drilling deeper holes and using the Knox blasting system, which leaves
an even surface. The thickest layer exposed is about 25 feet thick, but
most of that part quarried is much thinner, from 4 to 10 feet. As the
quarry opening is carried deeper the succeeding layers will probably
become thicker, that is, the joints will be farther and farther apart.
Nearly all the stone is cut and dressed at the quarry for building
stone, or for monunients and cemetery work. After loosening the
blocks from the quarry face and si)litting them to the recjuired dimen-
p
T'Cr
(31)
32 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
sions by plugs and feathers, they are taken to the cutting sheds, where
they are handled by steam-power overhead traveling cranes, and
the surfaces are finished, either tool-dressed, rock-faced, or polished, as
is desired, by hand or machine. The company has two of the heavy
Barre granite surfacing and polishing machines and about ten of the
lighter Concord surfacing machines. There are also a dozxMi or more
pneumatic and surfacing tools for surfacing and carving, besides a
hundred or more stonecutters and finishers at work with hand tools.
The finished stone is placed on the railway car in the cutting shed
and run down the inclined track to the base of the hill, where it is
taken to market over the Southern Pacific Railroad.
The supply of stone at this quarry is almost inexhaustible ; it
lies in admirable position for quarrying Avith a minimum amount of
waste, and the facilities for handling the stone are excellent, all of
which favor the large stone industry which has grown up at this place.
The stone is a biotite-muscovite light-gray granite, with the Inotite
mica in excess of the muscovite, and an occasional crystal of black
hornblende. It has a medium-fine grain and is remarkably uniform
in color and texture throughout the mass. Over the entire ({uarry
area only one small dark blotch was observed. Some of the biotite
crystals are idiomorphic, six-sided prisms.
The MeClellan Quarry, owned and operated by the Wilson-Lyon Con-
struction Company, office 220 Market street, San Francisco, lies on
the same hillside, about one half mile south of the Raymond Granite
Company's quarry. It has been in operation for nine years, and pro-
duces a stone similar to that from the Raymond Granite Company's
quarry, except the rock is to some extent more deeply weathered.
The company has two quarry openings, with a large derrick in each,
and a large circular cutting shed, with derrick in the center, at each
quarry. The one quarry is about 50 feet square and works two layers,
each 4 to o feet thick. The other quarry has a face about 100 feet long
and from 25 to 40 feet high, with many vertical weather seams, but
good granite between the seams. A branch railwa}^ si>ur connects this
quarry with the same branch that leads to the other quarry. This
stone, like that from the other quarry, is used largely for building and
monument purposes. They are at present (September, 1904) prepar-
ing the stone for the McKinley memorial monument in San Francisco.
About one lialf mile southeast of the villngo of Raymond tlicre is a
small (piarry with a face of about IS or 20 feet, of a spotted gray gran-
ite, with large black crystals of hornblende and biotite. In places it
approaches a syenite in character. A few feldspar veins occur and
numerous dark blotches of segregated mica. There are a number of
joint planes, yet blocks of large dimensions can be obtained. The
I.
3— BUL. 38
(.«)
34 STRrrrrRAT, and ixni'STRiAT. matkriai,r of California.
greatest drawback is the large dark l)lotclies, which mar the beauty of
the stone; but where it can be obtained free from blotches, it is one of
the prettiest granites in the State.
NEVADA COUNTY.
Granite production in Nevada County forms only a local industry
and is confined chiefly to quarrying and working the massive l)oulders
at Nevada City, Grass Valley, and Rough and Ready, and the heavier
deposits at Graniteville. The character is somewhat marred l)y intru-
sions of syenite, known to stonecutters as "black knot," especially in
regard to the value of the stone for monument purposes. The granite
at Rough and Ready contains fewer of these intrusions than that
at Nevada City and Grass Valley. The principal employment of the
granite of these sections is in the cutting of posts, copings, stoops, and
bases for monuments. The chief color is blue. The weight varies from
165 to 198 pounds to the cubic foot.
T. J. Ahearn, Grass Valley, obtains blue granite from boulder crop-
pings and ledge formation southwest of Rough and Ready, in Sec. 26,
T. 16 N., R. 7 E.; l)ut quarried none in 1904, it is reported, owing to
his inability to secure competent labor.
Charles Bouehapd & Son, yards one mile northwest from Grass Valley,
obtain blue granite from the boulder quarries at Rough and Ready,
and black granite from Sec. 20, T. 16 N., R. 7 E., south of Deer Creek.
This black granite occurs only in boulders. It is of fine grain and pro-
duces handsome monument work.
E. D. Bridges, at Pine Grove Quarry, in Sec. 8, T. 16 N., R. 9 E., on
the Masonic cemetery site in the eastern edge of Nevada City.
D. C. Morrison, Rough and Ready, quarries and dresses for monu-
ment and other uses fine-grained black and blue syenite granite at
his quarry in Sec. 24, T. 16 N., R. 7 E. The granite occurs only in
boulders, which have been his source of supply for the })ast twelve
years.
PLACER COUNTY.
Emigrant Gap. T. 17 N., R. 12 E. There is a large exposure of
granite in the extreme northwestern part of Placer County; reported
to be of excellent building variety. This material was used in the
construction of the dam that forms Lake S})aulding, which has an area
of 240 acres and conserves 52 feet of water above the gate.
GRANITE— PLACER COUNTY.
35
The Gpifflth Quappies and Polishing Works. Sec. 35, T. 11 N., K. 7 E.,
M. D. M. David Griffith, Penryn, owner. This is one of the pioneer
granite quarries of the State. Mr. David Griffith formerly worked in
the famous slate quarries in Penrhyn, Wales. He quarried granite at
Folsom, but in 1864 he came to Penryn,* which he named after his
Welsh home. Here he remained, and he and his descendants have
quarried granite from that time until the present. David Griffith, a
nephew of the first quarryman, now has charge of the business. The
quarry was opened about the time the Central Pacific Railroad was
being constructed in this region, and Penryn stone was used in the
ILL. No. 8. MANTYLA'S GRANITE QUARRY, ROCKLIN. PLACER COUNTY.
construction work on this line. Many Government contracts were
filled in former years, and at times there have been 200 men or more
employed in these quarries, although at present there is less than a
score.
The stone is a dark gray biotite granite, rather uniform in color, but
varying somewhat in texture in the different quarry openings. The
only variation in color is the occasional occurrence of a dark blotch
where the biotite crystals have segregated into a small irregular mass
in a partially glassy groundmass. Care in selecting the stone avoids
*The h was dropped from the name of the California town by decree of court a
few years ago.
.'^(i STRUCTURAL AND IXDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
the occurrence of any of these ])lotches on the exposed faces of stone
in use.
The granite outoro})s in rounded knolls and prominences in many
places along the rolling area immediately east and south of Penryii.
The largest and oldest quarry opening lies about one quarter of a mile
east of the town, and a few hundred feet east of the shoj) where the
stone is cut and dressed. This opening has been, at least temporarily,
abandoned and they are now quarrying stone from large residual
l)oulders a half mile south of the town on each side of the wagon road.
Some of these boulders are quite large and contain many tons of good
stone. Some rest on solid granite in place and some on disinte-
grated rock material and occur as residual boulders lying on and in the
debris of the decayed rock, of which they formed part of the mass.
Some of them are firm and solid on the surface, others are exfoliating
and covered with partially disintegrated concentric shells of stone.
This concentric weathering is shown both in the surface of the loose
boulders and on the projecting knobs of the massive granite.
Quarr}' openings and road and railway cuttings show the granite in
some places to be disintegrated to a depth of 20 feet or more, where it
consists of nothing but a loose granular mass of mica scales, quartz
grains, and crumbling feldspar grains. It frequently retains its
original joint planes and gross structure, but is so disintegrated that a
blow with a hammer or the foot causes it to crumble to grains.
There is a small quarry opening on the east side of the town of
Penryn. This is said to have l)een opened by a San Francisco com-
pany, but only a very small quantity of stone was removed when tlie
quarry was abandoned.
Besides the gray granite, Mr. (Jriffith quarries some very dark stone,
known as " black granite," whieh is used for certain lines of work. It
oecurs about one mile east of Penryn. The quantity produced is small
compared with that of the gray granite. This rock is classed as a
gabbro in the United States Geological Survey Atlas. It differs from a
typical gabbro in having considerable orthoclase feldspar along with the
plagioclase, and biotite and hornblende nearly as abundant as augite.
The stone is used largely for monuments for cemeteries and for
building purposes. Both the gray and the '" l)lack" granite dress nicely,
and take a lu'illiant polish. The '' l)laek '' stone is a favorite for name
blocks in front of ranches or fruit farms, as well as in cemetery monu-
ments, as the letters cut in the dark polished faces are so distinct.
At Loomis Station, .") miles south of Penryn, about midway between
Penryn and Rocklin, is a granite ([uarry operated by the Rocklin
Granite Company, S. L. Delano, president, Builders' Exchange, San
Francisco. Tlie ([uarry is on a short spur of the Cential Pacific Rail-
GRANITE— PLACER COUNTY.
37
road, about half a mile south of the town of Loomis, and on the east
side of the railway and Avagon road. The quarry opening is on a nearly
level area, and is about 100 feet long, 50 feet wide, and from 50 to 60
feet deep.
The west end of the quarry is a massive block of granite, about 50
feet square, which forms the side wall of the quarry. There are no
vertical seams, except those on each side of the mass, and no horizontal
seams except a few cracks not continuous but indicating a cleavage in
that direction. The east end of the quarry shows several vertical seams
10 to 12 feet apart.
The Loomis stone is a biotite granite that has less biotite (black
. i*v:^J
asi- **
ILL. No. 9. EUREKA (iKAXITE QUARRY AT ROCKLIX, PLACER COIXTY.
mica) than the Penryn stone, and hence a lighter color. In color and
texture, as well as in geographic position, it stands between Rocklin
and Penryn granite, being coarser and darker than the Rocklin, but not
so coarse or dark as the Penryn stone. Like the others, it has a straight
cleavage, and splits with an even, regular surface.
In places in the Loomis region solid granite occurs on the surface,
but in most places the solid rock is covered with a varying thickness
of disintegrated material, which at the quarry opening is from 3 to 10
feet deep. The concentric weathering of the stone is indicated not only
in the rounded residual boulders over the surface, but in places on the
(juarry walls the concentric weather seams may be seen several feet
38 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
below the surface. The quarry at Loomis, it is said, is not in opera-
tion continuously, but is worked at intervals to fill special orders. At
j)resent the owners are shipping stone to San Francisco for the exten-
sion which is being made to the Hibernia Bank Building.
Rocklin is the principal granite-producing point in the Sacramento
X'alley. The first quarry was opened in 1863, and the stone was used
in construction work on the Southern (then Central) Pacific Railroad.
Brigham tVr Hawes operated the same quarry later and took out stone
for the State Capitol at Sacramento. This quarry, after changing hands
several times, came into possession of Degan & Brady, who took out
the stone for the Hibernia Bank and the Crocker Building, San Fran-
cisco, since the completion of which this quarry has been idle.*
The Rocklin ({uarries are comparatively close together. They occur
on an area probably less than a mile square, on a gently rolling plain,
which borders the railway and extends from 1 to 2 miles on each side
to the bottom of a bluff 200 feet or more in height, which marks the
border of the upland mesa.
In most places over the quarry area the granite occurs at the surface.
In some places there is a very light soil-covering, and in others the
surface is covered with huge residual boulders. The stripping is very
slight over the entire area.
In going northward through Penryn and Newcastle, the Rocklin
plain becomes narrower and gradually disappears in the low rounded
granite hills, which become higher and more rugged as one follows the
railwa}' north and east into the Sierras.
The granite area is many miles in length and width, but the (quar-
ries above mentioned are the only ones on the area in Placer County
that have more than local importance.
The Rocklin stone is a biotite granite, bordering on monzonite. It
contains some plagioclase and a little augite, but the prevailing feld-
spar is orthoclase, and biotite is in excess of muscovite. Some of the
orthoclase shows a zonal structure and other portions show partial dis-
integration, most marked in the central portions of the crystals. In
places on the weathered surfaces the biotite is partially disintegrated.
There are fifteen quarries in operation (August, 1904), and several
others idle. Most of the ([uarries are small, employing from 3 to 10
men. The largest quarry is working 33 men, but at times employs as
many as 50. Most of the smaller quarries are operated by Finns, Rus-
sians, and Italians. The following is a list of the operators in August,
1904, as nearly correct as could be obtained. Some of the men speak
very broken English, if any at all, and a few of the names may not be
spelled correctly: (1) The Rocklin Granite Company, I. L. Delano,
* Historical information furnislied by A. \V. (iriiidoll of Rocklin.
GRANITE— PLACER COUNTY.
39
president, Builders' Exchange, 106 Jessie street, San Francisco;
(2) Adolph Penrii; (3) August Martin & Co.; (4) Band Granite
Company; (5) Nikolai Naj^kki; (6) John Pisili; (7) Holowen & Co.;
(8) A. O. Wickman; (9) John Kannasta; (10) Henry Hebuck Granite
Company: (11) Pete Johnson; (12) Matt Johnson; (13) Oskar Kesti;
(14) John Mantyla; (15) Janhiala Company.
Nos. 1 and 14 are the largest quarries. The Allen quarry, owned by
Myers, now idle, had been quite productive in the past.
The most northern and the largest quarry in the Rocklin area is owned
by the BnrlJin Granite Company. Like all the other quarries in this
ILL N(i. 10. Itoi'KLLX liKAXITE COMrANY'S qrAKKV, I'LACEK COUXTY
locality, it is in a rectangular pit, sunk in the surface of the rolling
plain. The opening is about 100 feet deep, 100 feet wide, and 250 feet
long. The rock has a remarkably straight grain and regular cleavage.
Curbing slabs, from 10 to 20 feet long, are split with surfaces almost as
regular and even as those cut with saws. Numerous slabs up to 16 by
20 feet surface, and from 10 to 12 inches thick, have been removed from
the quarry. These large slabs, like the smaller ones, are nearly all
split from the ledge by use of plugs and feathers. The large slabs are
used in construction of cemetery vaults. The quarry is well equipped
with machinery for handling and dressing the stone. It is provided
with large derricks and steam hoists, an overhead steam traveler in the
40 STKICTI KAI. AM) INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV.
cutting sheds, and several polishing and surfacing machines. Com-
pressed air is used in the cutting shed for drilling and surfacing. Steam
and hand drills are used. The ([uarry was opened in 1877 by Mr.
Marine. From 1878 to 1889 it was operated by Mr. G. Gritiith. Since
1880 it has been operated by the Rocklin Granite Company. It has fur-
nished large (juantities of building and ornamental stone in that time.
Compression tests made on the Rocklin granite at the Watertown
Arsenal December 24, 1896, gave the following results:
No. L ;i.!l(j" X 3.!l(i" X ;5.!)6". First crack, ;«2,UU0 lbs. ; ultimate strcii^nh, 312, OdU lbs.
No. 2. 3.V»4" X .3.97" x .3.i)()". First crack, 329,000 lbs. ; ultimate strength, :340,900 lbs.
No. 3. 3.!)(i" X 3.!Ki" x 3.97". First crack, 271, (KIO lbs. ; ultimate stren^'th, 311,400 lbs.
No. 1. riiiiiialc strength JHT scjuare inch 21,817 lbs.
No. 2. ritimatc strength i)cr square inch 21,08(i ll)s.
No. 3. ritimate strength per scjuare inch. 19,809 lbs.
Average for the three 21,104 lbs.
About three hundred yards soutli of the Rocklin Granite Company's
(juarry is tmother opening on similar granite, which l)elongs to
AdolpJi Penrri. It is 50 feet deep and about 50 feet stjuare, and is sup-
plied with a large derrick at the quarry and another at the cutting
shed. Tlie work is done entirely by hand.
Besides the (juarries ;d)ove mentioned which were in operation part
or all of the time during the year 1904, there are several others Avhich
were not operated. The largest one of the abandoned quarries is that
known as the Allen <juarry, now owned by Myeri<. It is about 300 feet
west of the property of the Rocklin Granite Company. There are two
other abandoned (jutirries of considerable extent near the south end of
the area.
Much of the work in the different quarries is done by hand. The
larger (juarries are supplied with steam drills and surfacing and polish-
ing machines, but in the smaller (jutirries the drilling, surfacing, and
polishing are done by liaiid. There arc nineteen steam-})owcr derricks,
mostly at the larger (jutirries, and fourteen horse-power derricks used
at the smaller (quarries, lilasting is carried on to some extent, but
most of the stone is split with wedges, or l)y use of plugs and feathers.
Each of the (|uarries has a railway si)ur to the tjuarry, all connecting
with the Southern Pacific Kailiojul at Rocklin.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Granite is prett}' widely distributed over Riverside County. It has
l)ecn (jUiirried on a large scale for rubl)|{' for ust' in the San Pedro break-
water, at Casa Blanca, and for Ituilding and ornamental purposes at
Corona, Riverside, and Temecula. At Por})hyry and Riverside it has
been (|uarri(Ml for tn'nkcn stone.
GRANITE— RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
41
Corona.— East of Corona, on the north side of the Southern Pacific
Raih-oad, and a half mile from the railway, are several prodvictive gran-
ite (iiiarries. There are a number of more or less regularly rounded
hills or buttes that occur at this place, over the tops and slopes of which
the granite outcrops in rounded ledges in the midst of a multitude of
large rounded boulders. Many of the boulders, as well as the pro-
jecting ledges, have a smooth, hard, firm surface. Some of them are
even polished by the winds carrying dust, which has worn away the
disintegrated surface as fast as it has been formed. A large part of the
granite has been quarried here from the boulders, as these are more
ILI,. No. 11. (iKANITE QUARRY, ( ORONA. RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
easily worked into dimensions than the massive bedrock. The boul-
ders are especially sought in making the Belgian paving blocks, which
are made here in large numbers.
Besides the use for paving stone, the Corona granite is used to some
extent for building stone, and in considerable quantities for monuments,
in Los Angeles, Riverside, and other places in southern California.
The stone from all the quarries is hauled by wagon to the railroad
at Hammer switch, about a mile east of Porphyry station.
The monument dealers in the different towns nearly all speak highly
of the Corona granite for monuments, thus giving it a growing reputa-
tion in that field. Its nearness to Los Angeles and Riverside also favors
the use of this stone for Belgian blocks.
42
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
A microscopic examination of the granite from Mayer's quarry at
Corona shows it to consist of orthochise feldspar, with a little microcline
and albite, quartz, biotite, and niuscovite — the constituents of typical
granite.
Temeeula. — There are two granite quarries about two miles south of
Temecula, near tiie junction of Temeeula Creek and the San .Jacinto
River. One quarry is owned and operated by F. L. Fernald, and the
other by Patrick Quinn. The quarries are both worked by hand, and
the stone is largely quarried from boulders. The solid ledges are ex-
posed in a number of places, but in most places the surface is covered
ILl,. No. IJ. ST()NK-SA\VIN(, MACHIXK. \U.\ HKOS. STOXK COMrANV. l.OS AMiKI.KS.
wholly or in part with large rounded boulders of disintegration. Nearly
all the work has l)een done on boulders, because they are more readily
split and cut to the desired shape. The rock lias a remarkalily even
fracture, one large boulder having been split with a single drill hole,
leaving the fractured surface more than 200 feet square, almost as
regular as a sawed surface. Some of the boulders are partially disin-
tegrated to a depth of several inches, and sometimes discolored slightly
to a depth of a foot from the surface. The interior of the stone has a
rich, light gray color, with a faint rose tint which makes it very attrac-
tive. Part of the stone is made into Belgian l)locks, and part is cut into
dimension stone. They now have two contracts of 80,000 blocks each.
Its smooth fracture makes it a desirable stone for paving blocks, as they
GRANITE — RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
43
ran be made more rapidl}^ and more regular than from a stone with a
rough fracture. It is also adapted for curbing and flagging for the
same reason. It has a local use for fence posts, where the stone has
been split out in pieces about 4 by 8 inches and 5 or 6 feet long, and
barbed wire fastened to them after they have been put in place.
There is a hand derrick in each quarry, and two derricks are at the
railway station, used in loading the stone. The railway formerly
extended down the valley near the quarries, but the part south of
Temecula is now abandoned and the stone is hauled by wagon from
the quarries to Temecula, two miles distant.
The microscope shows the Temecula stone to be a biotite granite, with
ILL. No. l:'.. MACHINE SURFACING GRANITE AT BLY BROS.' STONE YARDS, LOS ANGELES.
a very little hornblende and muscovite. There is a little soda feldspar
and some microcline, but the prevailing feldspar is orthoclase, some of
it perthite.
Bly Brothers, 720 Alameda street, Los Angeles. Two quarries: one
in the X. W. i of Sec. 2, T. 2 S., R. 6 W., S. B. M.; the other in the S. E.
i of same section. (Formerly belonged to the West Riverside Granite
Company.) This quarry produces a large quantity of fine granite used
for building purposes in Los Angeles and vicinity. This firm has in
Los Angeles one of the best equipped stone yards for handling and
dressing the stone that there is in southern California. There are saw
gangs for sawing the stone, as they handle considerable sandstone and
44 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ALVTERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
marble in their contracts. They have stone planers, surfacing machines,
steam drills, pneumatic drills, and surfacing tools. There is also a large
force of stonecutters, as mucli of the cutting and finishing of granite is
necessarily done by hand.
The stone from Bly Brothers' Declez quarry is a typical granite, com-
posed of quartz, orthoclase feldspar, and muscovite and biotite mica,
with a small percentage of the soda feldspar, albite. It has a light gray
color and medium-grained texture. Physical tests made on this stone
by L. 1). Hunt, Kngineer at the University of California, gave the
following results:
Dimension of sample, 3.02" x 3.03" x 3.01".
Crushing load, 201,120 pounds.
Crushing strength per sijuare inch, 21,980 poumls.
Weight of stone per cubic foot, K!" jxiunds.
It will be seen that in both specific gravity and crushing strength, as
well as in mineral composition, it is an average granite. Because of
the uniformity of its pleasing light gray color, it will no doubt continue
to be a popular building stone.
Casa Blanea Quarries, in Sec. 10, T. 3 S., R. 5 W., and Sec. 15, T. 3 S.,
H. 5 \\'., S. B. M. Two large granite quarries owned l)y the Southern
Pacific Railroad Company, and operated by the California Constriiction
Company. The quarries are about half a mile apart north and south,
and about a mile southeast of the Casa Blanea railway station, and
located at the base of the granite buttes of the vicinity. The rock is a
medium dark gray granite of rather uniform texture and color, except
the occurrence of the dark blotches scattered through the mass. The
blotches, which vary from a fraction of an inch to several inches in
diameter, consist in i)art of glass, which for some reason did not crys-
tallize equally with the surrounding portions, and which injure the
stone for monument purposes, but do not affect the durability or
strength of the rock, as the dark patches are even more durable than
the surrounding rock. They are more abundant in the north quarry
than in the south one. The north quarry has an opening about 100
feet square, with a face of from 50 to 60 feet. The joints cut the mass
into layers, which range from 4 to 15 feet thick. The stone is loosened
from the bed by blasting.
The south (juarry is 100 feet long by 30 feet deep, with a face of frou)
30 to 40 feet. The stone has fewer dark si)ots than that of the north
([uarry and a more even fracture. The regularity and evenness of the
surface along the lines of the fracture are remarkable. 111. No. 15 shows
a surface about ;>0 feet square, from whic li n huge block has been broken
off by only a few ilrill holes, and the face is as regular as if it had been
tool-dressed. There are very few seams, and almost no waste in quarry-
^av^
'S ^«w''-^«'y o. .
4*--'
ILL. Xo. W. CASA BLANCA GRANITE QUARRY, RIVKRSIDP: COUNTY.
,5 . •-•-Vf/ ,
ILL. No. 15. CASA BLANCA (^lAKltY No. 2 (fiRANITE), RIVEKSIDK COUNTY
(45)
46
STRUCTURAL AXn IXDrSTKIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNL\.
ing. Excellent bridge and building stone could be quarried advan-
tageously at tins place. The rock shows concentric weathering on a
large scale. The entire end of the hill on which the quarry is located
is rounded off like the surface of a great boulder.
The rock is a biotite-hornblende granite, bordering on a granodiorite,
as it contains much plagioclase and runs low in quartz.
: I
1
s
^fr
r
rL
II 1 Si
MM t \
if
i
ILL. No Ifi H. W. IIELLMAN HT 1 1,1)1.\( ,, LUS AN(iKLKS. FIRST
TWO STORIES COXSTRrcTKD OF KIVKRSIDK (iRANITE.
A spur from the Santa Fe Railroad extends into both of the Casa
Blanca (juarries, and the stone is shipped by rail as rubble to the great
San Pedro breakwater. Excellent granite for building purposes could
be obtained at these quarries.
Fairehild-Gilmore-Wilton Company, 516-517 Pacific Electric Build-
ing, Los Angeles. The (juarry is located in Sees. 8 and 17, T. 3 S.,
Iv. 6 \V., S. B. >r. This is a contracting company, and uses large
GRANITE — SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 47
quantities of building granite, as well as paving blocks, and broken
stone for ballast and concrete.
Besides the granite quarries at Hammer switch, this company operates
a large quarry at Porphyry station. The stone is used for concrete,
macadam, and railway ballast.
F. L. Fernald, Temecula. See page 42.
M. J. Mayer, Corona. The quarry is in the low foothills, close to the
track of the Santa Fe Railroad, near Porphyry station, a couple of
miles east of Corona. Mr. Mayer is working the outcropping granite
boulders into paving stones in several places.
Peepless Quappy, J. B. Lane, 910 South Main street, Los Angeles.
The product of this quarry is shipped to the stone yard of Lane Bros,
in Los Angeles, where it is made into monuments.
Patpiek Quinn, Temecula. See page 42.
Roek Mine, Stephen Connolly, Elsinore.
Rubidoux Hill Quappy, very near and west of Riverside; OAvned by the
Riverside Water Company. A small opening on the northwest side of
the city, where the stone is a gray granite, partially disintegrated to a
depth of several feet. It has apparently been used for building stone,
probably for foundations.
Sieppa Gpande Quappies, M. J. Mayer, Corona, Sec. 16, T. 3 S., R. 6 W.,
S. B. M., manufacture large numbers of Belgian blocks for Los Angeles
streets, and also ship considerable granite to the monument dealers
in different towns.
SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Folsom State Ppison Gpanite Quappy; State of California, owner;
Represa P. O.; Brainard F. Smith, clerk. In Sec. 25, T. 10 N , R. 7 E.,
on the east bank of the American River, one mile east of north from the
town of Folsom. The quarry is operated with convict labor; the product
is principally used in prison and other State construction. The mac-
adam quarry, situate in the same <|uarter-section, and farther south, is
described elsewhere.
The exposure of granite on the prison lands is at the southeasterly
end of the granite formation that extends in a northwest course from
the northeast corner of Sacramento County to Rocklin, in Placer County.
Paralleling the granite is a gray diorite, exposed in large masses in the
prison macadam quarry.
48 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
The material produced in the })rison quarry is a hiotite granite of
good buihling quality that has inij)roved with depth from 170 pounds
to 178 pounds to the cul)ic foot. In December, 1904, the working face
of the quarry had a north and south lengtli of 300 feet, 65 feet vertical
depth, and a width of 100 feet from the edge of the river l^ed. The
granite has a regular cleavage, the dimension stone quarried averaging
2 feet by 2 feet by 6 feet; the irregular shapes of smaller sizes are graded
as rubble rock.
Electric power, furnished by the Sacramento Electric, Gas, and Rail-
way Company, is used for the compressed air drills, hoisting engines,
and rock-crusher in the quarries.
The production in 1904 was 5170 cubic feet of dimension stone and
7760 tons of rubble rock.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Granite occurs over considerable areas in San Bernardino County, but
is quarried only at Declez, Oro Grande, and Vietorville.
The Deelez Quarries, owned by the Southern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany, and leased to the California Construction Company, 324 East
Market street, Los Angeles, are in Sec. 35, T. 1 S., R. 6 W., S. B. M.
At Declez, on a spur of the Southern Pacific Railroad, about 1 mile
south of Declez station on the main line, and 9 miles west of Colton.
The stone is a rather dark-colored l)iotite granite, which has a gneissoid
.structure in places. There are a number of feldspar veins from 2 to 4
inches wide, which consist principally of orthoclase feldspar, but in a
few places contain large biotite crystals. The rock is partially disinte-
grated for a few feet from the top, but below this comparatively thin
weathered portion it is bright and fresh, and below the few feet of
weathered stone the rock could be quarried in blocks large enough for
dimension stone, and good building and monument stone could be
obtained. At present nearly the entire output is used for rubble in the
Government breakwater at San Pedro. Dynamite is used to loosen the
stone from the bed, and the large irregular blocks are loaded on the cars
at the quarry and taken to the breakwater at San Pedro. The drilling
is done with steam drills, and seven large steam-power derricks are used
to handle the stone.
The Oro Grande Quarries have furnished considerable granite in the
past few years, but they were not in operation during the summer of 1904.
About two miles south of Oro Grande the Mojave River cuts a narrow
canon through the granite rock, which forms rocky hillsides on eacli
side of the river. On the west side of the river the granite is deeply
disintegrated, and except on the river bluff no solid rock appears on the
ILL. No 17. DECLEZ (iRAXITE Ql'ARRY, DECLEZ, SAX BERNARDINO COUNTY.
ILL. No. IS. FARMERS AXJi .Mi;it( H.VNTS XATIoX.VL KAXK BriLI)L\(i, LOS AXGELES.
The <iranite in thij; buildin;; was quiirried in Bly Brothers' Quarry.
Declez, San Bernardino ('o\iniv.
4— lUL. 38 " (49)
50
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
surface. On tlie east side of the river the solid granite in rounded
ledges and rounded boulders of disintegration covers an area of more
than a square mile. In several different places over this area small
granite quarries have been operated, the j)roduct being mostly Belgian
blocks. The quarries are in Sees. 28 and 29, T. 6 N., R. 4 W. Most of
the work has been done on the surface boulders, but in a few places
some Avork has been done in the solid ledge underneath the boulders.
The quarrying has been done almost entirely by hand, and most of it
ILL. No. r.i. i;iiANITK (^lAKKV AT olU) (iKAXI)E, SAX HERNARDINO COUNTY.
has been on paving blocks, although some building and monument
stone has been shipped.
Near Vietorville several quarries are in operation, also princi])ally
producing ])aviiig blocks.
Brownstone Quarry No. 4, in Sec. 34, T. 6 N;, R. 4 W., S. B. M.;
J. \y. Auchinachie, Vietorville, owner. 'I'his quarry is in the northern
part of a narrow and low granite ridge, running about north and south,
through which the Mojave Kiver cuts just above Vietorville, forming
the Upper Narrows, and on whicli all the granite quarries near Vietor-
ville are located. The surface boulders in this quarry have a less
banded structure than those in the quarries south of and nearer Vietor-
ville. The solitl granite lies in beds dipping very slightly to the north-
GRANITE — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 51
east, from 6 to 8 feet thick. The granite breaks regularly and readily.
It is medium-grained, of a very even, light-gray color. It is used for
building and monument purposes. The county jail in San Bernardino
is built of this granite. Through the quarry run seams of rhyolite,
and in places masses of segregated quartz are found.
Copona Quarry, in Sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M.; Fairchild-Gilmore-
Wilton Company, Nos. 516-517 Pacific Electric Building, Los Angeles,
owner. Granite boulders are worked in this quarry. The granite has
a yellowish cast. Paving blocks are shipped from this quarry.
Leahy & Tupner Gpanlte Quarry, in Sec. 28, T. 6 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M.;
P. H. Leahy and J. C. Turner, Victor ville, owners. It is on the south-
w^est slope of Silver Mountain, north of Victorville, three fourths of a
mile from the Santa Fe Railroad. The granite lies in nearly horizontal
beds from 6 to 15 feet thick. It is medium-grained and hard, and is
broken down by hand drilling and blasting with black powder, and
further split with plugs and feathers. It has been used in the Ferry
Building, San Francisco, the Simpson Tabernacle, Los Angeles, and
other structures. This quarry was formerly known as the Leahy,
Storan & Rodgers quarry.
Seheerer Quapry, in Sec. 29, T. 6 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M.; Clemens Scheerer,
San Bernardino, owner. It is close to the preceding quarry and in
similar material.
St. John Quappy, at Victorville, on the Upper Narrows of the Mojave
River; Hesperia Land and Water Company, owner. This quarry has
been idle for several years.
Victor Quarry, in Sec. 3, T. 5 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M.; T. H. Hargraves,
Victorville, owner. Principally boulders are worked in this quarry.
The material is similar to that of the Corona quarry in same section.
Paving blocks and curbstones are shipped.
White Granite Quarry, in Sees. 22 and 23, T. 6. N., R. 4 W., S. B. M.;
George E. Hunt, Victorville, owner. It is on the south slope of Silver
Mountain, northeast of the Leahy & Turner quarry. The granite is
stated to be bedded nearly horizontally and to be a rather fine-grained
material of good (juality for dimension stone. Very little work has as
yet been done.
52
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
Tliere is a broad, irregular l)t'lt of granite running through San Diego
County west of the middle of the county. With the exception of a little
stone quarried at different points for local use, the only (juarries now
producing granite are those at Foster and Santee, on the San Diego,
C'uyamaca and Eastern Railway, and at the Sweetwater Dam.
A. E. Babeock, Lawyer's Block, Fourth and E streets, San Diego. At
Foster, the terminus of the San Diego, Cuyamaca and PJastern Railway,
granite is quarried for rubble and shipped to the San Diego breakwater.
ILL. No. 20. SANTEE GRANITE QUARRY, SAN DIEOO COUNTY.
A spur is run from the railway into the (juarry, which is located near
the railway station, and the rock loaded by derrick directly on
the cars.
Simpson-Pirnie Granite Company, .Tames Simpson, president, San
Diego. At Santee, a station on the San Diego, Cuyamaca and Eastern
Railway, 3 miles north of El Cajon and 25 miles north of San Diego,
is a granite (juarry that has been operated for several years. A short
railway spur extends from Santee to the quarry, which is on the
east side of a small granite butte that stands close to the hills on the
north side of the El Cajon Valley. The granite is quarried by hand.
The stone is a bright-colored, light-gray, biotite-augite granite, which
GRANITE — SAN DIEGO AND SHASTA COUNTIES. 53
has a reddish to a brownish tint on the weathered outcrop. In some
places tliis brownish discoloration from the oxidation of the iron
extends several feet below tlie surface, while in other places it is a mere
shell on the surface. In the middle of the quarry face is a dike-like
band that shows several open vertical joint seams, but elsewhere on
the face the rock is massive and almost free from open seams. It has a
remarkably straight fracture, and is easily obtained in regular rectan-
gular blocks as large as can be handled. There is comparatively little
stripping to the granite mass and no expensive waste in quarrying. As
the quarry is at the base of the butte, the height of the quarry face will
increase as it is worked back toward the center of the hill. The stone
is quite uniform in texture and color, with the exception of a few small
dark blotches caused by a local segregation of the dark mica flakes.
It is used largely for monuments, and for this purpose it is cut and
dressed at the company's yard in San Diego and shipped in considerable
quantities to Los Angeles and other points in southern California. It
also makes an excellent building stone, for which it is used to some
extent.
SweetwatBP Dam Quappy, E. A. Hornbeck, National City, general
manager. This granite quarry is some miles southwest of San Diego,
and the product was used entirely in the construction of the reservoir
dam.
MPS. W. S. WatBPman, Hawthorn and Albatross streets, San Diego.
The quarry is in the canon about a mile west of Foster. The granite
is hauled by wagon to Foster, where it is loaded on cars for shipment.
The product is used for building and monument stone. The four
Government buildings at Fort Rosecrans, on Point Loma, erected in
1908-04, are constructed of granite from this quarry. The stone is light-
colored and very fine-grained, bordering on a felsite in places.
SHASTA COUNTY.
The granite in Shasta County is principally a hornblende granite.
It contains, as a rule, relatively little hornblende and bioxite and is of
light color. Where not decomposed, the rock is much jointed and cross-
jointed, showing the effect of strong pressure. These fracture planes
and the quartz seams cutting through the rock are the cause of its not
being used for building or monument purposes.
Mastepson Bpothers, Redding, formerly quarried the granite in Sec.
25, T. 31 N., R. 6 W., and Sec. 20, T. 32 N., R. 6 W., but have aban-
doned their quarries.
54 STRUCTURAL A.\"l> I MM STI^l A I. .M Al'KHl AI,S OF CALIFORNIA.
SJERRA COUNTY.
Granite and granitic rocks occupy a prominent place in the geolog-
ical structure of Sierra County, especially in the eastern and south-central
portions. No exploitation with a view to determining its structural
qualification has been undertaken.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
There is a great amount of granite and granodiorite in Siski3'^ou
County. The greater ]Kn-tion is, however, too much shattered to be
used for monument or building purposes.
On Craggy Mountain, about in Sees. 22 and 23, T. 41 N., R. 8 W.,
there is a large body of granite from which blocks of any desired size
can be obtained. It is used for building purposes and coping.
In Scott River caiion, between Fort Jones and Scott's Bar, is a grano-
diorite, mostly dark colored, sometimes grayish, which is sufiicientl}^
massive to be used. It is of very good quality and very easily worked.
Southeast of Etna, on Mill Creek, about in Sec. 1, T. 41 N., R. 9 W.,
there is a large body of very fine-grained granite, closely resembling
Berry granite (Vermont), taking a fine polish and used for monument
work.
A similar grade of granite is found southwest of Callahan, in the
southwest corner of T. 40 X., R. 8 W., and the southeast corner of
T. 40 N., R. 9 W.
At the head of Park's Creek, in T. 41 N., R. 6 W., another body of
gray granite of good quality is found.
TRINITY COUNTY.
The granite in Trinity County is the same material and occurs in the
same manner as in Shasta County.
In Rush Creek, in Sec. 26, T. 84 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., the hard
boulders found in the soft mass of weathered granite were formerly
quarried by Masterson & Armstrong of Redding, but at present this
quarry is abandoned.
Better quarries could be opened in the county, provided transportation
facilities to bring the material to market were at hand.
TULARE COUNTY.
Mp. Bartlett, of Porterville, is quarrying granite for building purposes
in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 3 miles northeast of
Porterville. The stone that is quarried for building ])urposes is
obtained in a gap of the ridge close to the north end of the granite out-
crop. The mountain on the south side of the gap is all granite; on the
GRANITE— TULARE COUNTY.
55
north side the granite extends probably a third of the distance up the
hill, where it meets the magnesite-bearing serpentine. (See under
Magnesite, page 333.) The granite is quarried on both sides of the gap
from the surface boulders, most of which are rounded by concentric
weathering. Some are partially disintegrated over the surface, while
others are sound to the surface, but all are sound in the interior. The
rock is a biotite granite of medium-coarse grain. It has a fairly straight
cleavage and takes a nice polish. The rock mass is intersected by a
great many joint planes, hence the stone does not occur in large
dimensions, but blocks large enough for ordinary building purposes are
ILL. No. 21. SHED AND YARD AT ROCKY POINT GRANITE QUARRY. TULARE COUNTY.
obtained. The supply of granite here is practically unlimited. The
stone is now being used in the construction of a bank building in
Porterville.
Reeky Point Granite Quarry, in Sec. 8, T. 19 S.. R. 27 E.; Griffith &
Owens, of Exeter, owners. The granite is a gray syenitic rock, of very
uniform texture and color, which splits readily in any direction and
takes a fine polish. It occurs in large detached masses and flattened
beds; the pitch of the latter is a little east of north, at an angle of about
30 degrees. These beds or layers vary from 2 to 25 feet in thickness,
and are so situated that a back of any required height may be obtained
to the quarry. The "rift" appears to be east and west. All drilling
56 STKL'CTL'KAL AND IXDISTKIAL MATERIALS OK CAMFOKXI A.
is done by hand. Powder is used only to break the hirger pieces, while
the dimension stone is split by plugs and feathers. Any desired size
of building stone is obtainable. The company also operates a yard in
Exeter for dressing and ])olishing the stone before ship})ing. (See
Xllth Annual iicport of California State Mining Bureau. lSi)4, page
387.)
TUOLUMNE COUNTY.
Phoenix Lake Granite Quarpy, in Sec. 28, T. 2 X., R. 15 E.; J. M.
Phillips, general manager, l)uildcrs' Exchange, 26 Jessie street,
San Francisco. The quarry is located at the head of Phouiix Lake,
about 7 miles northeast of Sonora. The granite is hauled by wagon
to a siding of the Sierra Railway Company, about 2 miles above Sonora.
The stone is a very fine-grained granite, a sprinkling of small crystals
of biotite giving it a gray color.
YUBA COUNTY.
(iranite, of a quality suitable for structures, occurs in Yuba County
on the east side of Willow Creek, in Sec. 9, T. 18 N., R. 8 E., 2 miles
by wagon road southwest from Camptonville. Willow Creek, from this
point southwest and west to its confluence with the North Yuba River,
appears to mark the northern end of the granite belt which extends
west to the North Yuba River.
GRANITIC ROCKS.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
Dehesa Quarry, N. Kessler and Marion Powers, Dehesa, owners. On
the north side of the Sweetwater River, a few miles east of El Cajon, is
a large mass of gabbro, portions of which are orbicular and are highly
ornamental on a polished surface. This rock is mentioned in the
Xlth Annual Keport of the State Mining Bureau, page 95, by
H. W. Fairbanks. The orbicular rock was first discovered by Marion
Powers, of Dehesa Prof. A. C. Lawson, of the University of California,
gave a short description of it in "Science" (Vol. XV, p. 415), and a
more extended description of it in Bulletin No. 17, \'ol. Ill, Department of
Geology, rniversity of California. See also Bulletin No. ?>7, "Gems,
Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones," State Mining Bureau.
W. H. Kessler and W. R. Hamilton, (»f Stanford University, made a study
of this rock and published an excellent illustrated description of it in
GRANITIC ROCKS — SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
57
the American Geologist for September, 1904. The Mining Bureau is
indebted to these gentlemen and to the American Geologist for the Mts
ILL No. 22, BOULUER OF ORBICULAR GABKRO.
of the orbicular gabbro shown in this Bulletin. Free use of boll- of
the above papers has been made in the following pages.
The gabbro occurs apparently as an intrusive boss in the midst of
58
STRUCTLKAl, AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OP CALIFORNIA.
the granites. It outcrops over ;m area of about a square mile on the
hill at Dehesa, and is said by Fairl)anks to extend 4 or 5 miles south-
east. The hill on which it occurs extends about 1200 feet above the
river and ISOO feet above sea level. On the slopes in the central por-
tion of the gabbro mass there are scattered boulders of the orbicular
ILL. No. 2:^. SECTION OF ORBICULAR GABBRO, SHOWING GENERAL
APPEARANCE.
W\uU' minerals are feldspars. Dark minerals are olivines, hornblendes and hyper-
sthenes. Thickness, about 'imm. Natural size.
rock. The boulders vary in size, some of the larger ones being several
feet in diameter. The orl)icular rock has not been found in place.
There are several varieties of the orbicular rock, based on variations
in texture. The most common variety is one in which there is a ring
of feldspar around the outside, surrounding the nucleus composed of a
crystalline aggregate, much like the groundmass of the rock. Another
GRANITIC ROCKS— SAN DIEGO COUNTY, 59
variety consists of spheroidal bodies which do not show either concen-
tric or radial structure. They appear to be harder and of firmer texture
than the surrounding material, and on the disintegration of the rock by
weathering, the rounded balls remain like pebbles in the residuum. A
third variety has both radial and concentric structure.
The rock is composed of plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, hypersthene,
and iron oxide. It varies considerably in texture outside of the spheroidal
masses, portions of the mass being a rather finely crystalline aggregate,
with parts quite coarsely crystalline. Some of the hornblende crystals
in place along joint planes are several inches in length. The basic
character of the orbicular portions is shown by the analysis of the
orbule, one of the round portions of the mass.
Analysis* of Orbule of the Orbieular Gabbro.
I. II.
Silica (SiO,) 40.50 39.76
Aluminum (AI2O3) 23.01 22.71
Iron(FeO) 11.96 11.96
Magnesia (MgO) 12.24 12.56
Lime(CaO) 11.44 11.39
Soda (NaoO) 1.19 1.33
Potash (K2O) .40 .87
Analysist of the Feldspar of the Orbicular Gabbro.
Silica (SiO.) 44.39
Aluminum (AUOs) 36.55
Lime (CaO)--. 18.67
Soda(Na20) . .83
Analysis indicates anorthite or nearly pure lime feldspar.
The orbicular gabbro is adapted to interior decoration, because of its
variegated texture and coloring. Without being gaudy or bizarre, it
has a rich coloring and a unique configuration that will catch and
please the eye.
No very definite estimate could be made of the quantity of this stone
available. It occurs on the surface only in boulders, and these form
but a small percentage of the boulders on the hillside. The occur-
rence of the boulders is such as to leave one in doubt as to whether
they came from a single dike or vein-like portion of the mass, or from
several separated portions of the whole mass.
The number and size of the boulders scattered over the surface indi-
cate that there is considerable stone here for commercial purposes, and
exploitation may at any time reveal the rock in place. If it should be
found in place in sufficient quantities to furnish a constant supply to
the market, and to fill any orders in reasonable time, it ought to readily
find a place among ornamental stones. It is almost unknown as a
* University of California, Department of Geology, Bulletin No. 17, Volume III, p.
394. Analysis made by James W. Howson.
tAnalvsis by W. T. Schaller.
60
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
commercial })roduct, so that architects would be slow to use it until
assured that it is obtainable in quantity.
Orbicular gabbro occurs elsewhere in California. There is a speci-
men in the museum of the State Mining Bureau from Rattlesnake Bar,
El Dorado County, which was sfent in by John Muir, and labeled
"Orbicular Diorite (Napoleonite)."
Orbicular gabbro from Sierra County and norite from Plumas County
are described by Turner.* His description indicates that, while part
of the stone is similar to that at Dehesa, there are some varieties which
^.'.
^^SiT"
,«!■:.'* •.
.'*.
^,^^«i^^.T«
'hmmm
ILL. No. 24. ORBICULAR DIORITE MINE, DEHESA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— NEAR VIEW
OF OUTCROP.
have not been observed at the latter point. He says that not many of
the orbicules are strictly orbicular, but that one of the finest is kidney-
shaped, A\ inches long and 1^ inches wide. (See i)hotograph in 17th
Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, ])1. .')0.) There is nothing in
Turner's description to indicate the quantity of the orbicular stone in
the above localities, nor whether it occurs in boulders or ledges, nor
the possible sizes obtainable.
Orbicular granite is said to occur in Rhode Island and in Ontario,
but so far as known, no commercial use has been made of it in either
*14th Report IT. S. Goologicnl Suivcy, I'l.
logical Survey, Pt. 1, p. «)42.
II, i>. 171, and ITtli IleiKirt U. S. Geo-
LIMESTONE AND LIME. 61
})lace. The same is true of the locality in Davie Count}^ North
Carolina.*
Persons desiring further information on orhicular gabbro, diorite and
granite are referred to the papers by Kessler and Hamilton, by Lawson,
l)y Adams, and by Wktson, each of which contains a bibliographical list
of references to the papers on this subject.
LIMESTONE AND LIME.
LIMESTONE.
Distpibution of Limestone in Califopnia,— Limestone is pretty well dis-
tributed over the State of California; no very large area is entirely
without it, yet the deposits are not continuous over large areas. The
stone is in some places several hundred feet thick, but, as a rule, it
extends only a short distance on the surface.
Uses of Limestone and Lime.— Limestone is used for building and
ornamental purposes, mostly, however, in the metamorphic form —
marble. It is further used to burn lime. The lime burned at Suisun,
Napa Junction, and Colton is principally used in the manufacture of
cement, and in the near future much of that from other points will be
so used, as the cement industry is increasing very rapidly.
The numerous large beet-sugar factories in the State use large
quantities of lime, several of the productive quarries being operated for
the sugar factories alone. The manufacture of beet-sugar is an industry
that is liable to increase greatly in the near future of California, and
hence an increased demand for lime for this purpose.
The remainder of the product is used for furnace flux, as a fertilizer,
for mortar and plaster in building operations, in glass manufacture,
and other minor industries.
The California limestones belong in several different geological periods,
were formed under different conditions, and hence differ considerably in
structure, texture, and composition. The limestones of Santa Cruz,
Kern, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties are all highly metamor-
phosed and associated with granites Their geological age is indefinite,
but is probably as old as the Paleozoic. The deposits at Suisun and
Concord are travertine, and probably of recent age.
*Orbicnlar gabbro, diorite from Davie County, N. C, by Thos. L. Watson, .Journal
of Geol., Vol. XII, p. 294.
62
STKUCTIKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
PRODUCTION OF LIME AND LIMESTONE IN CALIFORNIA FOR 1904.
CmNTIF.S.
LIMK.
LIMESTONE.
Barrels.
Value
Tons.
Value.
Amador ..
1,700
$1,700
Calaveras _ .. .
3,500
$5,500
Contra Costa . .
12,187
12,8(i4
178,038
10,000
215
3,240
20,000
25.000
10,359
7,(175
172.000
10, (KK)
850
3,240
20,000
21,500
El Dorado
Kern . ,
Los Angeles
Mono -- . .- -
Monterey
Riverside. _ - _ .
4,550
21,500
San Bernardino . -
28.421
6,000
42,575
Santa Barbara
12,000
Santa Cruz
293,207
18,000
. 1,500
306,775
10,500
2,2.50
Shasta
Sonoma -
Unapi)ortioned
1,236
43,707
11,132
Totals --
565,951
.$566,249
192,707
Total value of lime and limestone, .|658,956.
From this it will be seen that the total value of the lime produced in
one year is $566,249, and of the lime and limestone nearly $660,000.
Lime is produced in twenty counties. The limestone is given as used
for furnace flux, beet-sugar manufacture, and paving. The part that
is used in the sugar factories is first made into (|uicklime, and that used
for furnace flux is reduced to lime in the furnace; hence, all the lime-
stone quarried in the State is used for lime except the little that is used
for paving and concrete. The above table does not include the large
quantities that are used in the manufacture of Portland cement, nor
does it include that used for marble and onyx.
LIME.
Lime is the oxide of the metal calcium (CaO), and in some form is the
basis of all the mortars and cements used in building operations. In a
comparatively pure form it is common lime, caustic lime, or quicklime.
When mixed with a considerable percentage of clay or silica it forms
poor or meager limes, and with the increase of clay it forms hydraulic
lime, and when mixed with clay in proper proportions it forms cement.
Lime combined with sulphuric acid forms calcium sulphate, which
forms the plaster of paris cements.
Bupning-.— Lime is produced commercially by heating common lime-
stone; in heaj)s or in specially constructed furnaces known as limekilns.
Limestone consists of the carbonate of lime, which when heated at high
LIMESTONE AND LIME. 63
temperature loses tlie carbonic acid, which passes off as a gas, and the
oxide of lime for cjuicklime remains.
CaCOg Heated = CaO + COg -
Limestone Quicklime. Carbonic acid gas.
Limestone begins to lose its carbonic gas at about 750° F., but requires
a temperature of over 1800° F. before it is all driven off. In chemically
pure lime carbonate, there are 56 per cent of lime and 44 per cent of
carbonic acid, but there is nearly always present a considerable
percentage of moisture and organic matter, which are driven off, and
generally a varying percentage of clay, magnesia, iron oxide, etc., which
are not driven off, in the burning. So the actual percentage of lime may
vary from 55 per cent or more to 30 per cent or less of the stone. The
moisture in the stone facilitates the burning, so that a freshly quarried
moist stone is more readily reduced than a dry stone. Hence a dense,
compact stone is reduced with greater difficulty than a porous one, but
the quality of lime is better.
It is desirable to have the lumps of stone of a nearly uniform size as
they are put into the kiln. If there are a few large pieces, either they
will not be calcined to the center and hence will not slake, or there will
be a waste of fuel in heating the smaller pieces after they have been
calcined.
The burning may be done in open fire where a small quantity of lime
is wanted for local use. Where any considerable quantity of lime is
desired, kilns are constructed.
Limekilns. — There are two classes of kilns in general use: the inter-
mittent kiln, which is used only when a small quantity of lime is
wanted, and the continuous kiln, which is the kind in general use.
There are many different types of the continuous kiln, which resemble
each other in that the burning process is a continuous one from the
time the fire is started until it is extinguished for repairs, or for
some other purpose. In the first class the fire is intermittent, as the
name indicates. The kiln is filled or partially filled with stone, and
what is estimated to be sufficient fuel to drive off the carbonic acid is
put underneath and mixed with the stone and fired. The kiln is
permitted to cool after the fuel is burned and the lime is drawn
There are many different kinds of continuous limekilns, some of
which are covered with patents. They may all be divided into two
classes, in one of which the fuel and limestone are put in the kiln in
alternate layers, and in the other, the fuel is burned in furnaces and
only the fiames enter the kiln. The objection to the first class is that
the ashes of the fuel are mixed with the lime and injure it more or less.
So serious is this objection that kilns of this type are gradually being
replaced by the shaft kiln.
64 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Slaking Lime.— W'licii water is added to quicklime, it combines with it
chemically and forms the hydrate, the hydroxide, or slaked lime; thus,
CaO + H,0 = Ca2(0H).
Quii'klinie. Wulvr. Slaku.l liun'.
This process is accompanied by the evolution of heat, whirh is most
prominent in the rich or fat limes and decreases with the increase of
impurities. As the change from lime carbonate to the oxides causes a
decrease in bulk ( usually about 6 per cent) and a decrease in weight
(about 40 per cent), so the addition of water causes an increase in both
weight and volume.
Uses of Lime.— Probably more lime is used in mortar than for any
other purpose. For this it is first slaked and then mixed with sand,
when used for binding masonry together and for wall plaster. It is
also used without the sand for whitewashing.
Some of the other purposes for Avhich lime is used are: (1) dehydrat-
ing alcohol; (2) disinfectant; (3) dyeing; (4) fertilizer for agricultural
purposes; (5) flux and glaze in pottery manufacture; (6) furnace flux;
(7) furnace hearths; (8) furnace linings where the basic steel process is
used; (9) insecticide; (10) manufacture of aqua ammonia; (11) manu-
facture of boneash; (12) manufacture of calcium carbide; (lo) manu-
facture of gas; (14) manufacture of glass; (15) manufacture of
paper; (16) manufacture of potassium dichromate; (17) manufacture
of soap; (18) manufacture of soda; (19) molds and crucible; (20) oxy-
hydrogen light; (21) polishing material; (22) refining beet-sugar;
(2:!) tanning, in removing the hair from the hides.
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
J. D. Collins, Livermore, owner; in Sec. 80, T. 2 S., R. 8 E. A small
outcrop of crystallized limestone occurs on summit of hill, 6 miles north-
east of Livermore. Undeveloped.
AMADOR COUNTY.
Amador County Limekiln; J. H. Bonham, lone, proprietor; Theo.
Gebhart, lone, manager. Situated about 4 miles by wagon road north
of east of lone. The lime is burned in an intermittent stone kiln erected
by Mr. Bonham in 18oi*, which has been in operation ever since that
time. They first gathered up the limestone boulders over the surface,
and later opened two quarries, one at the kiln and another some dis-
tance southeast of the kiln.
The stone at the kiln is a compact, blue-gray, stratified limestone,
wiiich is (juarried by hand and lifted by a derrick to the toj) of the kiln.
It is burned with wood obtained in the vicinity of the kiln. It appears
LIMESTONE AND LIME — BUTTE, CALAVERAS. 65
to be a comparatively pure carbonate of lime, which gives good satis-
faction for plaster and mortar. It is used almost exclusivelj' in the
buildings in Amador County, and is delivered by wagons from the
kilns. None of it is shipped out of the county. The production was
1700 barrels of lime in 1904.
The deposit at the quarry shows a thickness of more than 100 feet,
and as the contact on either side is not exposed, the total thickness of
the bed is not shown, but from the scattered outcrops in the vicinity of
the quarry it appears to be quite heavy and apparently inexhaustible.
The numerous fissures and joints in the stone prohibit the quarrying
of dimension stone for building purposes, but it is admirably adapted
for use as quicklime.
BUTTE COUNTY.
The limestone deposits of Butte County are described under the
headings "Cement'' and "Marble."
CALAVERAS COUNTY,
Genelli Ranch. — At the Genelli ranch, one mile north of Vallecito,
some marble has been burned in a crude kiln for use as lime in that
vicinity, but only at intervals and not for shipment. There is an un-
limited suj^ply of limestone in this vicinity.
Mepcep's Cave, in Sec. 31, T. 4 N., R. 14 E., M. D. M.; W. J. Mercer, of
^Nlurphys, owner. This wonderful work of nature lies just off the Sierra
road, li miles northwest of Murphys, and was discovered in 1885 by the
owner. It occurs in the limestone belt that passes through Murphys, and
consists of several chambers, which are connected by stairways and lighted
by electricity. The first room is 200 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 58 feet
high, with thousands of stalactites hanging overhead and on the walls
in the most fantastic shapes. The entire cave is 362 feet long and
about 150 feet deep.
Mapkwood Quappy, in Sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 11 E.; George Markwood,
8r., Fosteria, owner. The rock is occasionally quarried for use as flux
at the smelter at Campo Seco.
MeNamapa Quappy, in Sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 11 E. ; Charles McNamara,
Fosteria, owner. The limestone occurs in highly tilted slates. It is
operated intermittently to furnish stone for fluxing purposes at the
smelter at Campo Seco.
Plaza Limestone Quappy, in Sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 11 E.; Penn Chemical
Works, Campo Seco, owner. The entire output is used for flux at the
company's smelter at Campo Seco.
5 — BUL. 38
66 STiUCTlHAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Young's Quarry, in Sec. 4, T. 4 N., K. 11 Iv; A. iV: 1). Young, Fosteria,
owners. This is the largest limestone quarry in the vicinity. Formerly
the owners burned some lime, Ijut of l;ite years the (juurr}' has been
idle except when rock was sold to the smelter at Cuinpo Seco for use as
Hux. The limestone croppings extend for about three fourths of a
niil(> in a general northwesterly and southeasterly direction.
The limestone in the (juarries near Fosteria is a compact, fine-grained,
dark blue rock, colored by carbon, whicli readil}- burns out, producing
a good lime.
t'^
COLUSA COUNTY.
Lambert Ranch, in Sec. 20, T. 1(5 X., K. 5 W.; .J.T. IJatlil)un, College
City, owner. A deposit of limestone, from wliich lime was burned
about fifteen years ago.
Manzanita, in Sec. 2U, T. 14 N., R. 5. \\\; (i. V. Xorthey, Sulphur
Creek, owner. Lime is produced from coarse crystalline limestone
deposits, for retorting and local use. Only a small quantity has been
marketed.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY,
CoL Coates, in Sec. 15, T. 1 X., R. 1 E., M. D. M. Limestone occurs on
the pro})erty of Col. Coates, in Oil Caiion. The outcrop is similar and
adjoins the deposit belonging to Mr. Harkinson.
Henry Cowell Lime Company's lime (juarries lie 3 miles south of Con-
cord, in the foothills on the northwest end of Mount Diablo. The rock
is a travertine, which outcrops over a considerable area in the vicinity
of the (juiirries. It varies in character, a large part of it being a very
compact drab-colored stone, very faintly banded, hi i)laces it is bluish
colored, and brecciated. Part of the stone is a snow white, porous, light
tufa, which is irregularly mixed through the other rock. The compact
rock, because of its high specific gravity, is thought to be aragonite.
There are two (juarry openings. The one now in operation is an
irregular, funnel-shaped opening, about 50 feet deep and covering prob-
ably about half an acre at the toi>. The other (][uarry is on the point
of the liill, about one eighth of a mile south of west from the first men-
tioned and 50 feet or more al)ove it, and has a face of 50 feet of lime-
stone. The only covering over this stone at either opening is a tliin
layer of dark-brown adobe. The stone is cut by numerous seams and
cracks, wliicli cause it to come from tlic ([uarry in sucli small dimen-
sions that there is very little of it that needs furtlicr bicaking for the
limekiln.
LIMESTONE AND LliAIE — CONTKA COSTA, EL DORADO.
67
Tlie stone is hauled bv wagon from the (luarry to tlie kiln on the rail-
road at Concord, where it is burned ready for shipment. At present
(August, 1904) some unl)urn(Ml stone is being shipped.
Hapkinson Lime Deposit, in Sec. 16, T. 1 N., R. 1 E., M. I). M.; H.
Harkinson, Antioch, owner. The deposit, which is about 7 miles south-
west of Antioch, in Oil Canon, has l)een developed by a tunnel. The
ILL. No. li.'i. l.l.MKSroNK liUAlUlV OF IIKNUY COWELL LLMK AND CEMENT ('0:\n'ANV,
CONCORD, CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.
rock is an amorphous, compact, bluish-gray, fossiliferous limestone.
Very little of the rock has ever been shipped.
EL DORADO COUNTY.
Alabaster Cave, W. T. Holmes Lime Company, 24 Sacramento
street, San Francisco, owner, is about 7 miles east of Newcastle, on the
east side of the American River, and about three fourths of a mile above
the suspension bridge. It occurs in a crystalline, granular, white, and
clouded white and blue limestone, which lies in a stratum about 50 feet
thick, inclosed by mica-schists. The limestone layers are standing
vertical and have a north and south strike parallel with the cleavage of
the schist. It forms a bold outcrop on each side of a small canon that
cuts through it. The Alabaster cave from wliich the place is named is
68 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .^LVTERLVLS OF CALIFORNLV.
on the roadside on tlie north side of the canon. A Hme quarry was
opened on the hill immediately above it, and a stone kiln in which tlie
lime was ))urn(Ml is on the roadside, hut they have not lieen used for
several years.
On the south side of the canon and a few hundred feet from the cave is
a large stack kiln, in which is burned the lime from the stone quarried
just above it. This quarry has been worked to a depth of 50 feet, about
800 feet long, and to the full width of the limestone. The lime rock is
brought on tram-cars to the top of the kiln, which stands on the hill-
side below the level of the quarry.
The stone at the above quarry is a compact, heavy, medium-coarse,
crystalline limestone, free from impurities, except a few parallel bands
of schist which are inclosed in it. >Some of these schist bands are dis-
integrated to the depth of the quarry opening, and the rotten schist is
easily separated from the limestone; but some of the schist is not disin-
tegrated and is not so easih^ separated from the limestone, and hence
causes some waste in the quarrying.
The stone is burned with wood in the kiln at the quarry and hauled
in rawhide sacks by wagon 7 miles to Newcastle, on the Southern Pacific
Railroad. It is mostly shipped to Sacramento and handled liy the
Sacramento Lime Company.
At Cave Valley, east of Auburn, is another limestone quarry and lime-
kilns.
Henry Cowell Lime Company.— It is reported that about 2 miles
north of Cothrin station, on the Placerville branch of the Southern
Pacific Railroad, the Henry Cowell Company owns and operates a large
lime quarry and kilns. The lime is shipped from Cothrin station.
Limestone is said to occur in small, isolated, lenticular masses in a
number of places in the county. The limestones are thought by
Mr. Lindgrcn to be of Carl)onif(n-ous age.*
FRESNO COUNTY.
Limestone is found in large quantities in T. 12 S.. R. 2B K.; T. 12 S.,
R. 27 E.; T. 12 S.. R. 29 p]. It extends for several miles in length,
with an average width of H miles. The limestone in this section is of
good quality and years ago considerable of it was burned, l)ut nothing
is l:)('ing done with it of late years, owing to its distance from a market.
Dunlap. — An undeveloped vein of calcite, 30 feet wide, is found near
Dnnlap.
Sampson's Flat. — \ heavy ledge of blue limestone, suitable for the
jiiodiKtioii of lime, is found at Sampson's Flat, on Kings River.
♦Sacranu'iitt), Folio No. 5, U. S. (icoloKical .\tlas.
I
I.l.MKSTONE AND LI.AIK — KKKX COl'NTY.
r,9
KERN COUNTY.
Tlio lime iiulu:^trv i.^ a large and important one ;it Tehaeliapi, Kern
County, on the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads. The industry
began a great many years ago l)y Uurning the lime for local use, and
tlien for shipment to other })oints, until now the Tehachapi lime is
known all over southern California. The first lime was burned in the
rudely constructed "pot kilns." l)uilt of stone, some of them brick-lined.
At present the lime is all burned in modern kilns. Sometimes oil and
sometimes wood is used for fuel. The oil is the cheaper fuel, but it
ILL. Xo. 26. JAMESON' LIME COMPANY'S KILN'S, TEHACHAPI, KKRN COl'NTY.
is claimed that for certain purposes the lime made with oil is inferior
to the wood-burned lime, hence part of it is burned with wood. The
wood is obtained on the hills about the quarries, where it grows in con-
siderable quantities.
Limestone outcrops at many other points in this area, where it is
possible to open quarries in the future. There have been a number of
small quarries opened at different points, where the lime has been
burned, mostly for local use, but from some of the (juarries it has been
shipped to different points. None of these were in operation in 1U04.
From one of these quarries in the vicinity of Tehachapi some marble is
said to have been quarried and shipped a few years ago.
7(»
sTurcTi-KAi, .wi> ixnrsTiv'i \i, .MA'ri:Hi ai.s ok califokxia.
Jameson Quarry, .laiucson l.iiiic Coiiij)any, 'I'eliacliapi, owner. On
the north side of the great Tehachapi \'allev is a l)road l)elt of lime-
stone that forms tlie hordering hills of the valley. The quarry is
locatc<l ill a small canon al)out half a mile from tlie border of the
valley. The hillside on which the (|uarrv is located is 400 feet
or more in heiglit. and shows limestone outeroppings all the way
to the to}). The opening from which the stone is taken at ])resent
(July, 1904) is about 100 feet above the bottom of the canon,
and several other smaller ojienings have been made at different
heights on the hill. The hill is apparently all limestone, except
JI.I.. No. 27. MorXTAlX SI'MMIT J.lMK ( oMl'ANVS KII.XS AT KICKXK, KI'MiX CorXTV
a few small (.day seams in ])hices and some chalcedonit- chert near
the middle of the slope. The slo])e on the south end of the
hill and the talus slo})e below contain a great (juantity of chert frag-
ments which are remnants from the weathered limestone, and api)ear
as a rusty brown mantle on the surface.
The limestone is coarsely crystallizeel and of a prevailingly blue
color, but portions of the deposit are white and in places white and
blue banded. The rock is much fractured and weathere(l on the sur-
face. The limestone, as ex])osed over a bell more than half a mile in
wiilth and at least several hundred feet in thickness, with practicall}'-
no overburden, shows an unlimited available supi)ly.
Two modern kilns, const i'ncte(l in the summer of 190.'>, are in o]H'ra-
IJMKSTOXK AND UMIO — KKRN COITNTY.
71
tion. The lime is Ininifd mostly with oil, but some wood is used. It
is put in barrels at the kilu and transported by wagon to the railway
at Tehachapi.
Mountain Summit Lime Company, ;)24 Requiena street, Los Angeles,
owns a large lime quarry at Keene station, 8 miles northwest of
Tehachapi. Large quantities of lime are burned and shipped to various
points. Tlie limestone and the resulting lime are said to be similar to
tliat at Tehachapi.
Union Lime Company, 203 San Pedro street, Los Angeles; A. L. Foster,
Tehachapi, superintendent. The quarries are on the south side of the val-
•r%- .■* '^'^'
m^i^'
'"'W^
ILI.. No -is. (iUAKKV AND K IIA'S OK Til K I'.XIOX I.IMKCO., TKH A i ' II A I'l , Ki;i;X CdCXTY.
ley. The limestone occurs in heavy beds, with more or less inclusions of
schist. The biotite mica in the schist is frequently badly disintegrated and
stains the adjoining limestone with iron rust. The rocks are sharply
folded and much shattered, so that large dimension stone is not avail-
al)le. The limestone is all crystallized; in some places coarse-grained
and elsewhere fine-grained. It varies from white to light blue in color,
the prevailing color being a bluish gray. In one place in the quarry
of the Union Lime Company the stone is finely banded, blue and white,
with a fine, compact, saccharoidal texture. It might be (juarried with
profit to a limited extent, in slabs of several square feet, utilizing the
fragments for the limekiln. These slabs could be used for interior
decoration and for cabinet and panel work.
1'2 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAT- >IATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
The limestone lies apparently in a closely compressed syncline, which
has a general trend or strike about N. 75° W. Both strike and dip
vary in direction as well as in angle.
There are several (juarry openings scattered along the hillside over a
distance of half a mile or more. In one of the largest is a quarry face
of about 300 feet which is worked at several levels. The stone is quar-
ried by blasting and is run from the quarry to the kilns on tram-cars.
It is needless to add that there is an unlimited amount of limestone
available at this locality.
There are at least two other ledges of limestone south of the I'nion
Lime Company's quarry, one of which, about one mile south in a side
canon to the west, was quarried some years ago and the lime Inirned in
a pot-kiln at the quarry. The limestone at this point is only about 10
feet thick and dips 45° N. 40° W., which soon carried it so deep into tlie
hill that it became expensive removing the overburden. Tlie associated
rocks are granite, schist, and porphyry.
The company has five kilns at the railway track one half mile below
the station, and four more at the quarries 3 miles south of Tehachapi.
Pomona Lime, Cement, and Stone Company, Pomona, has a quarry in
a body of crystalline limestone at Spadra, on the San Pedro, Los Angeles
and Salt Lake Railroad, about 4 miles west of Pomona. This lime-
stone is burned in a kiln close to the quarry.
MONTEREY COUNTY.
A belt of limestone shows in several places on the west slope of the
Santil Lucia range, not very far from the coast line. Its most northern
outcrop is on Long Ridge, in Sec. 9, T. 18 S., R. 1 E. It runs in a
southern direction to Sec. 86, T. 18 S., R. 1 E., and Sec. 31, T. 18 S.,
R. 2 E. Another conspicuous outcrop of limestone is found in Sec. 30,
T. 19 S., R. 3 E. Farther down the coast, in tlie southern part of the
county, the limestone forms very steep escarpments along the shore.
Another ])elt of white, coarsely crystalline limestone is found at the foot
of the west slope of tlie Gabilan range, especially east of Salinas. These
limestone exposures are remnants of a thin bed overlj'ing the granite.
Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Company, 211 Drumm street, San
Francisco, owns the former Rockland Lime and Lumber Company's
plant at Rockland Landing, in Sec. 22, T. 22 S., R. 4 E. Formerly four
continuous limekilns were in o})eration, but the iilant has been idle for
a nunil)er of years. (See also Vlllth Report of California State Mining
Bureau, p. 480; Xllth \h\d., p. 392; and Xlllth Wnd., p. 629.)
Monterey Lime Company, Mills Building, San Francisco, owns lime-
stone (juanies and limekilns on Bixby Creek, al)out 3 miles from the
IJMERTONE AND LIME — MONTEREY, NEVADA. ORANGE. 73
coast, in 8ec. 16, T. IS S., R. 1 E. Two quarries are opened on the
north side of the creek. The limestone is nuich shattered and decom-
posed to considerable depths along the fissures. Where fresh, the rock
is a white crystalline limestone, witli grayish-blue streaks, closely ap-
proaching to marble. The surrounding rock is granite. The property
is e(|uipped with two patent continuous kilns of a daily capacity of 70
barrels, which were started in August, 1904; a similar kiln of 80 barrels
capacity is under construction. The company produces two grades of
lime, the Diamond !M and connnon lime.
Spreekels Sugar Company, Salinas, owns several limestone quarrie&
east and southeast of t^alinas, located principally along Alisal Creek in
the Hancho El Alisal and Rancho Cienega del Gabilan, about 6 miles
from Salinas, in the belt west of the Gabilan range above described. The
limestone is used in the beet-sugar factory. The rock is a very white^
coarsely crystalline limestone, which makes an attractive white build-
ing stone, of which some rubble masonry has been made in Salinas.
An extensive deposit of limestone is reported in the Gabilan range^
at the head of Chalone Creek, in the southeast corner of T. 17 S., R. 7 E.^
about 6 miles (air line) east from Metz, a station on the Southern
Pacific Railroad.
Los Vergeles Raneho.— In lots 1 and 3 of the Los Vergeles Rancho;
Mrs. J. H. Wythe, corner of Minnesota and Lincoln avenues, San Jose^
owner; about 12 miles northeast of Salinas, on the San Juan road,,
several deposits of limestone occur, two of which are quite extensive.
The stone ranges from a coarsel}^ crystalline white and bluish-white
calcite to a very compact, holocrystalline, fine-grained marble. It all
averages very high in lime content and is suitable for cement and sugar
purposes. Preparations are being made to open a quarry.
NEVADA COUNTY.
Formerly considerable lime was produced in Nevada County, but at
present the supply is chiefly from outside sources.
Limekiln Smith's Ppopepty, in Sec. 4, T. 14 N., R. 8 E., Hull .t Mitchell,
Grass Valley, owners, was formerly a large producer of lime.
In Sec. 2, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., lime was formerly burned from a lime-
stone ledge near the east bank of Greenhorn River.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Capistrano.— Sec. 31, T. 7 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M.; R. Egan, Capistrano,
owner. A deposit of fossiliferous limestone, used by the padres to burn
lime for the mission buildings.
74 STlilCTrKAh AM) INDUSTRIAT. MATERIALS OF CAI.IFOHXI A.
El Toro.— A similar liiiiestoiic was l)urii('(l aljout 1888, hut the kihi
was ahandoued after a canipaitin not histing two j'ears.
William Moulton. — Extensive beds of this fossiliferous limestone are
found on Moulton's ranch, soutli of El Toro. (See Cement.) The
following analysis of this limestone is reijorted: carbonate of lime, 96
per cent; silica, 2.5 per cent; alumina, 1 }»cr cent; iron oxide, 0.5 per
cent.
PLACER COUNTY.
Holmes Limekilns, in Sec. 3:5, T. 1-3 N., K <) E.; The Holmes Lime
Company, 24 Sacramento street, San Francisco, owner. The works
are on the east bank of Bear River. 2 miles west of Colfax. The
quarry was operated for eight months in 1904, burning lime in one of
the two kilns. This limestone was first quarried in 1870 for marble.
(See under " Marble."') The exposure in the quarry is 200 feet wide
and 50 feet high. About 2000 feet north the ledge croi)s for a length
of 100 feet over a width of 40 feet. The general dip is to the east.
There are 4B acres in the holding, including quarry, kilns, tramway,
Pelton wheelhouse, reservoir tank, and storage house. The kilns are
iipdraft. of 6 tons daily capacity eacli, though they have not l»een
operated beyond 5 tons. Wood is used foi- fuel. The tramway for
carrying the lime from the kilns to the storage house is 1000 feet long,
at an inclination of 40 degrees, and operated l)y a 24-inch Pelton
wat el- wheel.
Pacific Lime and Plaster Company, in C'lipper Gap district; lime-
kilns at Benicia, Solano County; D. Edward Collins, Oakland, presi-
dent; W. 0. Badgley, Oakland, general manager, with head othce in
San Francisco. The company, wdiich began operations in January,
1905, at Clipper (lap, 5 miles northeast of Auburn, purchased looo
acres within Sees. 1(5, 20, 21, 29, and 30, T. 13 N.. R. 9 E. The
extensive limestone deposits lie on the west side of the North Fork of
the American Rivei', following the southwesterly course of the river for
a distance of 4 miles, extending in some occurrences to the bank of the
river and in others a mile to the westward. Mr. Badgley states that the
company decided ui)on the location of the kihis at lienieia because of
economy in ti-ansportation of the rock, liaving both rail and water facili-
ties for shijiment of the product, and the availability of oil for fuel.
The same limestone ])elt is exposed near ^lurderers' I'ar. on the
.Vmi'i'ican Uiver. .\ kiln was erected at tlic deposit a numlicf of years
ago, l)Ul was never used.
LIMESTONE AND MM E — PU 'MAS, RIVERSIDE. 75
PLUMAS COUNTY.
liiniestonc of a i^ood lime-producing quality occurs in a great ledge
extending half a mile nortli from the Last Chance mine, in 8ec. 35,
T. 23 N.. K. ^» E., and south from the same point into Sec. 5, T. 22 N.,
R. 9 E., crossing Onion Valley Creek. Along this course the ledge varies
in width from 100 to 300 feet. It extends also farther south through
8ecs. 17 and 20, but is not of ecjual body.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Chine Quapry, in Sees. 2 and 8, T. 2 S., R. 5 \V., S. B. M.; American
Beet-Sugar Company, Chino, owner. A white marble found in boul-
ders, with a great amount of waste, partly clay, partly debris. Has
not been operated for the past ten or twelve years.
Sky Blue Marble and Onyx Company, E. W. Tucker, Eighth and Wal-
nut streets. Riverside, general manager, operates a limestone quarry at
West Riverside, about 5 miles northwest of the town of Riverside, in
Sees. 2 and 3, T. 2 S., R. 5 W., S. B. M. The limestone occurs in one
of the numerous buttes found in the northern part of Riverside and the
southern part of San Bernardino counties, which are generally granite.
This limestone butte at Riverside resembles in some respects the one at
Colton. Both are mixtures of blue and white calcite, but the Riverside
stone has a particularly deep and rich blue color. There are two beds
of tlie limestone separated by granite and quartzite. The strata dip
25*^ X. 25° E., and at the north end of the mountain the limestone is
underlaid 1)y granite, which is followed In' quartzite, and that in turn
by another bed of limestone. The contact of the limestone with the
granite and with the (juartzite is (juite sharp.
Analysis of Riverside Blue Marble.*
Lime (CaO) 55.85
Equivalent to lime carbonate 99.73
Magnesia 0.30
Iron trace.
Tlie chemical analysis shows it to l>e a remarkably pure carbonate of
lime, which verifies the appearance of the stone in the quarry.
Some of the limestone has been used for building purposes in River-
side and in Los Angeles, and some has been used for ornamental pur-
poses in San Francdsco.
There are two kilns at the quarry; the product is put on the market
under the name of " Lily Wliite" lime. About 75,000 barrels of lime
have been burned at this quarry.
*.liilin A. \Vt'scner, analyst: copy nf analysis fnrnislicd by llic company.
76 STIU'CTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL iMATKRIAI>S OF CALIFORNIA.
By utilizing the small diiiii'iisious ior ([uickliiiK', the (|uari-y can l>e
profitably worked and a variety of marble obtained different from that
in any other known (juarry in the Ihiited States.
The durability of the Riverside limestone is indicated by its strong
topographic relief, where it stands uj) in inominent knobs in the midst
of granite and (luartzite.
Ferdinand Snydep owns a productive lime quarry 7 miles north of
San Jacinto, on a branch of the Santa Fe Railway. The stone is
coarsely crystallized limestone, and is said to make an excellent lime
fur the sugar refineries. There are two kilns in use, in which tlie lime
is burned with wood, and shipped to different })oints in southern
California. The quarry has lieen in operation for eight years.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
A belt of white crystalline limestone runs along the east slope of the
Gal)ilan range, in places forming the main ridge. (See Xlth Report.
California State Mining Bureau, p. o70, and Monograph XIII, U. S.
Geological Survey, p. LSI.)
M. Barbe, San .luan. Several exposures of this limestone in Sees. 9
and 15, T. 13 S., R. 4 E., and in the northern })art of the Rancho
Cienega de Gabilan. At i)resent under l)ond to J. C. Kinnp van Ee,
San Francisco.
Henry T. Cowell, and the Holmes Lime Company, No. 22 Sacramento
street, San Francisco, own large limestone quarries, near Cienega, along
Thompson Creek, and in its vi(dnity, in Sees. 28, 29, 30, and 32, T. 14 S.,
R. 6 E.; also Sees. 14 ajicl 24, T. 14 S., R. 5 E. This property was
owned formerly by the Cienega Lime Company, which had several lime-
kilns on Thompson Creek. Idle for the last six years. (See Vlllth
Report, California State ^Mining Bureau, p. 4S8; Xlth ihid., p. 370;
Xllth iJrId., p. 393; and Xllltli ihid., p. ()29.)
U. G. Harlan, llollister, owns a limestone deposit in Sees. 23 and 24,
T. 14 S., R. 5 E., on which he has a pot-kiln of 250 barrels capacity,
and it is claimed burns a fair (][uality of lime for local use.
S. Lavagnino, San .hum, owns the old Twitehell kilns in the ui)per
jjart of the Rancho Cienega del Gabilan, which have been idle for
several years.
Los Vergeles Rancho, near San .Juan. See Monterey County.
A. F. Underwood, San -luan, owns a limestone deposit in tlu' northern
])art of the Rancho Cienega del Gabilan, adjoining the i)roperty of
^L l^>arbe; under bond to ■) . C. Kemp van Le, San Francisco.
LIMESTONE AND LIME — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
77
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Mrs. 0. Burns, San lieinaidino, and Rev. P. J. Stockman, Santa liav-
bara, own a limestone deposit in Sec. 33, T. 1 S., R. 5 W., S. B. M., about
3^ miles southwest of Slover Mountain. The exposure of limestone is
small — not over 80 feet high and covers only a few acres. The limestone
is white, coarsely crystalline, thinly bedded, and dips 45 degrees north-
easterly. It is quarried and burned in a small kiln on the Santa Ana
River, close to the hillock, but in Riverside County.
California Portland Cement Company, No. 401 Trust Building, Los
Angeles, T. J. Fleming, general manager, owns Slover Mountain, in
ILL. No. 29. JIOCK-CRUSIIER AT COLTON LIMESTONE QUARRY, SAN BERNARDINO CO.
Sees. 19 and 30, T. 1 S., R. 4 W., S. B. M. This mountain is an isolated
knoll of crystalline limestone, about 500 feet high. The limestone is
generally very pure, especially the coarser crystalline variety, which
runs 98^ to 99 per cent of calcium carbonate. The lime burned from
this limestone slakes very quickly and flashy, but must be slaked with
a great amount of water to prevent it from being burned. The burned
coarse variety shows small black specks (locally called fly-bitten rock).
The fine-grained limestone is not so pure, but makes a better plaster.
(See Marble and Cement.)
Oro Grande.— The limestones are interstratified, with reddish-brown
quartzites and brown shale. In the quarries the limestone varies from
78
STRUCTURATi AND INDI^STRIATj MATF.IUAIjS OP CALIFORNIA.
(50 to nearly 200 feet in thickness, but tlu' total tliickness or the total
extent of the limestones in this region is not known. Jn the area
surrounding the (juarries are isolated outcrops of smaller lenticular
masses of limestone. About 8 miles east of Victorville is another
outcro}) of massive, crystalline white and clouded limestone that would
make a handsome marble.
The limestone is a liard, coarsely crystalline rock, mostly of a dark
))lue color, with numerous iron stains; but in the large (juarry nearest
the railway there is much white limestone stained witli dendrite along
the surfaces in the joint and cleavage planes.
in several places in the upper quarries there are great clusters of
— *■ .,'
V^T >:\I^ j«i«^ .^.A.*^-
n,L. No. :;0. LIMKSTOM'; (ilAIMtV, oKo 1 1 ItA N Dh:, SAX l!i:i; \ A K DI N < > cotNIV
calcite and aragonite crystals, whicli occur in long jM-isms, sometimes
4 or 5 inches long. The crystals have a brownish-yellow color from the
iron stain. There is also considerable pyrite, in places some bornite,
along the joint seams, the weathering of which gives rise to free sulphur
in a numl^er of places, and ii\ i)laces stains of yellow-brown iron rust.
The impurities are not in sufficient (juantity to materially injure the
quicklime. l)ut they art^ sufficient to disfigure it for use as a building
stone.
The rock is so much fractured that no large dimension stone is
availaljle; but this texture is an aid for lime (piarrving, where the stone
LIMESTONK AMI IJME — SAN JOAQUIN, SAN H;iS OBISPO. 79
is used in small dimensions and must be broken up artificially if not
(lone by nature. The ([uarrying is done by hand-drilling and blasting.
The (|uarries are located well up on the hillside, east of tlie railway,
and northeast of the town of Oro Grande, in T. 6 N., R. 4 W., near the
middle of the townshi]>. It is down grade, part of it quite steep, to the
railroad. Some of the limekilns are located on the railway, several
north and one south of the town of Oro Grande, and two of the kilns
are on the hillside half a mile east of the railway. The stone is hauled
by wagons from the quarries to the kilns. The ({uarries opened up in
the vicinity of Oro Grande are:
Hoey Quarry; American Beet-Sugar Company, ()xnard, ^'entura
County. Idle last year.
Oro Grande Lime Company's Quarry; N. L. Morrow, 116 S. Avenue 20,
Los Angeles. Idle for many years.
Summit Quarry; Oro Grande Lime and Stone Company (formerly
Stimson c^' Fleming), Third and San Pedro streets, Los Angeles. This
company manufactures the Red Star brand of lime, and ships limestone
to the beet-sugar factories.
Superior Quarry; American Beet-Sugar Company, Chino, Los Angeles
Count V.
SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY.
California Lime and Cement Company's Quarry, located about tliree
fourths of a mile south of Carnegie. The company's offices are at 328
^lontgomery street, San Francisco. The quarry was opened in 1900
and the lime was originally burned in an open kiln at the quarry, but
at present the rock is hauled to the railroad siding at Carnegie and
burned in a continuous oil-burning kiln, with a capacity of 200 barrels
}ier day. The lime is only Ijurned as it is needed for luiilding purposes
at Tesla and ('arnegie. Some lime rock is shipped to the glass works
at Stockton. The rock occurs in a series of aragonite veins, varying in
width from 3 inches to 3 feet and dipping to the northeast at an
angle of about 65 degrees. It is overlaid with crushed shales stained
with iron. The quarry was opened for al)out 7o yards, with a face
averaging about 40 feet high. Four prospect tunnels further developed
the deposit and exposed considerable serpentine inclusions, which cause
much waste in (juarrying.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
A. Dubost, Adelaide. In Sees. 1-S and 19, T. 26 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M.,
on the old Tartalja })lace, is a large exposure of limestone. Formerly
A. GouM burned lime here. Idle for the last few vears.
80 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Dawson Lowe, San Luit^ Obispo. In the noitliwestern part of T. 32 S.,
n. IG E., and eastern part of T. 82 S., R. 15 E., M. D. M., 15 to 18 miles
east of Arroyo Grande, in the Huasna country. An extensive deposit
of bnff-oolored limestone.
J. D. Morgan, Arroyo (irande. In Sec. 3U, T. 32 S., \\. 14 E.. M. 1). M.,
near the Loma Pelon, is a limestone cropping from 30 to 40 feet
wide, which can l)e traced for a considerable distance in isolated patches
along the highest points of the ridges. The rock is of a dark gray color.
Several years ago some lime was burned in a kiln on Section 35 of same
township. (See also Vlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau,
p. 522.)
Miss Julia Newsom, Newsom Springs, Rancho Santa Manuela, 2^
miles east of Arroyo Grande. The limestone crops out along the hill-
side, from 35 to 50 feet above the caiion, in a flat bed 5 to 6 feet wide.
"It is light colored, and mixed with clay. Some lime was burned here
several years ago.
Mrs. R. Porter, Santa Barbara. In the Huasna country. (See D.
Lowe, above.)
In the Huasna Country, on Government land, the same limestone is
found. (See D. Lowe, above.)
In Lopez Canon, in the northern part of T. 31 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M.,
about 18 miles from Arroyo Grande, are extensive limestone deposits.
The rock is coarsely crystalline, white colored, containing in places
some clay and inclusions of shale.
Near Oak Flat, west of Paso Robles, an exposure of limestone is
reported. (See Xth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 584.)
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
T. C. Lind, Lompoc, owns a limestone deposit on the south side of San
Miguelito Canon, opposite that on the property of the Union Sugar
Company (see below), but whether it is part of the same reef is doubt-
ful. Undeveloped.
Loma Blanco Lithographic Stone Company, .ludge E. M. Ross, presi-
dent; A. M. Gates, 310 Currier Building, Los Angeles, secretary. A
deposit of iine-grained limestone, claimed to be ai)i)ropriate for litho-
graphic work. On the Moraga ranch, Sees. 4 and 5, R. 26 W., S. B. M.,
near the sunmiit of the Santa Ynez range, in a very unapproachable
country.
Th. W. Moore, Santa Barbara. On Las Positas ranch, on the Arroyo
liurro, 3 miles from Santa Barbara. A slightly yellowish colored,
LIMESTONE AND LIME — SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
81
coarsely crystalline limestone. (See also Tlllth Report, California
State Mining Bureau, p. 538.)
Union Sugar Company, Betteravia, Santa Barbara County, owns a
deposit on the north side of San Miguelito Canon, about 6 miles south-
west of Lompoc, elevation 1150 feet, which has been leased for the last
six years by W. 0. Badgeley, 236 Bacon Building, Oakland; G. E.
Badgeley, Lompoc, superintendent.
The stone is quarried and hauled by wagon 6 miles down grade to
Lompoc, where it is shipped by rail to the large sugar factories at Santa
Maria and Oxnard, being there calcined for use in refining the sugar.
ILL. No. 3L LOMPOr LIMESTONE QUARRY, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
The limestone occurs in a heavy ledge which dips northeast. The
quarries are on the projecting knobs on the north side of the valley.
The rock is a soft, fossiliferous limestone, chalky in places. The
upper part of the deposit is a coarse limestone conglomerate, with
numerous siliceous pebbles. The stone has been badly shattered and
broken in the uplift and contains many slickensides surfaces along the
cracks and fissures. The limestone is of Tertiary age, as shown by the
many fossil shells which it contains.
There are three quarry openings. The most northern one shows
from 30 to 35 feet of white limestone overlaid by 25 feet of siliceous
limestone conglomerate. The south opening shows about the same
6-BUL. 38
82 S'l'KlCTrHAI- A.\n INDIS'I'IU \1. MATKKIAI.S of CALIFORNIA.
thickness of limestone, which is stained ycUowisli brown in spots from
the infiltrating iron-bearing waters. Tlie middle opening sliows from
10 to 15 feet of white limestone.
There is no building stone available at this (|uarry, owing to the
friability of the limestone. It is adapted to use for i|uicklime because
of the ease with which it can l)e (juarried.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
El Dorado Sugar Company's Quarry, in Sec. 18, T. 7 S., R. 2 \V.;
Granite Rock Company, owner; Mr. Wilson, Watsonville, manager.
This quarry is located on Black Mountain, 9 miles by wagon road from
Mountain \'iew, on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
The limestone is hauled by wagon to Mountain View, where it is
shipped by rail, at the rate of oO to 60 tons per day during the dry
season, to the sugar factory at Alviso, where it is burned into quick-
lime and used in the factory. The quarry has been in operation for
three years.
The limestone is thinly bedded and much shattered, compact to finely
crystalline, of a gray to nearlj^ black color, of the variety known as
anthraconite; containing considerable organic matter and numerous
small veins of white calcite. The strata are highly inclined, the dip
being 55° N. 10° E. at the quarry. The limestone contains con-
siderable dark gray to black chert, in seams 2 or 8 inches thick and in
small irregular lenses. In places the limestone is shaly and contains
much clay. In quarrying, the very thin layers break up into pieces
too small for use. Hence the waste from the chert, the clay, and the
small fragments causes considerable extra expense in the quarrying.
The stone, however, when freed from the chert and the shale is said to
make a most desirable lime for the use of the sugar-maker.
The stone has been quarried in several places. Tlie jiresent work-
ings on the east side of the canon near the base of the mountain have
a face of about 85 or 36 feet, the upper 10 or 12 feet of which contain
much black shale. The limestone extends to the top of the moinitain,
several hundred feet above the quarry.
The outlines of the limestone area, as that of otlier neighl)oring small
])atelies, are shown on the V . S. Geological Survey Atlas sheet of this
region.
The stone would make a good i-oad material, as it is already in sm-h
small dimensions that there would l»e little expense for further crushing.
Los Gates Lime Quarry; .T. W. Taylor, San Francisco, owner. Located
on the mountain 2 miles southeast of Los Gatos. Tlierc^ is a good road,
all down grade, to Los (Jatos, where tlie stone was hauled and burned
LIMESTONE AND LIME — SAXTA CKl/, ('()^^•T^■. 83
in kilns locatt'il ou tlu' hank of the creek in tlic town. 'I'he (Hinrry has
heen idle for a nnniher of years.
There are tliree quarry openings, exijosing :i total thickness of more
than 100 feet of limestone. The rock is in thin layers from a few inches
to ;>() inches thick; the strata are more or less crumi)led. The stone
occurs in fragments of such small dimensions that no huilding stone
could be obtained, but which adapts it to use for macadam or lime
burning.
The limestone is very compact, fine-grained and quite brittle, with a
flinty fracture, and locally contains many tine white calcite veins, also
considerable inclusions of chert ('" Hint"), partly in continuous bands
and parti}' in irregular lenses.
SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.
There are extensive beds of limestone northwest of the city of Santa
Cruz. Four quarries are now operated in these deposits. The stone is
a coarsely crystalline blue, and in places white limestone, much broken
and shattered, and is overlaid by a dark brown and in places black
adobe clay. In places the limestone appears on the surface through
the adobe. The limestone is generally stained yellow and brown on
the surface along the fissures by the clay and iron carried down by the
percolating waters. With the exception of this surface stain, the stone
appears to be a quite pure carbonate of lime. The texture is more
variable than in many other localities; part of it is quite coarsely and
part of it finely crystalline.
The stone has been used to some extent for rubble work in retaining
walls and foundations and for macadam in the streets of Santa Cruz,
but more of it has been burned into quicklime and shipped to San
Francisco and elsewhere, besides that used locally.
Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Company, 211 Drumm street, San
Francisco. The limekilns are located on the north side of the wagon
road about one half mile west of Thurber's. There are three pot-kilns
in use. in which the lime is burned with wood, and another stone kiln
which is not in use. The lime is packed in barrels at the kilns and
hauled by wagon to Santa Cruz, where it is shipped by rail or steamer.
Limestone was formerly quarried at the kilns, but at present most of
the stone is hauled from a large quarr}^ about half a mile up the caiioiL
This (|uarry, covering an acre or more, has a face of about 150 feet.
There is a tramway from the (juarry to the kilns, but for some reason
this has been abandoned and the stone is hauled to the kilns by wagon.
Besides the large (juarry, there are numerous smaller quarry openings
along the sides of tiie canon, from which large (juantities of limestone
84
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
have been removed. The stone outcrops in the walls of the canon in
many places for more than half a mile al)ove the quarries. It would
appear from the outcrop in this canon and at the quarries southeast
and west, that a large part of this great peneplain is underlaid by crys-
talline limestone. As the adobe covers the surface everywhere except
at the quarries and the outcrops along the caiion walls, the total extent
of the limestone beds was not determined, but the quarries and outcrop
clearly show several very heavy limestone beds, with a general dip to
the northwest and separated by beds of schist and granite.
The same compan}^ has other kilns and (]uarries in a canon about
ILL. No. 32. H. COWELL it CO.'.'-i LLMESTOXK Ql'ARRY, 3i MILKS NORTHWEST
OF SANTA CRUZ.
2 miles west of those above mentioned, and about 3^ miles from Santa
Cruz. There are three large quarry openings, one of which has been
abandoned, and several smaller openings. There are three large pot-
kilns in use, in which the lime is burned with wood cut from the
neighboring hills. The barrels are made in a cooper shop at the kilns^
and the lime is barreled and hauled by wagon to Santa Cruz for ship-
ment. The large (quarry opening has a face of al)out 150 feet of cou)-
paratively pure, coarsely crystalline, white and blue limestone, overlaid
by a few feet of dark brown adobe, which has washed down the numer-
ous cracks, staining the surface of the stone. The next opening imme-
diately adjoining the above mentioned on the west has a face of about
50 feet, and contains several pockets of clay. The next large opening
LIMESTONE AND LIME — SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.
85
west has been al)andoned and the lower level filled with water and
waste material. In the canon walls in the vicinity of these quarries are
large exposures of limestone that have not been worked. The ]:)eds are
very extensive, and are admirably exposed for quarrying by the deep
caiion that has been cut down into them. The strata have a dip west
of north, and the underlying rocks are exposed down the canon.
Felton, a station on the Narrow Gauge Railway, 6 miles north of
Santa Cruz, is the center of an important lime industry. Two separate
beds of limestone, having a northeasterly dip and northwesterly strike,
ILL No. 33. I X L LLMESTONE QUARRY, FELTON, SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.
form bold projecting ridges on the face of the mountainside west and
northwest of Felton.
Holmes Quarpy; The Holmes Lime Company, 24 Sacramento street,
San Francisco, owner. Located on the mountain 2 miles northwest
from Felton. The limestone is exposed from the base to the top of the
mountain, a height of probably 1000 feet, along the strike, and a quarry
face of this height could be obtained if desired. Mica schist occurs in
considerable (quantities in the limestone, both as continuous bands from
6 to 10 feet thick and in irregular patches. It is readily separated in
the quarrying, and the only serious drawback connected with its occur-
rence is the expense in handling it. In some places there will be a
86
STKIC'I'IKAI, AND I N DIS'l'K'I Al , .M A'l'inUA I.S OF CA I.I FOUM A.
tliiokness of from oO to (iO feet of limestone free from other rock, while
elsewhere from 10 to 20 feet will be followed l)y a layer of schist of
nearly equal thickness.
The })rincipal workings are at two levels, one about half way u}»
the mountain, the other near the to}) of the mountain. There is an
incline railway extending from the kilns to the toj) of the mountain,
and the stone is transferred from the »|uarries to the kilns on this track
by gravity. At present, much of the stone is obtained at the head of
the incline, where several openings are Iteing ma<le on l)()tli the north
and south sides of th(> gulch.
Tl.r. No. -.'A. SANTA Cia/. I.IMKSTONK (M'AUUV, IS MII.KS N. W. OF SANTA (KrZ,
There are two (|uarry oj)enings on the mouiitainsiih' a (|U;irter to lialf
a mile south of the large (juarry.
Part of the stone is shipped in the rough Mocks as it comes from the
(juarry, but the greater portion is burned to lime in t h(> ])ot-kilns at
the foot of the incline, or in tlie kilns near the town of Felton, to which
the stone is run on a tramway. The burning is done with wood ob-
tained fi'oni the iieighhoring mountainside. The lime is barreled at
the kilns in barrels ma<le on the s]>ot. These (|uarries have been in
o])eration fortv years or luore.
I X L Quarry; Henry C'owell Lime and Cement Company, "ill Di-umm
street. San I'b'ancisco, ownei-. Located about half a mile north of the
Ll.MKSTON'K AND MME — SANTA CRUZ COrNTV.
87
Holmes (|uarrv al)ovc nuMitioned. There are three pot-kihis in uae,
with a capacity of alxiut "ioO barrels per day. The lime is barreled at
the kilns in the barrels made at the works and hauled by wagon to
Felton station, al)out 2^ miles. The quarry is at the confluence of two
deep canons, with one opening in the steep hill between the two cafions
and another opening on the point immediately west. The limestone
.stratum at the quarry is nearly vertical, and extends from the base to
the top of the mountain, with no covering except a little vegetation in
the irregularities of the surface. The present quarry face is about 200
feet, but may increase to 400 feet or more as the quarry is worked back,
ILL. No. ?.:>. KILXS AND COOTERAGK OF THE SANTA VRVZ LIMK COMI'ANV.
18 miles NA\'. of Santa Cruz.
before any stripping is necessary. The thickness of the stone exposed
at the quarry is nearly 300 feet, but the entire bed is probably con-
siderably thicker, as the contact with the granite is not shown on either
side. The greater comparative durability of the limestone over the
granite is shown by the projecting ridges of limestone in the midst of
the granite mass, lioth here and at the Holmes quarry. The wood for
burning the lime is ol)tained from the hills in the immediate vicinity of
the kilns.
Santa Cpuz Lime Company; Charles Moore, manager. The quarry of
the Santa Cruz Lime Company is about 18 miles northwest of the city
of Santa Cruz, and 4 miles inland of the beach. The landing place is
88 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
some distance north of the mouth of Sun Vicente Creek. The quarry
is on the west side of a deep canon in the Coast mountains. A little rail-
way track is cut into the steep rocky side of the canon, and the stone is
carried on small tram-cars about a quarter of a mile north of the quarry
to the limekilns. There are two large stack-kilns, which produce from
V)0 to 100 barrels of lime each per day, and three pot-kilns in use. A
cooper shop is located at the kilns, where the barrels are manufactured.
The lime is barreled as it is drawn from the kilns and then hauled by
wagon 44 miles to the beach, where it is loaded on boats and shipped
by water to San Francisco and points along the coast. The quarry has
been in operation about five years and produces about 800 barrels of
lime per day.
The stone is a coarsely crystalline blue limestone, similar to that at
the other quarries in the Santa Cruz region. It is nuich l)roken and
shattered and comes from the quarry in large, irregular blocks, which
are broken up by blasting and by sledges into pieces small enough for
the kiln. The present quarry face is nearly 100 feet high. The com-
pany is now starting a new opening on the upper side of the road, much
nearer to the kilns.
The limestone occurs here in great abundance and outcrops in a num-
ber of places in the canon. In the vicinity of the quarry there is a
heavy growth of redwood and other trees, which are being cut to fur-
nish wood to burn the lime and make barrels.
Thurber Quappy; S. L. Thurber, 465 Pacific avenue, Santa Cruz, owner.
The quarry is located 10 miles northwest of Santa Cruz, and is worked
through a large, irregular, shallow cut. (See Macadam.)
SHASTA COLnSTTY.
In the western half of Shasta County limestone is found mainly in
three almost parallel belts, having a general north and south direction.
(See also on this subject: J. S. Diller, U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletins
No. 196, p. 64, No. 213, p. 365, and No. 225, p. 176, and American
Journal Science, 4th Series, Vol. 15, pp. 342 et secj.; J. S. Diller. Ch.
Schuchert, American Journal of Science, 3d Series, \o\. 47, pp. 417
etseq.; H. W. Fairbanks, Xlth Annual Report, California State Min-
ing Bureau, p. 48, and Xllth ibid., p. 395; American Geologist, Vol. 14,
p. 26; Prof. James Perrin Smith, Journal of Geology, Vol. 2, p. 592.)
The most eastern belt, Triassic limestone, is found on Cedar Creek,
east of the Afterthought mine, in the southern portion of T. 34 N., R. 1
and 2 W. A su])ordinate exposure is found on the east slope of Bear
Mountain, in the northeastern part of T. 33 N., R. 3 W., north of Pit
River, the Triassic limestone forms Brock Mountain and may be traced
LIMESTONE AND LIME — SHASTA COUNTY.
89
for several miles, crossing Squaw Creek. This limestone has been
referred to as the Hosselkus limestone beds, belonging to the Upper
Trias. It is an extensive exposure, and shows a great thickness of
limestone, covering Sees. 7 and 8, T. 34 N., R. 2 W. The lower part
has a dark gray color, is rather thinly bedded, and is cut by numerous
seams of calcite; while the upper portion is more massive, contains
less calcite seams, and has a lighter gray color. The limestone con-
tains many fossils.
Limestone is quarried from the lower or thin-bedded portion of this
deposit for use as furnace flux at the Bully Hill copper smelter. The
quarry is worked by hand-drilling.
ILL No 3fi. McCLOUD LIMESTONE BLUFFS, FROM U. S. FISHERIES, SHASTA COUNTY.
The analysis of this limestone as given by Mr. J. B. Keating, general
superintendent of the Bully Hill mine, is: CaO, 52 per cent; SiOg, o.o
per cent; organic, 1.5 per cent.
Mr. Diller, in Bulletin No. 225, U. S. Geological Survey, page 187,
remarks that the lower beds probably contain some clay. He suggests
that this limestone might be suitable for the manufacture of hydraulic
cement, mixed with the Tuscan tuffs found on Stillwater and east of
Millville. Judging by its appearance, however, its value for the pro-
duction of lime appears doubtful.
About 6 or 7 miles west of this belt of Triassic limestone a prominent
belt of Carboniferous limestone occurs, in places showing a thickness of
90 STRITCTIK'AI, AXD IXDrSTHFAl, MATIOKIAl.S OF rAT.IFdRNIA.
2000 feet. The most southern exposure of this l)elt is near Lilienthal,
in Sec. 26. T. 88 N., \l. 4 \V. From there it ean 1)6 traced along
Kanoheria Cicek to tlie (irey Rocks, soutli of I'it River, in tlie north-
eastern pari of '\\ 83 N., R. 4 \V. North of IMt River and east of
McCloud River it forms the MeCloud lihiffs ( photograjjh hy ('apt.
Lambson and Sketch D, 111. No. 37), and can be traced north as far
as Grizzdy Peak, on the divide between McC'loud River and Kosk Creek,
in Siskivou County. Wherever stratitication can be observed in the
linu'stone it shows a northwesterly dip. In places the limestone is
highly metamorphosed.
The limestone in this belt has as yet not been used foi- burning lime.
Some was ([uarried near Potter's Creek, in Sec. 24, T. 34 N., R. 4 \V.,
and used for hux at the Bully Hill smelter. Its analysis as given by
Mr. J. B. Keating is: lime, 54.5 per cent; insolul)le, 3 per cent.
West of this belt, between the McCloud and Sacramento rivers, are
sporadic limestone exposures, indicating a limestone belt intermediate
between the Carboniferous McCloud limestone and the Devonian lime-
stone west thereof. Where examined the limestone has a dark gray
color.
The most western belt of limestone in Shasta County is of Devonian
age. It crops out in isolated patches along the eastern slope of the
range dividing the Klamath and Sacramento river drainage. In the
northern part of the county, in T. 37 N., R. 4 W., the same limestone
belt crops out on Hazel Creek and Soda Creek, east of the Sacramento
River. The limestone in this belt is more compact and has a more
l)luish gray tint than the Carboniferous limestone; occasionally seams
tilled with large calcite crystals are found. The limestone is of uneven
quality; in places it is very good, showing on the fracture a very tine-
grained, very light gray or whitish material, and when burned produces
very nearly pure lime. In other places, it is somewhat impure, show-
ing dark gray spots, burning to lime of a less pure grade. The lime-
stone lies generally in contact with shales, although most of the country
rock surrounding the deposits on Backbone Creek is of igneous charac-
ter. In the new quarry of Holt ct (iregg on the south side of the
divide between the two Backbone creeks, in Section 34, the relation of
the limestone, the underlying shales, and intrusive diorite can be seen.
(Section on Sketch D.)
The limestone deposits in Sec. 22, T. 84 N., R. 5 W., are owned by the
Alta Lime and lirick Company, Redding. This company started opera-
tions about .January 1, 1904, and is building a road from its limekihi in
Section 24, same townshij), near the railroad, to the mine. The lime-
kiln is under construction, and will have a ca])acity of 8 tons ])cr twenty-
four hours.
Tlie limestone in Sec. .".I, T. 31 N., R. •') W., Dr. Th. R. lleintz, Red-
LIMESTONE AND T.IME — SHASTA COUNTY.
91
ding, owntT, forms a i)roiiiinent Muff on tlie north side of C'lear ('reek,
from 60 to 70 feet high and 300 feet long. The limestone can he traced
farther \\\) the hill to about 110 feet above its lowest exposure, where it
is overlaid by black shales. Mr. J. S. Diller (Bulletin U. 8. Geological
Survey, No. 21o, page 865) classified this limestone as Devonian.
There is a small outcrop of the same limestone just opposite on the
south side of Clear Creek. The remnants of an old limekiln are found
at the foot of the bluffs; formerly a great amount of lime was burned
here and was shipped as far as Colusa.
The deposit in Sees. 28 and 34, T. 34 N., R. 5 \V., Holt c^' Gregg, Red-
ding, owners, was formerly quarried on the north side, on the Big Back-
ILL. No. :17. SKKTCH D, SHASTA COUNTY.
bone side (see Sketch D), and burned in kilns in Section 34, in Big
Backbone Caiion. The new quarry is on the south slope toward Little
Backbone and the kilns at Kennett. The quarry is worked by hand-
drilling; the blocks are sledged down to pieces from 12 inches to 4
inches; pieces l)elow 4 inches are thrown over the dump. At the kiln
the stone is further l)roken to pieces running from 6 inches to 3 inches.
The kilns are modified patent shaft kilns, with iron sheeting, having a
ca}>acity of 7i tons of lime per twentv-four hours, using wood as fuel.
The lime is used all over northern California.
The deposit in the S. E. i of Sec. 32, T. 34 X., R. 5 \V., Mountain
Copper Company, Keswick, owner, was quarried some years ago, and
used for flux in the smelter at Keswick.
92 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OP CALIFORNLY.
SIERRA COUNTY.
Three distinct ledges of limestone occur in the central part of the
county, between Downieville and Sierra City. The first is encountered
about 3 miles east and northeast of Downieville, extending from Sec. 18,
T. 20 N., R. 10 K., in a southwestern course through Sees. 19, 30. 32,
T. 20 N., R. 11 E.; the second, 2 miles farther east, has a north and
south course through the W. i of Sec. 27, T. 20 N., R. 11 E.; the third
is between Loganville and Sierra City, extending in a southeasterly
course from the center of Sec. 30, through Sec. 29 and into Sec. 82,
T. 20 N., R. 12 E. This last named is the most important of the three
ledges in point of ijuality. In Noveml)er, 1904, lime was being burned
from the limestone taken from this ledge for structural use in the con-
struction of a cyanide plant for the Sierra Buttes mine. Thirty years
ago lime was burned from the limestone taken from the ledge nearest
Downieville.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
Limestone is found in Siskiyou County in great abundance, not only
in l)elts of large, disconnected exposures, some of which are very exten-
sive, but also in small patches scattered between other formations,
especially the schists. Sometimes it has the laminated structure of the
schists to such a degree that a superficial examination of hand speci-
mens does not disclose their mineral character.
One belt of limestone runs from a little west of Etna in a general
northwesterly direction, along the eastern slope of the Salmon Moun-
tains, forming farther north part of the Marble Mountains, and of the
Grider Mountains, showing north of the Klamath River on Thompson
Creek and running farther north into Oregon. The limestone of this
belt is nearlv all altered into marble, and is described under that head-
ing. In the other limestone belts of this county the alteration has not
l)een so complete, although marble is found in nearly all the limestone
deposits.
East of Scott River there are a number of separate exposures of lime-
stone, some of which are here mentioned. As, so far as known, no
positive data regarding the age of these limestones have been ascer-
tained, it is not possible to state whether they all belong to one belt
or not.
Farmington Quarry, in Sec. 7, T. 40 N., R. 8 W.; S. Farmington,
Callahan, owner.
The limestone was burned in a rock kiln. The lime was used in the
neighl)orhood and marketed as far as Yreka (over 40 miles distant)
and in Trinity County. It is claimed to have been of very good quality.
The kiln liasnot been used since the fall of 1908.
LIMESTONE AND LIME — SISKIYOU, SONOMzV. 93
The limestone is of a \evy dark bluish-gray color, and is traversed l)y a
great number of thin veins of calcite; it is very even and fine-grained.
The general trend of the limestone belt is nearly north and south; it
is about 200 feet wide, and cut by several dikes of basic igneous rock,
not over 10 feet wide, having a similar strike, which, however, have not
altered the limestone.
Greenhopn Quarry, in the southwestern part of T. 45 N., R. 7 W. ;
L. E. Gilbert, Yreka, owner. A ridge of limestone, on the north side of
the Greenhorn, from which lime was burned occasionally, and used in
Yreka. The last lime was burned in 1902.
Ore Fine Quappy, in Sec. 19, T. 43 N., R. 9 W.; L. C. Wilson, Etna,
owner. A small detached exposure of limestone, about 200 feet wide,
having a length of about a quarter of a mile on its east and west
strike. The limestone lies in the basic igneous rocks of which the Oro
Fino Mountains consist, and is altered into a very fine and even-grained
pure limerock of a very light gray color. It is rather thinl}'- bedded
and dips nearly vertical. This rock is burned in a small rock kiln,
producing a good quality of lime, used in Scott Valley and in Yreka.
The kiln was used in the fall of 1904. Harris Brothers of Greenview
liave a ten years' lease on the property.
Quigley Quappy, in Sec. 2, T. 46 N., R. 9 W.; W. Quigley, Walker
P. 0., owner. North of the Klamath River a bluff of limestone about
50 feet high rises above the surrounding serpentine, from which in
former years some lime was burned.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Sonoma County Lime Company's Plant, in T. 11 N., R. 9 W., on L. S.
Black's ranch; A. H. Ingham, 525 Seventh street, Santa Rosa, owner.
The quarry is 6 miles northeast of Geyserville, on the Little Sulphur
Creek. It was first opened in 1884, and reopened in April, 1901. The
rock is a hard, compact, drab-colored limestone, with pure white streaks
of micro-crystalline limestone through the mass An analysis of the
rock shows the following:
Carbonate of lime-. 95.20
Silica 1.27
Peroxide of iron and alumina 0.43
Oxide of manganese -. U.IX
Magnesia and loss 1.32
Water l.«0
Total 100.00
The deposit occurs in the form of a boulder 150 feet long, 70 feet
wide, and outcropping 30 feet above the inclosing rock, which is a chert.
It is burned at the quarry in a continuous kiln, with a capacity of 50
!>4 STRUCTIWAl, AND IXDUSTRIAL MATKHIAl.S OF CALIFORNIA.
barrels a tlay. Wood is ustnl as fuel. An abuiuhiiit sui>i)ly of live oak
occurs in the ininiediate vicinity of the kiln. The ])lant is worked exten-
sively during the summer, but is idle during the rainy season, because,
with the present condition of the roads, it is too expensive to liaul the
lime to (Tcyserville for shipment.
TRINITY COUNTY.
Limestone is found in man}- places in Trinity County. There are:
(1) A belt of Devonian limestone, showing in separate lenses for over 100
miles, running about parallel with the South Fork of Trinity River from
its source to Hoopa Valley, for the most part intimatel}" associated with
igneous rocks; (2) A parallel belt of Devonian limestone running to the
northeast of the preceding; and (3) A belt of Carboniferous limestone,
entering Trinity County from the southeast near the Hall City mine, in
the northeast corner of T. 29 N., R. 10 W'., M. D. M., running northwest
along the Hayfork River, disappearing north of Hayfork and showing
farther north on New River, near Patterson's. (See .1. S. Diller, Amer-
ican Journal of Science, 4th Series, Vol. lo, pp. 342 et see}.) Northeast of
these belts numerous limestone exposures are found. The great amount
of metamorphism in Trinity County has altered much of the limestone
into marble.
On Brown Mountain, in Sec. 21, T. 33 N., R. 9 W., M. D. .M.. owned by
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, is a belt of limestone having a
nearly north and south trend. It was quarried years ago, and burned
in a limekiln of which the remnants are still visible. The lime was
used in the piers of the bridge formerly crossing Trinity River at Low-
den's and in the masonry of the courthouse at Weaverville. The lime-
stone is coarsely crystalline. The quarry excavations are shallow and
caved in, and it is impossible to determine the size, dip, or bedding of
the limestone.
At the head of Oregon Guleh, in Sec. 3, T. 33 N., K. 10 \V.. M. D. M.,
there is a body of limestone from which in ISoi; lime was liurned. wliieli
was used in several buildings in Weaverville.
In the vicinity of Hayfork, in T. 31 X., R. 11 W., M. D. M. (unsur-
veyed), are found several detached exposures of limestone, which are
typical of similar exposures through the county.
TULARE COUNTY.
Lemon Cove Lime Quarry, in Sec. 35, T. 17 S., IL 27 Iv This small
(piarry lies lA miles north of Lemon Cove (formerly l>iniekiln ). The
stone is a white, coarsely crystalline calcite, and occurs in an irreg-
ular ))()cket formal ion. The limestone extends for about 40 feet across
MARBLE. 95
the face, with perpendicuhir side walls of clay shale. A dike of slaty
schistose material, 4 feet in width, extends diagonally across the present
face of the quarry. The stone was trammed ahout 100 yards to the
intermittent open tield kilns, two of which have double draws and one
is a. single draw. Willow wood cut in a nearby creek furnished fuel-
The })lant has been idle for the past two years.
TUOLUMNE COUNTY.
G. Engler Lime Company, in !?ec. 27, T. 2 N., R. 14 E.; G. Englcr,
Sonora, owner. This plant is located about 2^ miles north of Sonora,
near Shaw's Flat, and supplies a local demand for lime. The stone is
quarried from the numerous outcrops, exposed l)y the early placer
workings, which extend for several miles through this district. The
rock is burned in two intermittent tield kilns, of about 400 Ijarrels
capacity. Wood is used for fuel.
MARBLE.
jNIarble is a metamorphic, crystalline limestone, distinguished from
other limestones principally by its adaptability to receive a polish. It
is used as an ornamental building stone, also for decorative and monu-
ment piu'poses.
The production of marble in California, as indicated below, is not
very large, but a study of the deposits in the State justifies the conclu-
sion that more deposits could be opened, and the ones already opened
could be operated more extensively. Large quantities of marble are
shipped into California from Vermont, Georgia, Tennessee, and Italy,
which indicates a demand greater than the supply, a demand that could
and should be met, in a large measure, from the home (juarries.
So far as observed, California produces no bright-colored marl)les
that could replace the red Tennessee and red Vermont variegated mar-
bles for interior decoration; but there is a sufficient sup})ly of white,
clouded, and colored marbles and onyx marble to more than supply the
home demand.
Some of the limestone and marble deposits of California are shattered
and have many cracks and seams, and in some cases poor judgment
has been used in (juarrying and in selecting some of the marble that
has been put on the market. Besides, the use of heavy charges of
powder will cause seams and cracks in the marble, however sound the
96 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
stone may have been at first. All these reasons have to some extent
been detrimental to the general impression regarding the marble
resources of the State.
The published reports for 1904 show that marble was produced in five
different counties in California, but good marble is known to exist in
several other localities where it is not quarried.
MARBLE PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA IN 1904.
Cubic Feet. Value.
Amador County .__ i 4,785 $6,5.58
InyoCounty.- 3,U00 3,00U
Riverside County 5,000 2,.500
San Bernardino County ..- 31,11H .53,400
Tuoluuine County 11,5(K) 28,750
Totals. _ 55,401 .$94,208
REFERENCES ON CALIFORNIA MARBLES.
1. Eleventh Census Report on Mineral Industries, p. 626, Wash-
in ston, D. C.
2. Tenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 584.
8. Eleventh Report of State Mineralogist, California, pp. 312, 363, 506.
4. Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, California, pp. 391-96.
5. Thirteenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, pp. 627-633.
6. Mineral Industry, N. Y., Vol. VIII, 1899.
7. Annual l»ei)()rt of Arkansas Geological Survey, 1890, Vol. IV,
p. 175.
S. California Marlde, Stone, Vol. VIII, p. 254.
9. California Marble, Stone, Vol. XXI, 1903, p. 28.
Onyx Marbles of Califopnia :
1. Tenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 584.
2. Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 403.
3. Thirteenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 641.
4. Bulletin No. 37, State Mining Bureau.
5. Twentieth Annual Report of U. S. Geological Survey, Pt. VI cont.,
p. 287.
6. Stone, N. Y., November, 1898.
7. The Tenth Census, Vol. X.
AMADOR COUNTY.
Amador Marble Quarry; 1). E. Collins, California Bank, Oakland,
president. Idle for the last few years. The marble was used for mon-
ument and building purposes.
Carrara Marble Quarry; C. Dondero, room 617, 456 Montgomery
street, San Francisco. The quarry is located in Sec. 29, T. 7 N., R. 12 E.,
MARBLE — A^rAnOR COUNTY.
91
M. D. M. The principal product is white marble with black streaks;
also white and ash-colored marbles are available. Used in rotunda of
City Hall, and entrance to Native Sons' Building, San Francisco; also
in rotunda of Museum Building, Stanford University.
Oleta Quappy, M. Zwischenbach, owner. Two and a half miles east
of Plymouth, on the south side of the Oleta-Plymouth stage road, is a
marble quarry, now idle, which some years ago was worked as the
demand required. The marble occurs in a heavy ledge, about 100 feet
thick, lying in the midst of blue schists. There is a small parallel bed
ILL. No. 3S. OLETA MARBLE QTARRY, PLYMOUTH, AMADOR COUNTY.
of marble, about 10 feet thick, 100 feet west of the quarry, and several
heavier beds east of the quarry, probably 200 feet or more of marble in
all. The quarry has been opened more than two thirds of the way down
the steep slope on the north side of the canon about 200 feet below the
Oleta road. The quarry face is a little over 100 feet in height and
about 100 feet wide. The stone is a light gray and blue clouded marble.
It has a medium-fine grain, and is comparatively pure and free from
foreign material. Blocks 6, 8, and 10 feet long, and in one place nearly
30 feet long, and from 4 to 10 feet thick, are obtainable. If the smaller
blocks could be worked into tiling, mosaic, marl)le dust, etc., the waste
would not be excessive.
7— Buj.. 38
98 STRUCTURAL AND IXnUSTRIAL :MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Marble of blue, black, and white varieties occurs in Butte County.
No commercial production has been essayed.
Big Bend Marble Quarry, in Sec. 32, T. 22 N., R. 5 E., M. 1). M.; John
A. Clark, Yankee Hill, owner. Two ledges of limestone marble occur
in the Big Bend of the North Fork of Feather River. The main ledge
is a blue limestone, striking northwest and crossing the river; it is
exposed 1200 feet south of the river, and extends southeast about 2000
feet. It has been prospected by an open cut from 20 to 50 feet wide.
Northeast of this exposure occurs a ledge of white marble of fair quality.
More attention has been given to the development of the blue ledge,
from which samples have been shown to sustain a high polish.
Marble Creek. —In Sec. 10, T. 22 N., R. 6 E., M. D. M., a heavy crop-
ping of white marble occurs on the west bank of Marble Creek, crossing
the creek on its northwest and southeast strike. Some local use has
been made of the marble in interior structural work.
Mooretown Marble. -Sec. 24, T. 20 N., R. 6 E., M. D. M.; Golden West
Mining Company; R. M. Green, Oroville. A ledge of white marble is
exposed on the north side of Sucker Run Creek for about 40 feet above
the surface of the stream and from 20 to 30 feet wide. The north
extension of the ledge was traced for about 100 feet.
Pentz Marble.— In N. W. i of Sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M.; J. G.
Curtis, Pentz, owner. Several years ago ]\Ir. Curtis burned lime from
this deposit. A handsome black mottled marble slab 4 feet long, 1 foot
wide, and 4 inches thick, from this quarry has been exhibited in San
Francisco and Oroville as a demonstration of the value of tlie limestone
for marble, but no extensive quarrying for marble has been done.
The ledge extends for a mile northwest and soutlieast through the center
of Section 8, and is exposed for a width of 300 feet.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
White, gray, and banded marble is found in many places in Cala-
veras County, but is not quarried. The l)elt passes from Tuolumne
County northward through Calaveras County, and is found near Valle-
cito, Mur))hys, and Cave City. (See also Xllth Rei)ort of California
State Mining Bureau, page 391.)
Caldwell Marble Quarry, in Sec. 35, T. 4 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M.; Ed-
ward .J. Caldwell, Valley Springs, owner. Located about 4 miles south-
east of Valley Springs, on Bear Mountain. The specimen in the
Mining Jkireau museum shows it to be a dark variegated limestone,.
MARBLE - CALAVERAS, GLENN, INYO. 99
capable of receiving a high polish. No marble has been shipped, merely
development work having been done.
Heptzig Marble Quarry, in Sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M.;
M. Hertzig, San iVndreas, owner. A compact, gray building marble.
Treat Marble Quarry, in Sec. 16, T. 14 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M.; J. F.
Treat, Sr., San Andreas, owner. Located l:r miles east of San Andreas.
The quarry lies on the hillside, and the marble is very easily quarried.
The stone was used in erecting the Hall of Records in San Andreas.
It is a very compact, finely crystalline marble, and both white and
variegated varieties are available.
GLENN COUNTY.
Alexander Brown, Oakland. In the northwest corner of T. 18 N.,
R. 6 W., a cropping of a ledge of serpentine is exposed. The material
has the texture, solidity, and luster requisite to the production of a
good quality of serpentine marble. No prospecting or development
work.
H. A. Daniels, Stonyford, Colusa County; Sec. 21, T. 18 N., R. 6 W.,
M. D. M. Several years ago a ledge of marble of the white or alabaster
limestone variety was prospected by W. H. Wilton of San Francisco, to
a distance of about 40 feet into the exposure. The ledge may be traced
for about a mile north and south along the east side of Stony Creek.
INYO COUNTY.
Inyo Marble Company; M. J. McDonald, Mills Building, San Francisco,
president. The quarries are situated at the base of the Inyo range,
between Keeler and Lone Pine. They are scattered along the base of
the range for several miles, but the point at which most of the work has
been done is about 5 miles north of Keeler. The marble from these
quarries is a dolomite, is generally fine-grained and quite hard, takes a
good polish, and is a durable and handsome stone. A specimen of the
pure white dolomite was analyzed, with the following results: carbonate
of lime, 54.25 per cent; carbonate of magnesia, 44.45 per cent; iron
and silica (clay), 0.60 per cent. A little south of the original quarry
face a bed of fancy and variegated marble was opened. It is mottled
(white, yellow, gray, and black), and is penetrated by beautiful
dendritic markings of manganese. The white quarries furnish any
desired size of blocks; pieces of from 15 to 18 tons weight have been
obtained. There is a quarry of beautiful yellow marble about half a
mile north of the main workings. A deposit of black marble is utilized
for floor tilings. The company ships the rough-dressed marl)le to its
100 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA.
mills on the Truckee River, 18 miles west of Reno, where it is sawed
and dressed ready for shipment. This company furnished the stone
for the Mills Building, both inside and out, and many other buildings
in San Francisco.
KERN COUNTY.
Antelope Valley Marble Quarry, in Sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 17 W., S. B. M.;
Soutliern California Marble Company, J. T. Houx, Call Building, San
Francisco, owner. Near Neenach, on the south slope of the Tehachapi
range. A large body of fine-grained marble, consisting of a number of
beds of various colors, dipping at an angle of about 35 degrees into the
mountain. In the quarry is found white marble with reddish-brown
veins, and with heavy blue veins. This marble has been used in the
Stimson Block, Los Angeles, in the Spreckels band stand. Golden Gate
Park, and Goldberg & Bowen's store, Sutter street, San Francisco, etc.
(See also Xlllth Report of California State Mining Bureau, p. 629.)
This quarry has been idle for the past two years.
MARIPOSA COUNTY.
A belt of crystalline limestone, some of which would make handsome
structural and ornamental marble, occurs on the south side of the South
Fork of Merced River, near Hite's Cove, where it is exposed on the
grade road. No effort has ever been made to develop it.
NEVADA COUNTY,
Marble, though at present not productive, is a prospective industry
in Nevada County. There are two distinct occurrences of marble in the
county, which have been prospected in a small way.
Bear River. — In Sec. 22, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., marble occurs near Bear
River, the dividing line between Nevada and Placer counties. This
exposure, which is prominent, is an apparent extension of the large
bodies of marble in Section 35, same township and range, on the Placer
County side of Bear River. These ledges extend north and south.
South Yuba.— In Sees. 13 and 18, T. 17 N., R. 9 E., J. C. Martens, W.
Calenberger, W. C. Harmon and A. L. Martens, of North Bloomfield,
made locations in 1894. The marble ledge is exposed in the bed and
on the banks of the South Yuba River at elevations of from 1000 to
2000 feet, with croppings at still higher points, having a northwest and
southeast course. Lesser occurrences of limestone are found some 4 or
5 miles farther west and downstream, from which lime was burned five
or six years ago, but from which no marble has been quarried. These
marble deposits are situate about 15 miles northeast of Nevada City,
by wagon road.
MARBLE— PLACER, PLUMAS. 101
PLACER COUNTY.
Marble occurs in Placer County in several localities.
Auburn Quarry, in Sec. 14, T. 12 N., R. 8 E.; W. S. Davis, Auburn,
owner. A .somewbat shattered white marble, although masses of con-
siderable size have been t|uarried. It is exposed for a height of about
25 feet, over a distance of about 100 feet.
Holmes Lime Company's Quappy, in Sec. 33, T. 15 X., R. 9 E.; Holmes
Lime Company, San Francisco, owner. (See Limestone.) Thirty-five
years ago marble was sawed and polished from this limestone ledge by
a man named Pritchard, ^vho made the marble columns for the entrance
way to the Xapa Insane Asylum and tiling for the floor of the San
Francisco branch mint building.
Hotallng Quappy, in Sec. 16, T. 13 N., R. 8 E. White marble occurs
near Hotaling, 5 miles north from Clipper Gap. It has been used only
as flux for the smelting of iron by the California Iron and Lime Com-
pany.
John MeAnineh. — A deposit of verde antique marble is reported near
the Butcher Ranch, on land owned by John McAninch.
Vepde Antique.— In Sec. 1, T. 13 X., R. 9 E.; Mr. Dunning, Oakland,
owner; about 16 miles northeast from Auburn. The serpentine marble,
or verde antique, is exposed for 100 feet or more in height and between
400 and 500 feet wide, on the northerly slope of the hill that looks down
upon the American River. The deposit is not extensive east and w^est,
and appears to be a series of ledges. Some prospecting has been done,
and small pieces of ornamental design have been polished b}' Joseph
Boleres of Forest Hill. It is a beautiful stone, green and blue in color,
and if found compact in sufficiently large masses would prove a prof-
itable property.
PLUMAS COUNTY.
There are large bodies of marble in the southwestern part of Plumas
County. Marble Cone is a great mountain of marble situated in Sec. 8,
T. 22 X., R. 8 E., on the south side of Middle Feather River. Marble
ledges also occur on the north side of the river, in Sections 5, 6, and 7.
This ground is unsurveyed. Locations were made some twelve years
ago by Judge C. E. McLaughlin of Quincy, James Jones of La Porte,
and others, and samples of the marble were polished, presenting a
handsome face and evidence of fine quality; but the locations were
abandoned, owing to failure of the extension westward of the Beckwith
Pass Railwav.
102 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Sky Blue Marble and Onyx Company's Quarry, in Sees. 2 and 3, T. 2 S.,
R. o W.,S. B. M.; E. \V. Tucker, Eightli and Walnut streets, Riverside,
manager. (For description of quarry, sec Tjimestone, page 75.) This
limestone takes an admirable polish, with a dark blue color, making a
very desirable material for ornamental purposes, and for trimming with
lighter colored marbles.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Nearly all the limestone found in San Bernardino County may be
classified as marble. In many quarries the material is used both for
burning lime and for building and monument purposes.
J. D. Aekerman, 602 Commercial street, San Francisco, and J. Seheerep,
San Bernardino, have located a deposit of white crystalline limestone
in Sees. 23, 24, 25, 26 and 35, T. 6 N., 11. 4 W., S. B. M., about ?A miles
northeast of Victor ville.
Barstow Lime Quarry, C. M. LeStrange, Barstow, owner, 3 miles north-
west of Barstow. The material is stated to be a fairly good marble.
Not in operation.
Black Hawk Mountains, 30 miles east of Victorville, contain white
marble of excellent quality. Not worked. (See Xlllth Report of
California State Mining Bureavi, p. 630.)
Bonanza King Quarry, in T. 10 N., R. 3 W'., S. B. M., 1 mile north of
Hinkley, on the Santa Fe Railway. Claimed to be very pure limestone.
Cadiz.— On the north side of the Santa Fe Railway, extending from
near Cadiz to Bengal, is a range of limestone hills, in which large
deposits of marble are said to occur. Specimens said to have come
from near Cadiz show a handsome variegated, dark-colored, nearly
black marble, not often found on the American market. Lighter-
colored marbles are said to occur in the same region. A brief descrip-
tion of this marble area is given in the Mining Review, Los Angeles,
•Inly, 1904.
California Portland Cement Company, 401 Trust Building, Los
Angeles, owns several quarries on Slover Mountain, near Colton, as
follows:
(1) Colton Cement Works Quarry. (See Lime and Limestone, and
chapter on Cement.)
(2) Crusher Plant Quarry, on the northwest corner of the mountain,
about 200 yards from the cement works. The limestone is similar to
that in the (quarry of the Colton Cement Works, only the inclusions of
MARBLE — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
103
hornblendic rock are larger. The rock is crushed in a spindle crusher
to a size about 2 inches in dianieter, and is used for concrete.
(3) Marble Dust Quarry and Plant, on the west side of the mountain.
The limestone is purer, without inclusions of the hornblendic material.
The rock is broken down by hand in the quarry, then crushed in a
Potts crusher to ^ inch in size, from which it passes through a 30-inch
Sturtevant mill, and then through four screens. The grit is used for
coating tar roofing paper; the finer material passes through a 36-inch
ILL. No. 311. MARBLE MILL AND YARD, COLTON, SAN BERNARDINO COTNTY.
Sturtevant mill, where it is ground to an impalpable dust. This mate-
rial is used as mixture with asphalt for street paving.
(4) Colton Marble Works are leased by the California Portland Cement
Company to the Colton Marble Company, W. A. Berrin, Colton. They
are located on the south side of Slover Mountain, and use marble from
two quarries. The lower quarry, al)out 30 feet above the Avorks, is the
larger. The dark bluish-gray limestone dips at a slight angle, not
over 10 degrees, northwesterly. In the upper quarry, 160 feet above
the works, the limestone has a very light color. The beds are from 5
to 7 feet thick. The rock is broken down by hand-drilling, the holes
having the depth of the beds, with about 5 feet face, blasting being done
with black powder. The marble is principally used for ornamental
104
STRUCTURAL AND INDITSTKIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV.
building purposes, but some monument work is turned out. It has
been used in the Academy of Seiences, Crossley, and Uialto buildings,
San Francisco, in the latter being trimmed witli the verde antique
marble (see Mojave Consolidated Development Company); also in the
Lankershim Hotel, Los Angeles, and will be used in the new Bishop
Building, San Francisco. It is mostly cut to 1-inch stock. The ]»lant
is equipped with six gang-saws, one 14-foot ribbing bed, two jiolishing
machines, one counter sinking machine, one tile machine, and one
machine for cutting plumber's slabs, etc. Power is furnished by a
ILL No. 40. COLTON MAKBLK CiUAKKY, COLTOX, SAX HKRXAKDIXO (orNTY.
100-horsepower 1)oiler using oil as fuel, one 50-horsepower steam engine,
and one 50-horsepower electric engine.
J, B. Cook, 209 Laughlin Building, and L. A. Porter, Figueroa and
Twenty-tirst streets, Los Angeles, own a deposit of white marble in Sec.
33, T. 10 N., U. 2 W., S. B. M., west of and near Barstow, having a
northwesterly course, dipping steei)ly northeast, and stated to have an
outcrop over 100 feet wide and to be three fourths of a mile long.
Little develojjment work has been done on tiiis deposit.
M. L. Cook, San Bernardino, and J. B. Devore, i'uilninn Building,
Chicago, own a small l)ody of crystalline, llinty limestone in T. 2 N.,
R. 5 W., S. ]i. M., west of Cable Canon, (i. Wilson of Cohon had a
limekiln on this deposit, which is now abandoned. Tliis deposit belongs
MARBLE — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
lOf
to a series of detached bodies of limestone found along the foothills on
the south slope of the San Bernardino range.
M. L. Cook, San Bernardino, in Sees. 15, 16, 21, and 22, T. 2 N.,
R. 5 W., S. B. M., on the north side of Cajon Canon, about 2 miles from
the Santa Fo Railroad. A body of limestone similar to that above
mentioned. J. Hansom e formerly burned lime on this ground.
In Holeomb Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, near Metzger's gold
mines, it is stated that a wide reef of white marble is found.
ILL. No. 4L MO.IAVE CONSOLIDATED DEVELOPMENT COMPANY'S VERDE ANTIQUE
MARBLE QUARRY, VICTORVILLE, SAN BERNARDINO COLNTY.
In Lone Pine Canon, Sec. 15, T. 3 N., R. 7 W., S. B. M., near Swartout
Valley, is an old limestone quarry and kiln. Unappropriated Govern-
ment land.
Mojave Consolidated Development Company; J. P. O'Brien, 175 Crocker
Building, San Francisco. This company has been organized to operate
the marl)le quarries formerly known as the "Gem Quarries" (Alamo
Consolidated Marble Company) and the "Verde Antique," in Sec. 28,
T. 7 N., R. 2 W., S. B. M. (See IXth Report of State Mining Bureau,
p. 363, and Xlllth Report, iJiid., p. 630.) See chapter on Serpentine.
Museapabia Land and Water Company, M. S. Severance, San Bernar-
dino; Sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M., in Devil's Canon. A deposit of
l(»(i
STRITCTUKAL AND INDL'STKIAI. .MATKKIA1>S OF CALIFORNIA.
limestone, similar in character to that described above in Cable Canon
and Cajon Canon. Lime was also burned here in former years.
G. E. Otis, Farmers' Exchange Building, San Bernardino, owns a
deposit of rather fine-grained marble, white, blue-veined, and bluish-
mottled, in Sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 6 W., S. B. M. This deposit has an east
and west course, is about one eighth of a mile wide, and can be traced
for a considerable distance, occasionally interrupted by outcrops of
presumably eruptive rocks.
W. E. Van Slyke, 716 Fifth street, San Bernardino. In the north-
ILL No. 42. MO.IAVK COXSOLIDATEJ) DKVKLOl'MKNT COM I'ANY'S VERDK ANTKJl'K
MARBLK (U'ARRY. SAN RERNAKDINO COrNTV. (FROM U MILES DISTANT.)
eastern part of T. 1 S., K. 1 E., S. B. .M., at the head of .Mill Creek, is an
exposure of marble of various colors, red and mottled blue and white.
Stevens Deposit; 1*. H. Greer, 469 Belmont avenue, and J. M. Day,
.■U()2 Hobart avenue, Los Angeles; 2^ miles northeast of Barstow. The
deposit is claimed to be of considerable extent, of while and ])ure marble,
in a schistose country rock. The material is, however, stated to be
somewhat shattered. Very little development work.
Northwest of N'ictorville, 22 miles west of Northcarap, is stated to be
a large reef of white marble about 150 feet wide and 1000 feet long.
Unappropriated Government land.
A similar reef is stated to exist in the northern i)art of T. 6 N., U. 2 \V.,
S. B. M., 3 miles south of the Verde Antique marble mines.
MARBLE — SAN DIEGO, SHASTA. SISKIYOU. 107
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
San Diego Desert Marble Company owns several claims in T. 16 S.,
K. 9 E., S. B. M., on the most eastern extremity of the Coyote Mountains,
Colorado Desert. Many blocks measuring from 10 to 20 feet in diameter
have been taken out, ready for transportation, from two quarries. The
marble is fine-grained and exceptionally hard, usually of a gray or
black and white color, with strata of pink, yellowish, and reddish marble.
Nothing but assessment work has been done.
SHASTA COUNTY.
In Sec. 3, T. 33 N., R. 4 \V., M. D. M., H. H. Rosemann, Bayha P. 0.,
has opened up a marble body by an open cut 35 feet long, with a height
of 20 feet at breast. The marble is still broken up, but promises to
produce a good material in depth. Through it are boulders of arngonite
(onyx marble) of various colors.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
A belt of marble runs from a little w^est of Etna in a general north-
westerly direction along the eastern slope of the Salmon Mountains,
forming farther north part of the Marble Mountains, and in the Grider
Mountains showing north of the Klamath River on Thompson Creek,
and running farther north into Oregon.
Marble Mountain, in Sees. 16, 19, 20, and 21, T. 43 N., R. 12 E., H. M.;
a very large body of marble is in this belt. It is very circumstantially
described by Mr. T. A. Reynolds in his history of Siskiyou County,
pages 36 and following. The limestone is metamorphosed, producing
all varieties and colors of marble, but principally pure white marble.
R. MeDaniels, Etna, owner. In Sec. 6, T. 41 X., R. 9 W., M. D. M.,
on the road from Etna to Sawyer's Bar, is exposed marble similar to
that described in Sec. 32, T. 42 N., R. 9 W., hereinbelow, except that
there are more numerous seams of diabase through the marble, and the
pure white marble does not occur in such large bodies.
Alex. Parker, Jr., Etna, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 42 N., R. 9 W. This
marble quarry was formerly worked. The elevation is 4025 feet. The
belt is from 100 to 150 feet wide. The marble is heavily bedded; in
places it is perfectly white and fine-grained; in other places it carries
dark gray veins, with seams of diabase. Some of the marble is pink-
colored, carries some iron pyrite, has inclusions of diabase, and is very
coarsely crystalline. The workings are not very extensive, but if
108 STRUCTLRAL AND INDUSTRIAL .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
pushed away from the diabase intrusions will probably, owing to the
heavy bedding, show fine bodies of workable marble.
Very close to and southeast of Oak Bar, in Sees. 7 and 18, T. 46 N.,
R. 9 W., on the ridge to the south of the Klamath River, is a small
exposure of limestone. The marble is fine-grained, with dark gray
seams. No work has been done on this deposit.
J. C. Woods, Woods P. O., owner. In the northern part of T. 17 N.,
R. 8 E., on the east side of Thompson Creek, about 900 feet above the
creek, and opposite the head of the Minetta ditch, is a cropping of rather
fine-grained marble, having apparently formed the rim of a water-
course. No Avork has been done on this deposit to determine the extent
of the limestone.
SOLANO COUNTY.
Pacific Portland Cement Company. — In Sec. 17, T. 5 N., R. 1 W.,
M. D. M., at Cement (see chapter on Cement, page 185), is a deposit of
travertine, through which occur vein-like and pocket-like deposits of a
dark brow^n, banded stone — the so-called Suisun marble. Has been
used for decorative purposes in San Francisco.
TULARE COUNTY.
Robert James, Porterville, owner. A deposit of dark gray marble^
claimed to be suitable for building purposes; located 8 miles southeast
of Porterville, on the road to the South Tule Indian Reservation.
At Three Rivers, 25 miles east of Visalia. is a deposit of a blue-black
marble, suitable for burning lime and for building purposes.
TUOLUMNE COUNTY.
Columbia Marble Company's Quarry, in Sec. 34, T. 3 N., R. 14 E.;
Columbia Marble Company, D. Hearfield, manager, Rialto Building,
San Francisco. The (juarry and works are located about 2^ miles north
of Columbia, about 800 feet above the Stanislaus River. The Stanislaus
River has uncovered the marble ledge, showing it to extend for a depth
of 800 feet below the present quarry level. This marble strip is 150
feet wide. The (juarry face has been sufficiently opened to allow
large (juantities of any desired size of stone to be readily taken out.
The pure white and variegated varieties have been developed more
especially. The marble is a compact, fine-grained, holocrystalline
dolomite, free from iron and Hint, and weighs 182 pounds to the
cu])ic foot. It is quarried l)y channeling three sides of a block, and
breaking the bottom by the plug-and-feather method. Tlie channeling
5
5
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2;
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2;
.1 7y -!^
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o
o
o
Ph
o
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1-4
(109)
110
STRUCTUKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIA1>S OF CALIFORNIA.
machines and drills are driven by compressed air. The stone is loaded
by derrick on to car trucks, which convey it to tlie mill, where six gang-
saws (with automatic screw feed) cut it into slabs and panels ready for
shipment. The plant includes a 50-horsepower Ingersoll-Sergeant air-
compressor. Electric power is used, but a steam boiler and engine are
ready for emergencies. The marble is hauled 7^ miles to Sonora by
traction engine when the road permits, otherwise by wagon. A 60-
horsepower traction engine hauls four cars, each of 10 tons capacity.
About a carload is shipped every week the year round. About 800 tons
of this stone was used in the Merchants' Exchange Building, on Cali-
ILL. No. 45. COLrMBEA MARBLE COMPAXY'S (H'ARRV, TUOLUMNE COUNTY.
fornia street, Pan Francisco. The pavements and stairways of the
Palace Hotel are also of this marble.
YUBA COUNTY.
A large marVtle exposure is reported in Sec. 15, T. 19 N., R. 8 E., 8
miles west of north of Camptonville, on the south side of North Yuba
River.
Another marble exposure is reported in Sec. 9, T 19 N., R. 8 E., on
the north side of the North Yuba River.
Marlde is reported to occur on Oregon Creek, in Sec. 11, T. 18 N.,
R. 8 E.
ONYX IMARBT.E — SAN LUIS OBISPO COl^NTV. Ill
ONYX MARBLE.
The term "onyx" signifies a banded variety of quartz, highly prized
as an ornamental stone. "Onyx marble" is a commercial and not
a scientific term; it covers such calcareous deposits as have the texture
and beauty fitting to serve as ornamental stone. The requisite qual-
ities are: perfect homogeneity of texture, microcrystalline structure,
translucency< and beauty of color. (See Twentieth Annual Report of
U. S. Geological Survey, Part VI eont., page 286.) Much of the finest
and best onyx marble is composed of aragonite,and some writers limit the
term onyx marble to such varieties, but considerable quantities of the
onyx marble of commerce are ealcite.
Some of the onyx marbles are deposited by hot springs, some by cold
springs, and some are cave deposits. The spring deposits are thought
by some to furnish a finer grade of onyx than the cave deposits. The
finer grades of this stone command fancy prices in the market, and are
among the most costly stones used in architectural work.
Onyx marble occurs in a number of places in California. Proljably
the largest and finest deposit is the Kesseler, described below, which
consists of aragonite.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
KesselBP Onyx Deposit, in Sees. 9 and 16, T. 31 S., R. 15 E., M. D. M.;
F. A. Kesseler, administrator, 325 Fair Oaks street, San Francisco; 5
miles north of Musick P. 0., and 17 miles northeast of Arroyo Grande,
the nearest railwa}' station. A deposit of beautiful onyx marble, dis-
covered more than twenty years ago. About 1890, Mr. Kesseler built a
wagon road at considerable expense from Musick, and during the 90's
it is said that more than 1000 tons were shipped from this quarry.
None has been shipped during the past five years, as the estate has
been in the probate court.
Onyx marble has been quarried at two different points. The main
opening lies on the east side of the hill near the head of a small canon,
about one mile east of the county road. The opening is about 50 feet
long and 20 feet high, and the total thickness exposed is about 15 feet.
The onyx marble occurs in somewhat irregular layers, from 1 inch to
8 or 10 inches, and in one place 30 inches in thickness. In places it is
banded or variegated, and in some layers it is a white, massive, compact
stone. It is true aragonite, and hence has a higher specific gravity
than ordinary limestone. The stone is translucent and takes a brilliant
polish. On the outcrop it has a yellowish-brown surface stain. In a
few places the seams are filled with red hematite, which occasionally
impregnates the stone, making bright red blotches or bands. Portions
of the stone are banded with a dark green color. In parts of the deposit
112 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OP CALIFORNLV.
the stone contains small cavities up to an inch in diameter, which dis-
figure the marble, l)ut most of it is solid between the seams. It has
been broken out in blocks from 3 to 6 feet square, but blocks with a
much larger surface could be obtained by careful quarrying.
There are a great many tons of good, sound onyx marble exposed at
this point, and the supply beneath the surface is probably considerable,
but there is nothing to indicate the depth to which these layers extend.
There is a smaller opening on the west side of the hill, about half a
mile west of the main opening. At this point the stone is white, with a
very faint banding, and occurs in two layers varying from 1 to 6 inches
thick, averaging about 3 inches.
Onyx marble in irregular masses is also exposed at the mineral spring
on the hill between the tw'o quarry openings. In several places
aragonite is in process of formation in cavities in the shales and sand-
stones through which the mineral water trickles. In several places in
the shales there are incrustations of flos ferri, a delicate, coral-like form
of aragonite.
The onyx marble in this locality" has been formed by the mineralized
water that seeps out near the top of the hill and trickles down over the
shales and sandstones. The water is now highly charged with sodium
chloride and other salts, and during the dry season forms an extensive
deposit along the several watercourses that radiate from the high land
on w^hich the springs are located. There are several small springs or
seeps in this area, from all of which comes a mineral water strong with
different salts in solution. The water has been shipped in barrels to
some of the hospitals in the State, because of its great curative properties.
Many polished specimens of the Kesseler onyx marble are on exhibi-
tion in the museum of the California State Mining Bureau and in the
Golden Gate Park museum. A chemical analj'^sis of the stone shows it
to be fairl}^ pure carbonate of lime. ^
Chemical Analysis of San Luis Obispo County Onyx Marble.
Lime carbonate (CaCOa) 93.8H
Magnesia carbonate (MgCOj) 1.43
Iron carbonate (FcCOs) 3.93
Manganese carbonate (MnCOj) .06
Lime pbospbate (CajPjOg) 25
This onyx is considered by experts to be superior to any other onyx
mined in the world.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
Some onyx is occasionally found in the vicinity of Dunsmuir, but
only as relatively small boulders; also boulders of aragonite, or onyx
marble, generally of a light greenish color, associated with hot springs,
which are depositing onyx marble and porous travertine. (See U. S.
Geological Survey, Twentieth Annual Report, Pt. VI cont., page 288.)
ILL. No. 4ti. AKAGOXITE QUARRY (KESSELER'S OXYX MARBLKj, SAX LUl.S OBISPO CO.
ILL. Xo. 47. ARACiOXlTE (.ilAKUV (KESSELER'S OXYX .NLVUliLE), SAX LUIS OHISI'O CO.
8— BUL. 38 (113)
114 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Healdsburg Marble Company's Quarry, in Sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 11 W.;
George Madeira et al., Healdsburg, owners (formerly the (Jray-Madeira
onyx claim). Located 1(> miles west of Healdsburg, at the head of
(lillam Creek, a tributary of Austin Creek. The aragonite found here
is green, and lias tilled a number of parallel lissures in a belt of serpen-
tine, which courses northwest and dips 70 degrees. Some specimens show
cavities lined with milky chalcedony; others have seams of chalcedony
between the crystals of aragonite, so as to give it a banded structure.
The inclosing silicified serpentine is most beautifully veined with yellow
and brown opal, chalcedony, and jasper. It is very hard and can be
had in large blocks, making it a valuable material for table tops and
mantels. This claim has never been developed, owing to the distance
from a railroad.
Besides the above-described localities, onyx marble occurs at the
following- points:
Gravelly Valley, Mendocino County.
Near Bridgeport, Mono County; California Travertine and Onyx Com-
pany, San Francisco, owners.
Some onyx marl^le has been quarried near Tolenas and Suisun, Solano
County.
The verde anti(|ue marbles of California are described under Serpen-
tine, page 147, which see.
SANDSTONE*
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of sand grains cemented
together. The bulk of the rock consists of the grains, which vary con-
siderably in size and composition. When the quartz grains are very
minute and the cementing material is prominent and of a claj^ey nature,
sandstone gradates into shale, and when the size of the grains increases
to that of pebbles the rock becomes a conglomerate. (See A. Geikie.
Text-book of (ieology, pages 161 and 164.) The l)ulk of the grains in
nearly all sandstones consists of quartz. However, a small l)ut variable
percentage is composed of other minerals, among the most common of
which are feldspar, muscovite, l)iotite, iron oxides, and hornblendes.
The revhentiwj substance of sandstone forms a much smaller percent-
age of the rock mass than the grains, but it is a much more important
part in governing its value as a building stone, since both the color and
the strengtii of the sandstone are dependent on the cementing sub-
stance. The most connnon cements in sandstones are iron oxide, clay,
ILL. No. 4S. VIEW OF ARCHES OP INNER QUADRANGLE, STANFORD UNIVERSITY,
BUILT OF SANDSTONE FROM GOODRICH QUARRIES, SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
ILL. No. 49. lONE RED SANDSTONE QUARRY, NEAR lONE, AMADOR COUNTY.
(115)
116 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ^LVTERL^.LS OP CALIFORNIA.
quartz, and calcite; sometimes one only, but frequently two or more of
these cements are present. Crystalline quartz cement alone or in excess
forms a quartzite metamorphic sandstone, an extremely hard rock and
one difficult to work. Calcite cement alone makes a hard rock and one
difficult to work. An excess of clay cement forms a stone that crumbles
easily in a cold climate. Most of the sandstones that are strong enough
for a good building stone and at the same time soft enough to be eco-
nomically quarried and dressed, have as cementing substances either
iron oxide — the yellow, red, and l^rown sandstones — or clay with a little
calcite or silica in addition — -the gray, blue, and buff sandstones.
Certain sandstones more nearh^ approach a true fireproof stone than
any other class of l)uilding stones. The ease with which sandstones
can be worked, together with the variety of pleasing colors, and the fact
that in grain and texture they harmonize so well with l)rieks and other
stones, makes them one of the most desirable of the l)uilding stones.
That California is well supplied with good sandstones for l)uilding
purposes is shown on the following pages.
SANDSTONE PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA FOR 1904.
Colusa County i|!290,lK3U
Los Angeles County l.S,14.'>
Orange County 200
San Bernardino County 2,000
San Luis Obispo County 45,000
Santa Barbara County ._. 3,600
Ventura County 3,500
■ Yolo County 720
Unapportioned 209,106
Total .$567,181
SANDSTONE PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA SINCE 1887.
Years. Value. Years. Value.
1887 $175,(X)0 1806 ^2S,37i»
1888 150,000 1897 24,086
1889 175,5!)S 1898 46,3S4
1890 -.. 1(10,000 1899 103,384
1891 100,000 1900 254,140
1892 50,00(1 1901 --- 192,132
1893 26,314 1902_,. 142,50{i
18M... 113,592 liK)3 585,309
1895 .3.5.373 1904 .567,181
Total since 1887 $2,869,.378
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
At present all of the sandstone produced in Alameda is used as
macadam, rubl)lc, or concrete. Years ago two quarries produced build-
ing stone, but they have been abandoned.
Altamont Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 28, T. 2 S., R. 3 E.; H. T. Knowles,
80 California street, San Francisco, owner; one quarter of a mile
SANDSTONE— ALAMEDA, AMADOR, CALA\^RAS. ] 17
southeast of Altamont station. It was operated until 1888, the princi-
pal shipments being to San Francisco, where it was used in the Odd
Fellows' cemetery. The stone is a massive, buff-colored sandstone, with
occasional hard nodules in face.
Fapwell Sandstone Quarry; W'm. Farwell, Berkeley, owner. In liocky
Brook Canon, a tributary of Niles Canon. Idle since 1898. The rock
is shattered and broken, and much waste resulted in quarrying. Last
used in foundation of ^Masonic Home, between Niles and Decoto.
AMADOR COUNTY.
O'Neal Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 27, T. 5 N., R. 10 E.; Thomas
Barnett, Ritchey P. O., owner; about 8 miles south of lone. This red
sandstone quarry was opened by David O'Neal about twenty years ago
and was worked for a number of years. It has not been quarried for
ten years or more. Stone from this quarry was used for the entrance
and trimmings of the beautiful Preston School buildings at lone, in the
California Bank Building at Sacramento, and in the Chronicle Building
at San Francisco. The stone was hauled by wagon to lone, the nearest
railway point, from which it was shipped by rail. It has a warm, rich,
bright red color, and even, rather fine grain, and works nicely under the
hammer. When first quarried it is soft, but hardens on seasoning.
The quarry face shows a maximum thickness of from 18 to 20 feet of
red sandstone in one massive bed, which lies with a slight dip to the
north, and will probably show a greater thickness back from the present
quarry face. The sandstone at the north end of the quarry opening is of
a quality inferior to that farther south along the face, as it contains
many spots and blemishes of the yellow iron oxide.
About 100 yards north of the red sandstone quarry, and from 30 to
40 feet higher on the hill, a small opening has been made into a massive
snoiv-ichite sandstone. The thickness of this stone exposed in the open-
ing is about 10 feet, but the total thickness of the bed is probably much
greater. The white sandstone is a beautiful building stone and it is
pure and free from iron, so that the waste from the building-stone
quarry could all be used in glass or pottery works.
CALAVERAS COUNTY. j '
Late Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 23, T. 4 N., R. 10 E.; Miss E. E. Late,
Valley Springs, owner. A small quarry has been opened on a bold
outcrop, which is plainly visible from the road. The stone is a medium-
grained, white sandstone, occurring in thick beds, which have a slight
dip to the north and into the hill. The stone in place is fractured and
cross-seamed, so that no large dimension stone is visible, but this might
ILL Nu .-.0. KOIILHriLDIMJ.roKNKKOFCALIFdRNIA AND MONT(i«)MKRY STREETS,
SAN FRANCISCO. RUILT OF COLUSA SANDSTONE.
SANDSTONE — COLUSA COUNTY. 119
have resulted fronr careless blasting. The quarry has been idle for
many years. The stone was used, rough-hewn, in building the resi-
dence of the owner in 1870, and some has been shipped to Stockton
and used as a decorative stone in brick buildings.
Wildermuth Quarry; Isaac Wildermuth, Valley Springs, owner; about
3 miles northeast of Valley Springs, and about one quarter of a mile
east of Campo Seco reservoir. The stone is a soft, coarse-grained, dark-
gray sandstone, and is not very compact. It has been used in construct-
ing the residences and buildings on the place, but is hardly suitable for
large buildings. A quarry was opened years ago on the bold outcrop
which occurs near the home, and extends for about 150 feet along the
face with a 20-foot elevation.
COLUSA COUNTY.
A great belt of sandstone and shale extends from the northern
boundary of the count}^ for 20 miles to the south; in this belt occur
massive ledges of the building stone character for a distance of 8 miles
north and south, from Sec. 17, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., to Sec. 8, T. 17 N.,
R. 4 W., with a width of three fourths of a mile. The first extensive use
of this sandstone for the construction of large buildings was in the
Union Depot and Ferry Building at the foot of Market street, San
Francisco. The most recent is the James Flood Building, at Market
and Powell streets, San Francisco.
These ledges of sandstone have an average dip of about 50 degrees to
the northeast. The beds vary from 18 inches to 18 feet, and average
4 to 6 feet in thickness. In the Colusa Sandstone Company's quarry,
one bed measures 35 feet in thickness, which in its southern extension
in the McGilvray quarry is 45 feet thick. It is difficult to ascertain
the precise length of these ledges, but they have been exposed by the
quarrying operations for an unbroken length of 230 feet in each of the
two quarries. As to their thickness, they vary from 125 to 225 feet,
measuring from the apex to the Hoor of the narrow valley that skirts
the westerly side of the series. The quarries are being operated from the
easterly side of the series of ledges, driving westerly and northerly.
Measured by observations taken through Stone Corral ravine, the opera-
tions may extend from one fourth to one half mile westward on the
valley floor level, and still be within the series of massive ledges. The
stone is blue-gray and buff in color, weathering to light brown; com-
pact, and measures 12 cubic feet to the ton, and has an even rift. The
blocks are quarried to any desired length and width. Holes are drilled
by hand or machine, from 2 to 3 feet apart, 1^ inches in diameter, with
a V-shaped half-inch ream on two sides. They are shot by battery.
Wadding is placed in each hole 2 or 3 feet below the collar and the
ILL. \(). .".1. COLUSA SANDSTONK (il'AKKV. XIICW KKoMSOiril KM > OF QUARRY.
(120)
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122 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
space above tamped with soil. The air in the chamber between the
wadding and the bottom of the hole when compressed by the explosion
of the powder serves as a force in splitting the rock. Both quarries are
operated with steam-power hoists and derricks, and masses measuring
20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 6 feet thick are handled with ease and
quickness. The stone is shipped over the Colusa and Lake Railroad,
a narrow-gauge system that connects with the Southern Pacific at Colusa
Junction, and extends from the tow^n of Sites to Colusa. At Colusa
Junction the stone must be transferred to the standard-gauge cars of
the Southern Pacific. The market has been so far confined to the Cali-
fornia coast and the Hawaiian Islands.
Colusa Sandstone Company, F. E. Knowles, president; Thomas Brad-
bury, secretary. Offices and works, corner Potrero avenue and Tenth
street, San Francisco. Quarries are located three fourths of a mile
east of Sites, Colusa County, in the S. i of the S. E. i of Sec. 20, T. 17 N.,
R. 4 W. J. D. Martin, superintendent.
The ledges within this company's holdings extend north and south
one quarter of a mile along their trend, and nearly half a mile east and
west across the series. The present quarrying is being prosecuted at
about the center of the holdings on the north side of Stone Corral
Creek. Two quarry faces are exposed east and south. The east face
is 225 feet long by 100 feet high. The south face is about 100 feet long,
across twelve beds, and to a height equal to that of the east face. The
stone is of the same quality and character as the stone in the McGil-
vray quarry. The stone for the San Francisco Ferry Building was
obtained from this quarry.
The following shows the analysis and tests of this stone:
Board of State Harbor Commissioners,
10 California Street,
San Franci.to, May 6, 1897.
R. W. GoRRiLL, President Colusa Stvne Co.,
San Franci.ico, Cnl.
Dear Sir: With regard to ydiir iiKjuiry as to whetlit-r we have made any tests of
your sandstone, I will state that 1 have had both i>hysical and analytical tests made,
which are as follows:
May 11, IsOC).
Analy.sis of sample of Colusa sandstone, from Sites (Juarry, received from the Board of State
Harbor Commissioners:
Per Cent.
Silicon dioxide 85.99
Aluminum oxide 4.82
Iron oxide -4.49
Calcium carbonate 1-87
Magnesium oxide and alkalies 0.7ti
Moisture 0.09
Water of cf)m hi nation, organic matter, and loss 1.38
100.00
Specific gravity, 2.558.
Water absorbed in twenty-four hours, 3.025 per cent.
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124 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIA!^ OP CALIFORNIA.
When lu'iitccl to a red heat ami plunged into water, the stone neither si)linters nor cracks. It
resists, without fusion, tlie temperature of a full white lieat, not even the sharp edges of the
stone being blunted. Plunged into water, after being subjected to a full white heat, the stone
assumes a light brown color.
We regard this as a very sui)erior building stone.
The grains are small and uniform in size, thus forming a very compact rock, and one excep-
tionally well adapted for general use as a building material.
(Signed) Tii<>m.\s Prick ct Son, Analytical Chemists.
San Francisco, Cai,., May 8, 1896.
Mil. llnwAiii) C. Ifoi.MKS, Cliief Engineer, Hoard of State Harbor ComwissionerK. San Francisco, Cat.
Dkau Sik: We have tested the three one-inch cubes of ('olusasandstone brought to us by Mr.
S. G. Hin<les, with the following results:
No. 1 broke at 8,940 pounds; No. 2 broke at 8,440 pounds; No. Z broke at 8,880 pounds. All of
which shows remarkably well.
Yours very truly,
(Signed) Pacikic Rolling Mill Company,
By P. Noble, Manager.
Hoping tiiat this may he what you require, I remain,
Yours very truly,
HOWARD C. HOLMES, Chief Engineer.
MeGilvpay Stone Company, John D. McGilvray, owner. Offices and
works, Townsend street, between Seventh and Eighth, San Francisco.
Quarries, three fourths of a mile east of Sites, in Sec. 29, T. 17 N., R. 4 W.;
H. Stiirrock, superintendent. The ledges in their general north and
south course extend for the full length of the holding three fourths
of a mile, with a width of one fourth of a mile. The quarrying was
liegun in about the center of the east side, driving westerly across
the ledges. The face is 230 feet long north and south, and 220 feet
high. The surface exposure of the sandstone extends to about 400 feet
in height. The general character and quality of the stone is, however, the
same. The operations in March, 1905, had reached a depth of more
than 30 feet, cutting one bed 4 feet, one 6 feet, and one 18 feet thick.
The latter bed has not been cut through its full thickness; it is esti-
mated to be 20 feet thick.
Some of the prominent buildings in San Francisco whieli liave been
constructed of the McGilvray Stone Company's Colusa sandstone
include: The Kohl Building (formerly the Haywards Building), corner
Montgomery and California streets; F. W. Woods Building, Geary
street; Miller, Sloss & Scott Building, corner First and Mission streets;
Mutual Savings Bank Building, Market and Geary streets; Park Emer-
gency Hospital; St. Francis Hotel; Flood Building, Powell and Market
streets; Italian-American Bank, Montgomery street; Sherrith Israel
Synagogue, corner California and Webster streets; Shreve Building,
corner Grant avenue and Post street; W. P. Fuller Building, corner
Mission and Beale streets.
ILL. No. .34. A PORTION OF THE FACE OF THE McGILVItAY SANDSTONE QUARRY,
COLUSA COUNTY.
ILL. No. .>\ F1;a.\KLYN SANDSTONE QU.VUKY, Cd.NTl; A ((iSTA coINTY.
Wilson-Lyon Construction Company.
(l'2.=i)
126 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.
Franklyn Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 24, T. 2 N., R. 3 W.; Wilson-
Lyon Construction Company, 220 Market street, San Francisco, owner;
William Haley, superintendent. It is 34 miles southwest of Martinez,
in Franklyn Canon, just east of Franklyn station, on the "Santa Fe
Railway. The stone is fine-grained, light hlue in color, and is very soft
when green, l)ut upon exposure it seasons well and makes a very firm
huilding stone. It occurs in beds about 26 feet thick and dipping in a
general northerly direction at an angle of 45 degrees. At present the
(juarry face is nearly 100 feet from crest to l)ottom. The Santa Fe
Railroad Company has run a switch to the quarry and the cars are
loaded by means of an electric hoist and derrick. The waste rock is
used for l)allast and rul)ble. Any sized dimension stone is obtainable,
but considerable waste is entailed in taking out large pieces. This
stone was used in two new buildings in Martinez, and in the new
schoolhouse in Redwood City. Twelve men are employed in the (}uarry.
Martinez Quarry; Mrs. S. E. Rankin, Martinez, owner. About three
fourths of a mile south of west of Martinez, in a small ravine in the
rear of the residence. The cjuarry was last worked about fifteen years
ago, when some stone was taken out for use in the buildings of the Napa
Asylum. The stone is rather fine-grained and buff-colored. It is soft
when green, liut hardens upon seasoning, and occurs in beds which dip
at a high angle in a general southwest direction. These beds range
from 1 to 8 feet in thickness, and are somewhat broken up, probably
from careless blasting. Only a small quarry face was opened and not
enough development work has been done to prove the quantity of stone
available, but the outcrop which extends across the canon would indi-
cate a considerable body.
GLENN COUNTY.
Sandstone beds extend in a west of north course from the southern to
the northern boundary of the county. In T. 18 N., R. 4 W.,the beds
maintain an average thickness of from 2 to 4 feet, and though broken on
the surface by numerous small valleys and ravines are of sufficient con-
tinuity of length to insure the quarrying of masses equal to any but an
extraordinary demand. In the central portion of the county greater
thickness and continuity of the beds were observed in the exposures in
T. 20 X., R. B W., where Stony Creek cuts through the sandstone for a
width of about 1000 feet. In T. 20 N., R. 4 W., are exposures of mas-
sive beds lying close to the surface; and in the northern part of the
county the sandstone series are clearly marked by exposures along the
southern slope of the foothills east of Newville.
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128 STKICTLKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATEKIAI.S OF CALIFORNIA.
KERN COUNTY.
Kern Development Syndicate Quarries, in Sec. 14, T. 32 S., II. 34 E.,
M. 1). yi.; Kern Development Syndicate, 202 Wilcox Building, Los
Angeles, owner; Kobert Lewis, manager. These quarries are 6 miles
south of Tehachapi and 3 miles from Erie station, on the Southern
Paeitic and Santa Fe railroads, and 112 miles from Los Angeles. The
sandstone is of many colors — green, blue, red, tan, and drab. The for-
mation lies at an angle of al)Out 10 degrees, and varies in thickness from
3 to 30 feet. It is in unlimited quantity, covering several sections of
land, all owned i)y this company. The Pasadena library building, and
the Date and Fish blocks of Los Angeles, were constructed of stone
from these quarries.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Chatsworth Park Quarry, 200 acres in Sec. 13, T. 2 N., R. 17 W.
S. B. M.; California Construction Company, 324 East Market street
Los Angeles, owner. About 1^ miles west of Chatsworth, a station on
the Southern Pacific Railroad. The quarry is connected by a branch
line with the main road.
The stone is rather heavily bedded arkose sandstone. Xear the
surface it has a tawny color, but when fresh is of a bluish-gray color.
This weathering takes place to irregular depth, but the line of demarca-
tion between the weathered and fresh stone is very distinct. The stone
is moderately fine-grained. When quarried for dimension stone it can
be split regularly along the run, but when quarried for large blocks, as
is done in this quarry for the substructure of the San Pedro breakwater,
it breaks along uneven surfaces. It resists exposure to the atmosphere
satisfactorily. Near Garvanza is a church (Holy Angels), built in 1887,
of the tawny-colored stone, showing no signs of deterioration. The
Courthouse in San Bernardino, the Public Library in Santa Ana, and
the California Club in Los Angeles are all built of the tawny variety of
this sandstone, taken from near the surface. At the land end of the
Southern Pacific Railroad i)ier at Santa jNlonica some of this sandstone
has been used for rip-rap. Below the level of high tide, where moistened
by seawater, it is quite hard, but above high-water line the exposed
stone is rather soft and somewhat disintegrated.
It may be mentioned here that extensive comparative tests made by
the U. S. Engineer Corps, at Humboldt Bay, California, have proven
that sandstone under seawater, or regularly moistened by sea tide water,
Avill hiirdon and not disintegrate by any chemical action of the salt
water, but that the same sandstone exposed to the atmosphere on the
shore will disintegrate. If slightly moved by the wave action, the stone
will suffer some abrasion.
ILL. Xo. 58. PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDLNK, PASADENA, LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Construfted of Xile-.^reen sandstone, and trimmed with red sandstone from Kern County.
ILL. No. 59. SANDSTONE QUARRY, KERN COUNTY. KERN DEVELOPMENT SYNDICATE.
9-BUL. 38 (^-^>
130
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATKHLM.S OF CALIFORNIA.
The blocks thiit form the San Pedro breakwater are broken down by
churn-drilling (three men to the drill) rows of holes, having an average
depth of 25 feet, with 20 feet face, and blasting with black powder, tamp-
ing solid without an air chamber above the charge. It is estimated that
of the rock thus broken down: 20 per cent is debris, under 100 pounds,
thrown over the dump; 1-5 per cent is small blocks, from 100 to 1000
ILL. No. 00. cn.VTSWOUTII I'.^RK SAN DSTON K (jrAKHV, LOS .\N(;KLES COl'NTY.
pounds; 20 per cent is lilocks from 1000 to 1000 pounds; and 45 per
cent large blocks over 4000 pounds. (See sketch of front elevation of
quarry.)
The quarry is equipped with four steam derricks, using oil as fuel.
'^ondsfone
vered mfh dehns.
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FRONT ELEVRTION
SECr/ON
ILL. No. (U. CIIATSWOKTII PARK SANDSTONE QUARRY, LOS ANGKLES COUNTY.
Capacity, from 500 to 700 tons per day of random stone of large size
for San Pedro breakwater. About fifty men are employed.
0. A. Charlton, in Sec. 7, T. 2 N., R. K) W., S. B. ]\r., on Sugar Loaf
Hill, has quarried some l)Oulders of sandstone similar in character to
that in the other (jnarries near Chatsworth.
H. Clement & Co., 2124 Bay street, Los Angeles, lease part of the
fjuarry of the California (Construction Company in Sec. 13, T. 2 N.,
\\. 17 W., S. B. M., west of the main quarry. They produce dimension
SANDSTONE — MERCED, MONTEREY, NAPA. 181
Stone. The stone is similar in character to that in the (|uarry of the Cali-
fornia Construction Company. The bed worked at present is from
20 to 25 feet thick, dipping about 20 degrees northwesterly. The rock is
worked with plugs and feathers. The gray rock has not as yet been
reached in this quarry.
Southern Paeifle Railroad Quarry, in Sec. 12, T. 2 N., R. 17 W., S. B. M.,
near the eastern end of the middle tunnel; leased to C. Bertelson,
1307 West Ninth street, Los Angeles; produces dimension stone similar
in character to the Chatsworth sandstone. The stone is broken down
by hand-drilling and blasting with black powder and split with wedges.
It is rather coarse-grained, heavily bedded. The gray stone has not
been reached in this quarry. The quarry is equipped with a derrick,
moved by horse-power. Capacity, 25 tons (one carload) per day. Nine
men are employed.
MERCED COUNTY.
Dickenson Quarry, in T. 9 S., R. 16 E.; S. W. Dickenson, owner. A
small quarry of a medium-grained, gray sandstone, which has been
developed only in a small way.
MONTEREY COUNTY.
A belt of sandstone runs along the east slope of the Santa Lucia
range, from Reliz Canon, T. 21 S., R. 7 E., in a northwesterly direction
past Tassajara Springs into T. 19 S., R. 3 E. Near these springs, in
Sec. 36, T. 19 S., R. 4 E., this sandstone, which is a gray and olive in
color, has been quarried and used for building the hotel. (See Xlllth
Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 636.) It is, however, too
far from a railroad to be, as yet, of commercial importance.
NAPA COUNTY.
Gardner Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 3 W.; Mrs. Sara T.
Gardner, Napa, owner. Located 12 miles northeast of Napa, in
Wooden Valley. The stone is a light buff, fine-grained sandstone. It
occurs in beds dipping slightly to the north, and ranging from 2 to 4
feet in thickness, as is shown in exposures in the creek bottom. About
600 tons of this sandstone has been used in building bridges in the
vicinity; it was taken from small outcroppings only, and no regular
quarry face has been opened.
Maxwell Canon. — About 15 miles from Rutherford, on the Maxwell
ranch, and also on the Hardin ranch, in Maxwell Canon, in Pope
Valley, there is an abundance of sandstone which can be readily
taken out in any desired dimensions. It is a fine, even-grained, com-
132 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
pact, light gray sandstone, and works well. It has heen used in the
cemeteries at Napa and St. Helena. No regular ([uarry face has
been opened as yet, owing to the long wagon haul to railroad or water.
Napa Sandstone Quarry, 5^ miles west of Napa, in Park Canon, on
the Brown \''alley road; D. L. Beard, Napa, owner. It was lirst opened
in 1901, and the stone was used in the construction of the Behlow
Block in Napa. No large dimension stone is obtainable, as the beds
are extensively fractured.
Pheland Quarry, about 4 miles south of Monticello, on the west side
of Berryessa Valley. The stone is a bluish-gray sandstone, and was
used in the construction of the bridge across Putah Creek, 2 miles south
of Monticello. This bridge has three 75-foot spans and cost $20,000.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Santiago Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 17, T. 5 S., K. 7 W., S. B. M.;
Rev. C. Gruen, 814 Rose street, Santa Ana, owner. This quarry is
situated in a side canon of Santiago Canon. This side caiion runs
along a fault, dividing the sandstone from the shale.
The sandstone is quite hard, of a light gray color, rather coarse-
grained, with inclusions of igneous material rounded and waterworn.
The large blocks are broken down with powder, hand-drilling, and are
split to the required dimensions by driving a few wedges. The stone is
used for building purposes in Santa Ana.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
Paielnes Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 1, T. 14 S., R. 6 E., M. D. M.;
Martin Miller, Paicines, owner. Idle for years.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
There is a deposit of sandstone suitable for building purposes in the
east end of the San Bernardino Valley, on Mill Creek, in Sec. 7, T. 1 S.,
R. 1 W., S. B. M. In former years two companies were formed to
quarry this material, both of which are now out of existence.
Mentone Sandstone Company operated in the S. \\'. I of the section.
The stone was used in the Hall of Records in San Jk»rnardino; it is a
tawny-colored, medium-grained sandstone, very similar tt) the Chats-
worth sandstone. It is claimed that the best material was found near
the surface, mid that in depth the shale increased. I'he company has
(|uit operations for the last three years.
Southern California Sandstone Company operated in the same section.
(See also IXth Report of Californin State Mining Bureau, page 225.)
SANDSTONE — SANTA BARBARA, SANTA CLARA. 133
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
The Santa Ynez Mountains consist of Miocene strata, which embrace
a heavy body of sandstones, conglomerates, and shales at the base.
(H. \V. Fairbanks. Bulletin Geological Society of America, Vol. VI,
p. 39, and Journal of Geology, Vol. VI, pp. 561 and 574.) Partly, as near
Refugio Canon, the shales form the main body of the range, with a
sandstone capping, dipping southeasterly; while in other places, as for
instance near Santa Barbara, the range consists apparently of massive
sandstones, dipping northward, the underlying shales being found in
the foothills.
As near as can be judged from the broken boulders, the stone is a
light buff-colored, rather coarse-grained and not very compact arkose.
It is used for Iniilding purposes. As yet only the large boulders have
been quarried.
F. R. Angulo, Santa Ynez (844 E. Garillo street, Santa Barbara). A
quarry of boulders in Sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 31 W., S. B. ^l., on the sum-
mit of the Santa Ynez Mountains, at the head of Refugio Canon, 8
miles by wagon road from Orella, a station on the Southern Pacific Rail-
road. The abutments of the railroad bridge over the Refugio, and the
church at Naples were built of this stone. Some is shipped to Los
Angeles.
Epiekson Quappy, in T. 9 N., \l. 34 \V., S. B. M.; J. B. Arrellanes,
Santa Maria, owner. A sandstone (juarry, about 5 miles south of Santa
Maria, from which some good building stone has been quarried. (See
Xlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 637.)
Neap Gaviota Pass there is a blue stone of very fine grain that has
been used in limited quantities for monuments by the Santa Barbara
Marble Works.
Mission Canon, near Santa Barbara; principal owner, the Roman
Catholic Church. A number of Iniildings in Santa Barbara are built of
this stone.
James Waring, Santa Barbara, owns a quarry in Sec. 6, T. 4 X., R. 26 W.,
S. B. M.; between Cold Stream and Hot Springs creeks, near Santa
Barbara.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
Casseli Quappy, on the Bear Creek road, 10 miles from Los Gatos;
John Casseli, Los Gatos, owner. A buff-colored sandstone, similar to
that in the Goodrich quarries (see below). The Carnegie Library in
Santa Cruz is built of this stone.
Goodpieh Quarpies, Jos. Maddox, owner; operated by tlie McGilvray
Stone Company, Second and King streets, San Francisco. At Gray-
134
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
stone station, 9 miles south of Han Jose, on a spur of the Narrow Gauge
Kaih'oad running from San Jose to Santa Cruz. An extensive body of
buff-colored sandstone, which has been quarried in this locality for
many years by several different parties.
The sandstone occurs in beds from a few inches to 10 feet or more in
thickness. The present (August, 1904) quarry face shows beds 10 feet,
3 to 4 feet, 10 feet, 6 feet, 6^ feet, and 4 to 6 feet thick, respectively.
About 50 feet of sandstone are exposed below the l>ottom of the present
([uarry, and about 100 feet on the outcrop above the quarry, while a
still greater thickness is exposed on the hills innnediately adjoining on
the northeast and northwest. The strata dip 25"^ N., 75^ W., in the
quarry opening, but this varies somewhat over other portions of the
outcrop.
Like many sandstones, it is quite soft when first i|uai-ricd. but indu-
ILL. Xo. tV2. CAKNK(;iE LIBRARY, SANTA CUrZ.
Constructed of SandstoiR' from Joliii CassoU's (Juarry, near I^os (latos, Smita Clara County.
rates on exposure until it has a ([uite lirm, hard surface. In grain,
color, and texture the stone is fairly uniform. In a few places some of
the iron has been leached out by the surface waters, leaving the stone
a mottled yellow and gra}'; however, only a comparatively small part
of the stone is thus affected. In some of the abandoned quarry open-
ings the stone contains iron oxide concretions, whicli disfigure the stone,
but none of these are visible in the present working.
The freestone character of the rock adapts it to carved work, as is so
well shown in the elaborate and intricate carving on and in the costly
chapel at Stanford University, Palo Alto.
The stone is quarried ))y hand, loadiMl with steam-power (U-rriek on
small tram-cars, and sent (htwii an inelint'd track about <S00 feet to tiie
stone mill and cutting yard near the railway track. 'I'hc mill is sup-
plied with two gang-saws for cutting dimension stone, and a L-irge crew
of stonecutters is at work finishimz; the stone.
ILL. Xo. 63 STANFORD QUARRY, SANTA CLARA COUNTY
(Goodrich Sandstone Quarry. McGilvray Stone Company.)
ILL. No. 04. STANFORD SANDSTONE QUARRY, SANT.\ (LAItA COUNTY
(McGilvray Stone Company.)
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138 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
The stone has been used for buihling i)uri)oses in San Jose and nearby-
towns for many years, but the greatest and most elaborate nionument
to tlie architectural value of this stone is to be found in the many costly
buildings of Leland Stanford Junior University, which, with the excep-
tion of one or two cement and one or two brick Iniildings, are con-
structed of this buff sandstone.
Laboratory Tests of the Graystone Sandstone.* — Specific gravity, 105
pounds per cubic foot. Al)sorptiun of moisture, 1.23 per cent; of water,
5.13 per cent. Loss in carbonic acid solution, 0.42 per cent. In the
acid fumes, the color was leached out one fourth inch dee}) and tissure-
joints were developed. In the nuitfle-furnace the stone suffered no
change up to a bright red heat, except the change in color from yellow
to red. Inunersion in water while hot failed to crack the stone. The
crushing strength indicated by a single specimen was 2400 pounds per
square inch. The microscope shows tluit (pnirtz is the leading con-
stitutent. Orthoclase and plagioclase are present, the first in excess
and both much decomposed. The cement is a film of kaolin impreg-
nated with carbonate of lime. The yellow ochre coloring matter is not
distributed uniformly, l)ut is in small particles and patches scattered
between the granules.
SHASTA COUNTY.
A few miles northeast of Redding, the Cretaceous Chico sandstone
forms the surface rock of Sees. 7 and 18, T. 32 N., R. 4 W. The tawny-
colored sandstone occurs in thick horizontal beds, enabling the quarrying
of large l)locks. It makes a fairly good building stone, and has been
used in many of the prominent buildings in northern California. Two
quarries have been worked on this sandstone:
Sandflat Quarry, in Section 18; A. Dutton, Redding, owner.
Stillwater Quarry, in Section 7; F. M. Dakin, 104 Sutter street, San
Francisco, owner.
Texas Spring- Quarry, in Sec. 29, T. 31 N., R. 5 W.; California Sand-
stone and Construction Company, 16 Post street, San Francisco, owner.
The Chico sandstone lies at the surface on a considerable portion of
Sections 28 and 29 (see sketch C); thin beds are also found overlying
the shales in Section 30, on the Horsetown road. At the Texas Spring
(juarry the sandstone is yellow and hard on the exposed faces; gray
and softer when fresh; thickly l)edded, dipping slightly a little north
of east. One bed more tlian 7 feet tbick was worked in the quarry.
*Mu(1l' by I'ruf. A. W. .lack.son, I'liivurijily of Ciilit'orniii, IJcrkcli'V. N'lllili Kepurt
State Mineralogist, j.. Siio.
SANDSTONE — SHASTA, SISKIYOU
139
The sandstone contains a number of concretions (niggerheads
very thin lenses, carrying considerable fossils. On account of
inclusions and niggerheads, the stone, otherwise a good building
rial, is not well suited for that purpose.
) and
these
mate-
1
\
,J>'
/e
Minor
3/ N. R.
/6
6.W. M.D.M.
5t>
1 1 LarM,n .^
zo
W^i- Price
Zl ^
V ,: Sandstone
Crefac
Sands
a Sha
ejjs
rA=_v Limestone
? v,v ■ ; Granod/onte
>• -
- v;
1
/ Sha/e
3?/
35
.^'^
^^Dr^
dge
0^^
-;v^ -y
ILL. No. 67. SKKTCH C. SHASTA COUNTY
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
A very extensive bed of sandstone runs along the east side of the
Kildall hills, Black Mountain range, and Cottonwood Mountains, into
Oregon. Its southern extremity is about in Sec. 4, T. 44 N., R. 6 W.
It is found east of Yreka in two large exposures. The most southern
runs from the southern extremity of the belt to Sees. 25 and 26, T.45 N.,
R. 7 W., along the eastern rim of the Kildall hills. It forms a narrow
ridge, with steep slopes on both sides.
North of this ridge the sandstone crops out again in Sec. 13, T. 45 N.,
R. 7 W., where it forms another ridge having a northeasterly direction,
also forming the rim of the Shasta River Valley.
The same sandstone crops out a few miles south of Ager, along the
east side of Black Mountain range, where a coal mine has been worked
in the sandstone at the Herr ranch.
The same belt shows in the vicinity of Hornbrook in the ridges sur-
rounding the valleys of the Klamath River and the lower part of
Cottonwood Creek.
140 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
West of nt>rnl)r()(ik and Henley, along the rim of the Cottonwood
Mountains, runs a. belt of tine-grained gray sandstone, not over a
quarter of a niilr wide. It fornix a landmark, as its surface sloping
east forms for a, greater })ortion the bare lower slope of the mountains,
its gray color being distinguishable from a long distance.
The sandstone is very tine-grained, compact and hard. It consists
of small granules of quartz, witli some small ones of hornblende, and is
known as the llenlen xamhtonc. The relation of this sandstone to
that east of the valley is not clear. Whether it underlies the latter or
does not persist farther than exposed at the surface has not been deter-
mined as 3'et.
D. C. Earhart, Ilornbrook, owns a (juarry in Sec. 20, T. 47 N., H. 6 W.,
near Henley, on tlie Henley sandstone.
Fioch Brothers, Yreka, own a quarry in Sec. 13, T. 45 N., U. 7 W.,
near Yreka, where considerable stone has been taken out. The face of
the quarry shows massive sandstone, nearly horizontal, dipping slightly
east. The upper bed is at least 8 feet thick, and coarse-grained. Only
very few niggerheads occur and the sandstone is very uniform in
texture, of a tawny color. Underlying this, but without any parting,
is a bed of dark gray sandstone, under which shows again tawny sand-
stone, which forms the present floor of the quarry.
G. B. Russell, Yreka, owns a (juarry in Sec. 7, T. 45 N., R. G W. The
stone is a fine-grained, bluish-gray sandstone. It is used for building
and monument work and for flagstones; it resists weathering very
well, sliowing no deterioration after an exposure of over forty years.
Mr. Russell has two (luarries in Sec. 30, T. 45 N., R. 6 W. In the
quarry on the west side of the ridge the coarser-grained tawny sand-
stone is cleared off to reach the underlying fine-grained gray sandstone,
which is similar to the Henley sandstone. The overlying sandstone
€uts in blocks up to 8 feet long, and from 12 to 18 inches wide. In the
quarry on the east side of the ridge the sandstone is very hard. It is
worked by plugs and feathers, and breaks in blocks and rifts witli tlic
grain almost equal to lumber.
Southern Pacific Railroad Company has several quarry oj)cnings on
the Henley sandstone in Sec. 21), T. 17 N., R. B \V., near Henley. It
uses the stone j)rinci])ally for bridge abutments. The quarries are
worked by i)lug-and-feather work. The sandstone breaks in large
square blocks, some weighing over •") tons. In a (juarry on llock Creek,
a parting of shale about 1 foot thick is found in the sandstone. The
sandstone was u^rd in the ibtm and .loncs buildings, Ilornbrook,
built in ISSS, ;ind sliows no signs of weal h<'ring.
SANDSTONK— SOLANO, SONOMA, STANISLAUS. 141
SOLANO COUNTY.
The northwest portion of Sohmo County is closely related in topog-
raphy and geology to the southwest portion of Yolo. The sandstone
croppings can be followed from Putah Creek for a distance of 12 miles
to Vaca Valley.
The only practical e.xposurt'S of sandstone beyond the surface of the
croppings in Solano County ha\'e been made by two small quarries or
open cuts necessitated by the opening of public roads and to supply a
small local demand.
F. Frietas, ^'acaville, in Sec. 11, T. 6 N., R. 2 \\ ., toward the southern
extremity of the belt.
F. B. King-ton, Vacaville, in Sec. 35, T. 7 N., R. 2 \V., 2 miles north of
the first named.
The sandstone is gray of color, fine of texture, and said to weigh 185
pounds to the cubic foot; it has been used principally in culvert con-
struction.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Coast BlufTs. — Along the coast from Fort Ross to Stewart's Point
sandstone has been quarried and proved to be a good building material.
The bluffs can be approached by schooners. (See Xllth Report State
Mineralogist, p. 400.)
In the hills just east of Freestone, along the county road to Sebas-
toi)ol, there are many places where freestone can be quarried. It is
easily cut with a saw when green, but seasons fairly well. It is not
suitable for large buildings.
A small quarry face has been opened on the property of Mary E.
Roberts, on the south side of Jonive Creek, in the Jonive Grant, one
mile northeast of Freestone. •
STANISLAUS COUNTY.
Wright Ranch, in Sec. 21, T. 1 S., R. 12 E.; G. W. Wright, Knight's
Ferry, owner. Stone has been quarried from this locality at different
times for the last fifty years, furnishing material for all the principal
buildings in the vicinity of Knight's Ferry. The entire hill is com-
posed of bedded sandstone, the beds ranging in thickness from a few
inches to several feet, and dip slightly to the southwest. The stone is a
light buff-colored sandstone, and contains some mica flakes. No regular
quarry has been developed, l)ut stone has been taken out at intervals
along the roadside. Much waste rock covers the small faces and only
a small amount of dimension stone is exposed at present, the result of
very careless (juarrying by divers persons.
142 STKlCTrKAL AND INDUSTKIAI, MATKUIAI.S OF CALIFORNIA.
VENTURA COUNTY.
Sandstone lias been quarried at different points in Sespe Canon by
various parties for a great many years, but nearly all the stone (except
a little in Kazzle Dazzle Canon) has been quarried by hand from sur-
face boulders. Scores of immense boulders, some of them hundreds of
tons in weight, offer inducement for inexpensive quarrying. A further
inducement is found in the position of these boulders at the base of the
hill, while the ledges are generally high up on the mountainside, where
considerable expense would be involved in l>ringing the quarried ])locks
to the roadway in the bottom of the valley.
The Los Angeles Brownstone Company quarried rock in this canon
for several months, in 1888, and then left the work. Several other
parties have quarried stone here, some for a few months, some for a few
years, but only one party is quarrying stone at present.
In the Xlllth Report of the State Mineralogist, in 1896, two com-
panies are mentioned as then in operation: The Mentone Sandstone
Works, at Brownstone spur, employing 18 men; the Razzle Dazzle
Sandstone Quarry, 3^ miles north of the works, and owned by the same
company; and the Henley Brothers, operating the Phrenix Sandstone
Quarry.
Sespe Canon Brownstone Quarry, in Sec. 35, T. 5 N., K. 20 W., and
Sees. 1 and 2, T. 4 N., K. 20 W., S. B. M.; George J. Henley, Sespe,
owner. This is the only quarry at present in operation; it is located
from 5 to 6 miles from Brownstone, a station on the Southern Pacific
Railroad. INIost of the stone is loaded for shipment at Brownstone. It
was used in the State Insane Hospital at Patton. Four men are
employed.
In this locality the Sespe River cuts across the "Coldwater Anticline,''
with its axis nearly east and west, dipping toward the east. The brown
sandstone is exposed on the crown and on both sides of the axis on
both sides of the river. It is also exposed in the several small tributary
canons, such as Coldwater Caiion, east of the river. In places, as at
the "Devil's (Jate," and below, the shearing planes developed by the
folding are more prominent than the bedding planes and in places cut
the stone into small dimensions. On the north side of the axis the
stone does not api)ear to be at all shattered, and occurs in iieavy mas-
sive beds, with two sets of nearly rectangular joint planes, so that it
lies in huge cubical blocks which have a gentle dip to the north and
east.
The brownstone l)eds are underlaid by a series of oil-bearing gray
sandstones and gray and red variegated shales. Overlying the brown-
stone is another ()il-l)earing series of gray sandstones and shales.
SANDSTONE— VENTl'RA COUNTY.
143
The brownstune series consist of sandstones, shales, and conglom-
erates, with a total thickness of 800 feet or more. The lower portion of
the series is prevailingly conglomerate, quite coarse in places, with
some sandstone and shale intermingled. The upper part of the series
consists of brown slialc's with alternating beds of sandstone. The
middle portion of the series, several hundred feet in thickness in places,
is almost entirely brown sandstone. While this is the general relation
of the beds, there are local variations.
The most favorable location for a quarry opening would l)e where the
greater part of the overlying shales has been eroded, exposing the sand-
ILL. No. GS. VIKW IN SKSl'K CVNON, VENTURA COUNTY, SHOWING
ANTICLINE."
C'OLDW.\TER
stone of the middle portion of the series over an area sufficiently large
for quarry operations.
On the west side of the river, just north of the axis, the shales have
been eroded, exposing the top of the sandstones over a large area, prob-
ably 100 acres or more. Several small perennial w^atercourses have
cut deep tributary canons into this hill, exposing the edges of the sand-
stone layers from 15 to 20 feet thick, and in places forming perpen-
dicular cliffs from 30 to 50 feet in height, and in one place more than
half a mile long. Good quarries of excellent brownstone could be
opened at many places in this hill.
The stone has such a straight fracture and even grain that it could
be most economically quarried by wedging or with the Knox blasting
144 (STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
system. The evenness of the fracture and the regularity of the joint
planes ure indicated by the huge talus blocks, which are, in places, as
rectanguhir and as sciuare-cornered as though they had just come from
the hands of the stonecutter.
No stone has yet l)een quarried on this hill, because of the difficulty
in getting it to raih'oad. There probably are good quarry sites in the
l)ro\vnstone area, other tliaii the one described.
The stone is a typical brownstone; the coarser-grained varieties have
a rich purplish-brown color, and the finer-grained stone has a light
reddisli-brown color. The stone is free from the "iron balls,'' "iron
bhsters," or " liver spots,'' too common in many of the Eastern brown-
stones; in fact, it is remarkably free from defects of any kind. In many
places, most prominent in the finer-grained varieties, there is a faint
banding parallel with the bedding, which is perceptible on a rock- or
sand-rubbed surface. It works readily under the stonecutter's tools,
and is adapted to carved and dressed surfaces as well as rock- faced
work. Blocks several feet in diameter are split straight and even by
plug-and-feather in 3-inch hand-drilled holes.
The durability of the stone is indicated by the steep mountain slopes
on which it occurs, and by the bold outcropping ledges and the sharp
corners and fresh surfaces of the talus blocks. It is rarely discolored,
even on the long-exposed outcrop. The conglomerate beds are likewise
for the most part quite durable and might be safely used for bridge
abutments, foundations, retaining walls, and similar uses. The shaly
layers and the very fine-grained stone should be avoided where great
durability is important.
Laboratory Tests on Sespe Brownstone.*— The specific gravity of the
stone is 2.65, hence the weight of one cubic foot is 165.6 pounds. The
absorption of moisture is 0.76 per cent; absorption of water ec^uals 1.53
per cent; loss in carbonic acid gas solution, 0.24 per cent. Exposure
to strong acid fumes changed the shade to a lighter tone, corroded the
stone somewhat, leaving it slightly crumbly on the surface, resulting in
a loss by disintegration of 2.87 per cent, 2.05 per cent of which was lost
quietly in the exi)Osure chamber. This test works unfairly against
this stone, as compared with one containing no visible carbonate of
lime in the cement, such as, for instance, the Angel Ishmd sandstone,
because while fairly indicating relative tendencies to rJicmiral disinte-
gration, it gives no measure of the meci\<tnlc(d disintegration to which
the loosely aggregated argillaceous sandstones of the Coast Range are
particularly liable. On account of the firmness, this broAvnstone would
unquestionably resist the combined agencies of chemical and mechan-
ical disintegration indefinitely longer than the Angel Island and similar
*Mad(' by Prof. A. W. .Tivckson, riiivcrsity of r'alifoniia. VTITili Report State
.MiiuTalogist, p. WK.
SANDSTONE— VENTURA, YOLO. 145
sandstones. In the niulllc-fiiriuu'e the brownstone eluuiged its color at
full red heat to a light brownish red, and developed one crack clear
through the cube parallel to the bedding. The rest of the eid)e was
entirel}^ unaffected, neither cracking, scaling, nor becoming crumbly on
the surface. Immersion in cold watei- while still hot failed to affect the
stone in the least.
The crushing strength determined on a bed-cube 1.507 in. by 1.534
in. by 1.485 in. (lit.) e([ualed 4122 pounds per square inch, and on an
edge-cube 1.472 in. by I.UIS in. by 1.595 in. (ht.) yielded .3892 pounds
per square inch.
References on the Sespe Bpownstone. — 1. Eighth Report. State Min-
eralogist of California, pp. G76, G87, and 888.
2. Tenth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 761.
o. Thirteenth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p, 638.
4. U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States,
1893, p. 560.
5. Merrill, Building and Ornamental Stones, p. 252.
6. Bulletin No. 11, California State Mining Bureau, p. 26.
7. Bulletin Xo. 19, California State Mining Bureau, p. 94.
Buildings Constpueted wholly or in part of Sespe Brownstone. — Bryson
Block. Los Angeles, first story and superstructure trimmings; Y. M. C. A.
Building, Los Angeles, front facade; Burdick Block, Los Angeles, first
story and trinunings; Drew Block, San Bernardino, trimmings; Opera
House, South Pasadena, trimmings; People's Bank, Pomona, trimmings;
Orphan Asylum, Los Angeles; Shatto pyramid, Rosedale Cemetery, Los
Angeles; Briswalter monument. Courier Building, Los Angeles; Brad-
bury Building, Los Angeles; Van Xuys Hotel, Los Angeles, two door-
ways: Old Chamber of Commerce Building, Los Angeles; Methodist
Episcopal Church, Pasadena; Torrence Building, Pasadena; Academy
of Sciences Building, San Francisco; Pacific Insurance Building, San
Francisco; Whittier State School, Whittier; Chico High School, Chico:
Sherman Indian School, Arlington; Gay residence, San Diego; High-
land Insane Asvlum, near San Bernardino.
In most of the above mentioned buildings the brownstone is used for
doorways or trimmings, or both.
YOLO COUNTY.
Sandstone deposits crop out along the west boundary of Yolo County
on the eastern slope of the mountain ridge that divides the county from
Napa, at some ]ioints reaching an elevation of 2000 feet above the levels
of Cache and Putah creeks. Between these two streams the ledse is
apparently unbroken. At the south end the stone is of a bluish color
10-BL-L. 38
146 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
that is re})ute(l to l)o strongly resistant to the elements. • The same
character of formation may l)e traced across and heyond Putah Creek
into Solano County. Excei)t for local uses this sandstone has been
quarried on a comparatively small scale, considering the vast deposits
indicated by the croppings.
Putah Stone Quarry, in Sec. 29, T. 8 N., K. 1 W.; E. F. Searles, San
Francisco, owner; \\. Herthelot, Winters, lessee. In the extreme south-
west corner of Yolo County, 9 miles by wagon road from Winters; 15
miles by wagon road from Vacaville, Solano County. This deposit of
sandstone is situate on tlie north l)ank of Putah Creek, and is exposed
in heights varying from 50 to 200 feet for a width of one quarter to one
half mile. The formation extends east to south across Putah Creek
into Solano County. The exposed material at the Putah quarry is
shattered but massive. It is blue and gray in color, takes a fine tinish,
and averages 174 pounds to the cubic foot.
SERPENTINE.
Serpentine is a hydrous silicate of magnesia (.') MgO, 2 Si( )., 2 111))
that occurs in rock masses, and is sometimes used as a building or orna-
niental stone. It usually has a green color — sometimes dark, sometimes
light, and sometimes yellowish green. It is thouglit to be in all cases a
secondary rock; that is, it is formed from some other rock l)y a gradual
change in the mineral character. The most common minerals which
are known to change to serpentine are chrysolite, hornl)lende, and
augite.
Serpentine forms extensive rock masses in the Coast Moimtains and
occurs in numerous small areas in the Sierras, but in most places it lacks
sufficient brightness of color to be a desirable ornamental stone, and
has too many cracks, fissures, and mineral impurities to make a good
building stone. It has been (juarried for l)oth l)ui]ding and ornamental
stone in small ({uantities at some localities in California.
Despite the fact that seri)entine is a durable stone and occurs in hvrge
quantities in different parts of the United States, it has not been used
for either l)uilding or ornamental purposes in (luantitics at all comparable
with many of the other classes of building stone. The reasons for this
are prol)a])ly twofold: first, the color is not a favorite one; and second,
the great (juantity of waste necessary to handle, because of the numer-
ous fissures and cracks, makes the ([uarrying expensive. Large dimen-
sions are scarce in all serpeniino (juarries.
SERPENTINE — AMADOR, LOS AXGEI.ES, SAN HERXAKDIXO. 147
Verde Antique. When serpentine is mixed irregularly with consid-
erable quantities of calcite, it is called verde anti(|ue niar])le, or ophio-
calcite, and is highly prized as an ornamental stone. One large deposit
of verde antique marble, noted below, has been quarried in California.
AMADOR COUNTY.
A yellowish-green to dark olive-green serpentine has been quarried
about two miles west of Plymouth. The quarry is not in operation
and is said to have been idle for a number of years. The old pit is 40
by 20 by 15 feet, and was formerly owned by Dr. Thomas Boyeson.*
Folio 11, U. 8. Geological Survey Atlas, states that a beautiful mot-
tled variety of serpentine is quarried H miles west of Sugar Loaf,
Amador County.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Banning Company, 593 Pacific Electric Building, Los Angeles, owns
a quarry in a belt of serpentine, at Empire Landing, Santa Catalina
Island, on the east coast, about 12 miles from Avalon. The serpentine
is very dark green and occurs in that part of the island in bunches, in
conjunction with soapstone and steatite, from which a very good mate-
rial for ornamental, sanitary, and electrical purposes is obtained. It
can be w^orked out into ver}' thin slabs and even used for open work,
and takes a very fine polish. (See Xllth Report, California State
Mining Bureau, p. 402; also Xlllth iJ>l(J.. p. B39.)
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Mojave Consolidated Development Company, .J. P. O'Brien, 175
Crocker Building, San Francisco, organized to operate the ]^erde
Antique Marble quarry, formerly known as the Gem quarry (Alamo
Consolidated Marble Company), or the Kimball mine, in Sec. 28, T. 7 N.,
R. 2 W., S. B. M., on the Mojave Desert, about 16 miles X. 25° E.
from Victorville, a station on the Southern California Railway. It
was opened a number of years ago by Frank Kimball of Xational
City, San Diego County, and has been worked at several different
times. It is idle this year (1904). More than 400 tons of marble
have been hauled from this quarry to Victorville, and shipped by
rail to Colton, where it was sawed, polished, and prepared for use.
It has been used for interior decoration in a numl)er of buildings in
Los Angeles and San Francisco. Some very handsome stone has been
obtained from this quarry, probably as fine as any in the United States,
and it seems unfortunate that more of it is not put on the market.
* Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, 18fW, i>. 402.
148 STRUCTURAL AM) INDlSTKIAh .MATKKIAI.S OF CAI.IFUKNl A.
While the long distance from the railway makes the mai-keting expen-
sive, the beauty of the stone is suffieient to connnand a [mcc tliat
would pay for the transportation.
The quarry opening is from 60 to 100 feet long, with a faec of about
75 feet. It is in what appears to be a large dike or intrusive mass of
serpentine and calcite, in the midst of a granitic porphyry. The meta-
morphism is now so complete that it would require a more detailed
study of the rock and the locality to determine the nature of the
original rock from which the serpentine and caleiti' were dei-ivcd. 'I'lie
rock is ({uite heterogeneous in structure. In some })laces the pure
serpentine is from 5 to 10 feet thick; elsewhere the serpentine occurs in
patches and bands of limestone, which alternates in white and blue.
In places the limestone is from 10 to 20 feet thiek, without any
serpentine. The serpentine varies in color from a light yellow-green
to a dark green. The handsomest stone is that in whicli tlie bright
yellow-green occurs banded with dark green and white limestone.
Both the limestone and serpentine contain many cracks and weather
seams, so that there is a large quantity of waste material to be handled.
The method of quarrying by blasting has caused additional waste.
There are two derricks in the quarry and another one at the base of
the hill. The stone is dragged from the quarry to the base of the steep
part of the mountainside, where it is loaded on wagons to be hauled
to the railway.
It is to be hoped that this (quarry may soon be again in operation,
and that it may be worked more systematically and on a laiger scale.
The serpentine outcrops again about half a mile S. 70° K. from the
quarry, but it is not certain that this mass is connected with that at
the ({uarry.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
Most of the serpentine found in Siskiyou County lias a eonehoidal
fracture. A belt of it runs along a part of the main ridge of the
Cottonwood Mountains, forming there "Shafts Hock,'' a prominent
landmark at the head of Bogus and Dutch creeks. Samples show
that it takes a tine polish, and l)reaks so as to form blocks which can
be used as structural material.
M.AI'K rKoDUCTlnN, KTC.
149
SLATE,
Kunning through VA Dorado and Amador counties is a great belt of
black slate that has been exploited in a small way in a score or more
places. Many of the openings, however, are not deep enough to show
whether a good material is present or not. The belt forms part of the
Mariposa slate belt, Avhich is of Jurassic or early Cretaceous age. It
Avill be strange, indeed, if other first-class slate does not occur in this
extensive range, and other quarries will no doubt be opened in the
future when better railwav facilities are afforded.
PRODUCTION OF ROOFING SLATE IN CALIFORNIA, 1889-1904.
Year.
Squares.
1889 4,500
1890 -- 4,lX)0
1891 4.(XH1
1892 8,o(X>
1893 H,000
1894 1.80(.i
1895 ].3.^i0
1896 500
1897 4(X)
Value.
^18,089
24,000
24,000
21.000
21,000
11.700
9,4.50
2,500
2,800
Year.
Squares
1898
400
18f)9
810
19W
3,500
1901
5,100
1902
4,000
1903
10,(M)0
1904
6,000
Value.
|;2,800
5,900
26,250
.38,2.50
.30,000
70,000
.50,000
Total-. - 52,860 .1.357,739
The figures show a marked increase in production during the past
five years. The fact that California is at present the only slate-pro-
ducing State on the Pacific Coast gives additional interest. It has
recently shipped slate to the insular territories of Hawaii and Guam.
REFERENCES ON CALIFORNIA SLATE.
1. Eighth Report. State Mineralogist of California, p. 199.
2. Ninth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 283.
;•). Twelfth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 400.
4. Thirteenth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 639.
5. Eleventh Census, volume on Mineral Industries, p. 662.
6. Bulletin No. 225, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 417-421.
7. E. C. Eckel, Journal of Geology, Vol. 12, February, 1904, pp. 15-29.
8. Proceedings of the California Miners' Association for 1903, p. 134.
AMADOR COUNTY.
On Lane Ranch, Mr. Yager, owner. 1^ miles east of lone, some pre-
liminary work was done a few years ago in opening a slate quarry.
Two openings have been made; the south one shows only little promise
of good slate in large dimensions. The north opening, about 250 yards
150 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIPORNLV,
down tlic gulch, appears to l)e free from quartz veins, and promises a
good ([uality of slate, but the opening is not yet deep enough.
The thick belt of Mariposa slate, the same that has been quarried in
El Dorado County, crosses the county and is promising at sufficient
depth in a number of places, but the above are the only openings as yet
made in Amador County.
EL DORADO COUNTY.
California Slate Quarry, in Sees. 28 and 25, T. 1 1 N., K. 10 E., M. D. M.;
F. IS. Chadbourne, 121 Xew Montgomery street, San Francisco,
owner. It is located on the north side of the American River. The
material contains much iron pyrites. The trimmed slabs left in the
yard are nearl}'^ all iron-stained, and some of them crumbling by the
disintegration of the pyrite since their exposure to the air. The pyrite
appears to be much worse on the west side of the quarry opening than
on the east side. It is probably confined largely to certain layers of
the slate, and the quarry opening unfortunately struck one of these bad
streaks. The quarry has not been operated in the last few years.
Chili Bar Slate Quarry, in Sec. 36, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M.; J. G.
Mothersole, Placerville, owner. On the south side of the American
River. It is said to be the oldest (juarry in the district, but has been
idle since 1897.
Eureka Slate Company, \Vm. J. Dingee, president, Crocker Building,
San Francisco, is operating the only quarry that is producing any
slate at present in California. It is located at Slatington, one mile
south of Kelsey, and between 7 and 8 miles north from Placerville, the
nearest railway station and the shipping point of the slate. The quarry
has been in operation for fifteen or twenty years. The present company
has operated it only about two years and a half, and has put in large
improvements, among others an extended wire cable-way Smiles long^
of the Rleichert system, for transporting the slate across the American
River, with a clear span across the river-valley of 2400 feet, at an
elevation of 600 feet above the river, and operated by water-power.
From the south end the slate is hauled l)y wagon to the railway at
Placerville.
The Eureka slate has a blue-black color, which weathers brown in
some places, and greenish-gray in other places. It is for the most
part free from impurities in the deeper portion of the quarry, but in a
few places there is iron pyrite along the seams and a few small quartz
and calcite veins, which add to the waste that is always an important
part of every slate quarry.
The (luarry is locate<l in tlie bottom and on both sides of a small
SLAT1-: i:i
iMiHAIiit COUNTY
151
cafion. The steep slope for several hundred feet hclow the (juarry
opening gives an excellent dumping ground for the waste product. The
quarry opening on the north side of the canon has heen abandoned.
On the south side of the canon the quarry has a face over 200 feet long,
and about 70 feet high at one end, and about 200 feet at the other. The
west end of the quarry has been sunk 90 feet below the bottom of
the canon. The deep portion is about 100 feet square, and it is
from this opening that the greatest quantity of good slate, with the
least waste, is now obtained. The east end of the quarry is within 40
ILL. No. i;y. EL'REKA SLATE IHAKKY, SLATIN(;T(.)N, EL DORADO COUNTY.
feet of the bottom of the canon. From both places large quantities of
good roofing slate are quarried.
The strike of the cleavage is south 25 degrees east. To a depth of
nearly 40 feet in places, there are numerous joint-planes cutting the slate
into small dimensions. 15elow this the joints rapidly disappear, and in
the bottom portions there are very few — not enough to interfere with
taking out blocks as large as can 1)e quarried and handled. The blocks
are loosened by hand work, b}' drilling and wedging, and are then lifted
by the cable-hoists and placed on cars on the tracks on the upper
tloor. The same hoists are used to lift the fragments and waste. The
blocks taken out vary from 300 to oOOO pounds in weight.
The marketal)le slate is run to the sheds, where the splitters and the
blockmaker reduce it to the standard size for roofing. The finished
152 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
slate is placed in small iron carriers on the cable-way. Tlie ])rcsent
output is 1000 squares per niontli.
The entire product is used for roofing slate, forwliicli ])urposeit gives
good satisfaction and the demand kee])s pace with the slnpments. Tlie
slate unit is tlie s(iuare which is sullicient to cover 100 square feet of
roof, and weighs ahout 600 jiounds.
Running through the body of the slate are numerous narrow rib-
bons of a mateiial more siliceous than the adjoining slate, which are
separated in the (juarry operation and thrown out in the waste. These
ribbons do not folh)w the cleavage of the slate, but indicate the original
Ijedding of the slate mass, which does not vary greatly at this ])oint
from the cleavage plane.
Eureka Green Slate. — There is a green-colored belt of slate several
feet in width, erossing the black slate, that is thought by Mr. Eckel* to
be an altered intrusive dike of igneous rock. This is indicated by the
fact that it is not parallel to the ribbons and hence is not interstratified
material, and further by the chemical composition (see accompanying
analysis), which shows it to be (|uite unlike the black slate and much
like certain basic igneous rocks of the district. The green slate is not
quite so smooth as the black, l)ut works very well and is used with
the black for lettering and trimming.
Analyses of Eureka Slate, Slatington, California.
lihick GrL'L'ii 'irt-en
Slate. Slate. Slate.
Silica(SiO.) 63.52% 45.15% 47.30%
Alumina (AUO3 and TiO^) 16.34 16..33 15..53
Iron oxides (FeO, Fe,03) 6.71) 8.42 «.(K)
Lime(CaO) .!•« 6.42 7.HH
Magnesia(MgO) '2.M 8.72 7.86
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water 4.86 U.28 !t.!i2
GLENN COUNTY.
Slate of good roofing quality may be developed in (ilenn County.
Some of the following deposits may he worthy of future investigation:
Alder Spring road, T. 21 N., R. 7 W.
(irindstone Canon, T. 22 N., R. 6 W.
Kilgore road, T. 22 N., R. 7 \V.
.1. Shelton ranch, T. 22 N., R. C W.
Stout ranch, Sec. 20, T. 20 X., R. 7 W.
MARIPOSA COUNTY.
Paeifle Slate Company's Quarry, in Sec. G, T. G S., R. IG iv, M. D. M.;
Pacific Slate Company, owner; C. G. Kocher, Merced, secretary. The
quarry was first opened about 1897 and operated intermittently for a
* Bulletin No. 225, IT. S. Geological Snrvey, p. 419.
o
'■4
y.
a
o
(153)
154 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA.
time, but it has been idle for the last three years. The slate is of good
(luality, with a straight, even cleavage, and was used in roofing the
county jail at Merced. .\n IS-milc haul over rough roads is the main
item of expense.
PLACER COUNTY.
In Sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 12 E., south of Emigrant Gap, an exposure
of slate is found which is claimed to contain a good (luality of roofing
material.
VOLCANIC AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Curtis Ranch, in Sec. 7, T. 21 N., R. 4 E.; .1. G. Curtis, Pentz, owner.
Volcanic tuff of coarse grain and dark color has been quarried for local
building purposes; it is easilv worked and hardens with exposure.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
Several quarry faces have been opened at different times on the steep
cliff on the north side of the lower road to Murphys (by Vallecito),
about 2 miles northeast of Angels, in Sec. 26, T. 3 N., R. 13 E. The
stone is a trachytic tuff and can be obtained in any desired amount,
but no very large dimension stone can be (juarried because of the
numerous seams and cracks.
GLENN COUNTY.
A belt of tuff runs along the foothills in the western part of Glenn
County. It is the southern continuation of the belt of similar material
found in Tehama County. The tuff is quarried for local purposes, and
also used for the manufacture of ollas (water jars).
INYO COUNTY.
A soft volcanic tuff occurs in Sec. 14, T. 6 S., R. 32 E., M. D. M.;
A. M. Strong et al., Bishop, owners; 6 miles from Laws, on the Carson
and Colorado Railroad. It has been used for l)uilding purposes in
Bishop and Independence.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
On Santa Catalina Island, bluffs of trachyte come to the water's edge
on the east coast, between Avalon and Empire Landing, in places to a
height of 800 feet. This trachyte has been used in the old breakwater
VOLCANIC AND INTKISIVE ROCKS — NAPA COUNTY.
155
froni Terminal Island to Deadman's Island, San Pedro harbor, and
formerly in the (Jovernment breakwater at San Pedro, but in the latter
its use was abandoned on account of the difficulty in obtaining the large
blocks required, weighing over 4000 pounds. (See also Xth Report,
California State Mining Hureau, p. 279, andXIth iI)i(J., \). 404.)
NAPA COUNTY.
Brown Quarry; Mrs. Marguerite Myers, Fairtield, owner; 2 miles
southeast of Calistoga. There are two quarry faces; the older one was
abandoned, as it became too soft. The new face is one fourth of a mile
ILL. No. 71. ST. HELENA PUBLIC SCHOOL.
Constructed of Trachytic Tuff from Moffat Quarry, near St. Helena Napa County.
nearer town and is more uniform in character, being a hard, coarse,
yellowish trachyte. It outcrops in large boulders and larger stone is
obtainable. It has been used to a considerable extent locally as a
building stone.
Davis Quarry; Dr. C. E. Davis, St. Helena, owner; 2 miles north
of St. Helena, on the Sanatorium road. The stone is a hard reddish
trachytic tuff, showing flow structure, and is quarried from the out-
crops. It was used in the construction of the Hunt lilock in St. Helena.
Dr. Davis also has an exposure of soft buff-colored tuff at the bridge
on the Sanatorium road, 1 mile north of St. Helena.
356
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Howell Mountain Quarry; IF. Overacker, Jr., St. Tfclena, owner. This
quarry is al)o\it o miles northeast of Calistoga. The stone is a light
vellow traehytic tuff, and occurs in large houlders. It can be ol)taine(l
in large pieces and is suitable for large l)uil(lings. It was used in the
front wall of the postofiice at 8t. Helena.
Jursch Quarry (formerly the Carver Quarry); G. O. .lursch, St.
Helena, owner; al)out H miles northeast of St. Jlelena, on a private
road off the Howell Mountain road. The stone is a light yellow traehytic
ILL. No.
NKWMAN'S TltACHY'l'l'; inAItKY, 2 MILKS SOlTll OF NAl'A.
tuff, and has been used in a number of buildings in St. Helena and
also in some bridges in the county.
Linseott Quarry; Mr. 0. H. Linscott, Calistoga, owner; 2 miles
southeast of Calistoga, on the St. Helena road. The rock is a light
yellow traehytic tuff, and grades from a fine-grained, nearly white rock
on the north side of the quarry to a coarse, yellowish stone on tlie
south side. It furnishes a very good stone for bridge or foundation
work, l)ut a large amount of waste is necessary in getting out l)uilding
stone, and no very large dimension stone is obtainal)le.
Moffat Quarry; James Moffat, 915 Geary street, San Francisco, owner;
1). Brusk, superintendent; about 2 miles northwest of St. Helena, near
the reservoir. Tlie stone is a light buff trachvtic tuff; it can l)e (juarrieil
\()1.('.\.\IC AND l.\'l'KISI\l-: ROCKS — XAI'A COUNTY.
la-
in large pieces, and is uniforiu in color. It was used in tlio construction
of tlic beautiful new school l>uil(linu- at St. Helena.
Newman Quarry; operated by J. H. Newman, Napa; about H miles
southeast of Xai>a, t)n the Soscolor Vallejo road. The stone is a light-
gray tracdiyte and grades into a bluish, close-grained basaltic trachyte,
showing flow structure. It occurs in a bedded deposit, and the rock
varies within a few feet. It is used as a building stone for bridges and
foundation work.
In the field adjoining the State Hospital grounds on the south side,
there are numerous low outcrops of a wine-colored trachytic tuff which
are being dug from the earth and sj)lit into small building stones^
-v^SSjii^
ILL. X(i. 7:'.. WIN(;'S TRACHYTE QUARRY, NAPA.
principally used as a decorating material in buildings constructed
mainly of lighter colored tuffs.
Pickett Quarry; C. X. Pickett, Calistoga, owner; about 1^ miles east
of Calistoga. The rock is a light-yellowish trachyte and has been used
as a building stone in Calistoga.
Rose Quarry; Dave Willis, Calistoga, owner; 2 miles east of
Calistoga. The stone is a trachytic tuff and has been used in bridge
construction, but is rather too soft, tending to flake when exposed to the
action of frost. It is suitable for foundation construction where
protected from the weather.
Salmina Quarry, in Sees. 9 and 10, T. H X., R. 4 \\'.; 7 miles north of
Xapa. The stone is a soft, light-yellow tuff, and is easily sawed or cut
and readily dressed. It makes a very pretty stone for interior decora-
tions, especially for fireplaces, and is used very successfully as firebacks
in stoves, being very refractory when dry.
158 STRUCTUKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Taplin Quarry; W. II. iV •!• < ^- Ta])!!!!, St. Ih^lena. owiut!^; al)out
*2-^ miles southeast of St. Helena, on tlie east side of the road. This
quarrj' formerly furnished eonsiderabl*' rook for building purposes in
St. Helena, but has not produced mucli of late. The stone is a trachytic
tuff.
Wing's Quarry, in See. lU, T. (; N., U. :'. W.; U. W. Wing, Napa,
owner; 4 miles northeast of Napa, on the l)erryessa road. The rock
is a hard, light gray to a yellowisli trachyte, with a close, even
texture. It is used for bridge and foundation Avork. Mr. Wing used it
in the construction of the bridge on Brown street, for the city of Napa.
The rock is rather seamy and very much waste is entailed in securing
large dimension stone.
Zollner Quarry; J. F. Zollner, Napa, owner. This ([uarry is located
2f miles south of Napa. The rock is a smooth, even-grained basalt,
and is dark blue to black in color. On the west side of the quarry a
very hard gray trachyte is quarried for building purposes by H. \V.
Wing of Napa.
PLACER COUNTY.
iihyolite of good building quality is rejjorted to occur in Klue Canon,
in Sec. 14, T. IB N., R. 11 E.
Tuffs of good building quality are abundant in the Forest Hill dis-
trict, T. 14 N., K. 10 K. Some occur at Dutch Flat. The old hydraulic
mine workings have exposed large (quantities of this material of varying
quality. A local building erected in Forest Hill about forty years ago
still stands as evidence of the imperviousness of this material to the
elements. It is light of weight and color, and of finer grain than that
at Dutch Flat. Similar occurrences are noted at Chalk Bluff, between
Sugar Pine Mill and Damascus, in T. 15 N., R. 11 E.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
A line of buttes of igneous rock runs in a northern direction west of
the Santa Lucia range from San Luis ()bis])o to Morro. These rocks
are of a grayish color, and have been classified by Mr. H. W. Fairbanks,
Journal of Geology, Vol. \'I, page 567, as dacite granophyre and ande-
site granophyre. These buttes afford very good quarry sites.
Another belt of igneous rock (tuff) is found in the southwestern part
of the county, running from near Arroyo Grande in a southeastern
direction past Los Berros Creek. The belt is over a mile wide, and the
tuff has been quarried in several places.
Bishop's Peak (Cerro Obispo) Quarry, in Sec. 21, T. 80 S., R. 12 E.,
M. D. M.; Dr. G. 15. Nichols, San Luis ()bisi»o. owner; .T. W. NN'yley,
VOLCANIC AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS — SAN I.IIIS OBISPO.
151)
superintendent. Tliere are two quarries on tliis property. From the
old quarry at the southwest eorner of the butte large blocks were taken
by A. A. Polhenius and the Oity Improvement Company of San Fran-
cisco for tlic (lovernnicnt hri'akwater at Port Harford, but lately this
(juarrv has not been used. The present quarry is in the southeast
corner of the butte, elevation 1000 feet. As yet only boulders have
been <|uarried. the face having just reached the solid rock, which
has a })orphyritit' character, and l)reaks easily, requiring very little
])owder. The rift is not appreciable, the fracture occurring generally
on a, curved ])lane, wlii^'li, however, is very smooth. The rock can be
casilv dressed and takes a good polisli. It is used for rubble masonry,
n.L. No. 74. WVLIK'S KIlVoLlTE (.QUARRY, SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
coping stone, curl:» stone, etc. It was used in the Presbyterian Church,
and the luasement of the Free Library, San Luis Obispo.
In 1896 ]\Ir. William Irelan made an analysis of the rock from the
old quarry, giving it silica, B4.15 per cent, and a specific gravit}' of
2.58, equal to 161 pounds ])er cubic foot.
Caen Quarry, in Sec. 86, T. 82 S., R. 18 K., M. D. M., and Sec. 26,
T. 12 N.. R. 8.5 \V., S. H. M.; Los Berros Stone Company, Los Angeles,
owner. It is also known as the Houghton quarry, and is about 8 miles
south of Arroyo Grande. The tuff is uneven in character, containing
in places considerable iron. It lias generally a high yellow color, but
with white patches and scams containing some lime.
]«K)
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Lee Quapry, in Sec. 17, T. :\0 S.. U. 12 E., M. D. M.; Elena Hansan,
San l.uis ()l»isjK), owner. At the nortli foot of the Cerro Onialdo, near
Chorro Creek; elevation, (i'i') feet. The rock is of a character similar
to that in tlie lUshop's Peak quarry, only the j;roun(lniass has a much
lighter and duller gray color. The quarry is in the solid rock, in l)eds
from H to 3 feet thick, di|)))ing easterly 45 degrees, which have very
smooth planes, in places showing slickensides. This rock was used in
the construction of the Southern Pacific railroad, near San Luis Ohispo.
Has been idle since IS'.ll. (See also Xlllth Report, California State
Mining Bureau, )). i\2').)
ILL. N(
\()l,cA.\ii' I'li-'i' iiiAi;i;\, I. Its i',Ki;i;t»s, san i.iis oiiisi'o coi-n-i^-
Moore Quarry, in Sec. 31, T. 12 X., P. 35 W., S. P.. .M.; P. Moore,
Arroyo (irande, owner; leased to tlie Los Berros Stone Company, Los
Angeles. It is on the south side of Los Berros Creek. In the (juarry
two distinct iiows of tuff arc readily distinguished. The ujjper How.
from 10 to 12 feet thick, thins out toward the W(>st. Ft lies without any
l)arting on the smooth surface ut an older How, clipping slightly east-
ward. The upper tuff is of more regular character and harder than
that at the Caen (piarry. It ))reaks in large hut irregular l)locks. The
lower tuff is much lianler than the ui)pcr, has a metallic ring, and
breaks in small Mticks with eui'Ncd faces like glass. In Los Berros
'i'lic tuff is sawed here and
Creek a stuall gang-saw lias heen erected
VOLCANIC ROCKS — SHASTA, SIERRA, SISKI!^OU. 161
used for building purposes in Arroyo Grande and San lAiis Oljispo, and
some carloads have been shipped via Port Harford to Los Angeles.
Morpo Rock Quarry, in Sec. 26, T. 29 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M.; Morro
Bay, United States Government Reservation. The most northern of
the line of buttes above described. Used by A. A. Polhemus for the
breakwater at Port Harford. (See also Xlllth Report, California
State Mining Bureau, p. 623.)
SHASTA COUNTY.
A belt of tuff extends from Clover Creek to Bear Creek, a distance of
5 miles.
In Sec. 18, T. 31 N., R. 2 W., in the forks of Old Cow Creek and South
Cow Creek, east of Millville, a bluff of Tuscan tuff rises with steep sides
from 30 to 50 feet high. In the road the underlying Chico sandstone is
found, nearly horizontal; dip S. 50° W., at an angle of about 10°. The
tuff has a light gray color, and contains a great number of inclusions
of various sizes and hardness, some even of a soft, talcose material.
The rock is rather soft and easily cut to any desired form, but hardens
on exposure. Being light, it makes a good building material for a
temperate climate.
SIERRA COUNTY.
Basaltic lava occurs in Sec. 29, T. 21 N., R. 10 E., 2 miles east of Mor-
ristown; also in Sec. 34, T. 22 N., R. 10 E., at Mount Filmore, in the
northwestern part of the county; also in Sec. 27, T. 19 N., R. 14 E., at
Weber Lake, in the central part of the county. This stone is adapted
for building purposes, resisting exposure to the weather, and may be
secured in massive sizes. It can be worked with the ordinary stone-
cutter's tools, takes a fine polish, and has been employed in local con-
struction and for monument work in local cemeteries.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
In Sec. 10, T. 44 N., R. 5 W.; E. C. Hart, Roselawn P. 0., owner. A
prominent bluff of tuff, rising from 30 to 40 feet above the surrounding
country, has been quarried and used in Yreka for building pur-
poses. The rock is light yellowish, Avith narrow bands of light brown
and white colors, rather coarse-grained. When fresh it is not very hard
and can be easily dressed, l)ut on long exposure to the air the outer
coating becomes very hard. This quarry is from 7 to 8 miles by wagon
road from Montague, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
In Sec. 17, T. 45 N., R. 4 W.; S. F. Terwilligen, Little Shasta P. 0.,
owner. On the north bank of Little Shasta River there is a consider-
11— Bl'L. 38
162 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIPORNLV.
able area of similar rock, only somewhat finer grained. It can be
trimmed easily and takes a fine polish. This same belt runs north to
the Klamath River near the mouth of Bogus Creek, where it has been
used by the Klamath Lake Railroad in its bridge abutments.
In Sec. K). T. 45 N., R. 4 W.; S. F. Terwilligen, Little Shasta P. 0.,
owner. On the north bank of Little Shasta River, for a distance of
about a hundred yards, a brick-red rhyolite rock is exposed; in places
it is light bluish gray. The rock has been quarried and used in Yreka
for building i)urposes. This quarry is about 12 miles from Montague,
on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
About half a mile up the river there is a large bluff of the same
material, of a grayish-green color.
Vesuvianite.— In Sec. 12, T. 18 N., R. 6 E., H. M., on the north side
of the South Fork of Indian Creek; A. E. Heighway, 52 Nassau street,
New York, owner. Some work has been done on large boulders of a hard
stone, varying from olive to almost grass-green. This rock was at first
supposed to be jade, but proved upon analysis to be a form of vesuvian-
ite, called by Mr. G. F. Kunz californite. It takes a fine polish, and can
be used for ornamental work. (See American Journal of Science, 4th
Series, Vol. XIV, 1908. Bulletin No. 37, California State Mining
Bureau.) These boulders lie in serpentine, dipping northwesterly into
the mountain. Whether the vesuvianite occurs as a bed in the ser-
pentine, or only as boulders, is as yet undetermined. Large l)Oulders
are found in the creek bed.
SOLANO COUNTY.
Tuff deposits occur in the northwest corner of Solano County. The
belt has a northwest and southeast trend, crossing Putah Creek into
Volo County. The tuff is white, light of weight, and hardens on
exposure to the atmosphere. It has been used for building purposes,
and as firebacks.
Sees. 81 and 82, T. 8 N., R. 1 \V., M. 1). M.; Sackett Bros., Winters,
Yolo County, owner.
Sec. 86, T. 8 N., R. 2 \V., and Sec. 1, T. 7 N., R. 2 W.; D. L. Tucker
and Sarah L. Taylor, \\'inters, Yolo County, owners.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Aguillon Quarry; C. Aguillon, Sonoma, owner. Located one half mile
north of Sonoma, adjoining the Vallejo estate. The rock is a light-
colored trachyte, and is suitable for a building stone. Idle.
Lounibos Quarry (formerly the Cady Quarry); Mr. Lounibos, El
Verano, owner. A series of small (juarry faces along the road between
TK.U'IIVTIC TUFF — SONOMA COUNTY.
163
El Verano and Agua Caliente, near the latter place. It has been operated
for building stone, paving blocks, and curbings. Idle.
McDonald Quarry. (See Paving Blocks, page 344.)
Santa Rosa Bank Quarry; operated by P. Maroni; located 2 miles
north of Santa Rosa, on the Sonoma road. The stone ranges from a
light to a dark gray trachyte, and is used for building stone and paving
blocks.
Stony Point Quarry; Petaluma and Santa Rosa Interurban (electric)
Railroad, owner; P. J. Evans, superintendent; located on the rail-
ILL. No. 70. CARNEGIE LIBRARY, PETALUMA.
Constructed of Trachytic Tuff from Stony Point Quarry.
road, about 9 miles south of Sebastopol. The rock is a trachytic lava,
showing occasional flow structure, with small pebble inclusions, and
occurs as a capping on a low hilltop. The drainage on either side of
the hill has eroded down through it. When green, the stone breaks
with a fairly even face and is easily dressed, resembling the San Jose
sandstone so much that it is erroneoush' called sandstone by the people
of Sonoma County. When seasoned, it becomes nearly white in color,
very hard and refractory. The stone stands well, as is shown by the
Phoenix Building, in Petaluma, which was erected about 1862. It has
been used in other buildings in Petaluma, and recently in the Carnegie
Library, which is now nearing completion (November, 1904).
164 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
At present the quarry face is being opened with a view of later taking
out building stone for shipment to bay points by rail and water. Both
electric and steam power are available. About 85 men are employed,
and the quarry is operated day and night, the rock being used prin-
cipally for ballast on the railroad bed.
On the north side of the same hill P. Maroni has been endeavoring
to take out some suitable stone for the erection of the new bank
building in Sebastopol. The stone occurs in pentagonal columns
averaging about 5 feet in thickness, dipping N. 30° E. at an angle of about
70°. On account of cross fractures or seams, it is verj'' difficult to
obtain dimension stone more than 5 or 6 feet in length. Another small
opening near the crest of the hill shows similar columns.
Vallejo Estate Quappies, in the foothills one half mile north of Sonoma,
on the old Vallejo rancho. One quarry furnishes a dark red rhyolitic
tuff, which has been used considerably in the buildings of Sonoma,
especially for trimming buildings constructed of the dark blue basaltic
rock of this locality.
Paving blocks are obtained from a quarry face on same property.
SUTTER COUNTY.
In Sec. 32, T. 16 N., R. 2 E., 3 miles west of Sutter City, is a quarry
of rhyolite, used locally for building stone.
TEHAMA COUNTY.
About 20 miles west of Red Bluff, between Thomes and Elder Creek^
there is a considerable exposure of a light reddish tuff, Avhich Mr. Diller
in Bulletin 196, U. S. Geological Survey, page 39, refers to the Tuscan
tuffs. The tuff is very soft, can be cut with a saw, and resists exposure
and heat very well; it is used all through the vicinity for building pur-
poses, especially chimneys, etc.
Rice Quappy, in Sec. 12, T. 24 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M.; H. W. Rice,
Paskenta, owner; a small quarry on Headquarters Creek.
YOLO COUNTY.
Tuffs suitable for building purposes occur in the eastern margin of
the fooi,hills of western Yolo County; and along the northern bank of
Putah Creek, in T. 7 and 8 N., R. 1 and 2 W., on lands owned by Sackett
Brothers Company, and by W. H. Gregory, Winters P. O. The forma-
tion extends into Solano County. No development work has been
done, and only small local use is made of the material.
ARTIFICIAL STONE ( CEMENT PRODUCTS) . 165
ARTIFIQAL STONE (CEMENT PRODUCTS).
Artiticial stone is now made in several different ways. The sand-
lime bricks form a very good artificial stone. Another artificial stone
that is meeting with much favor both in California and elsewhere in the
United States is made by mixing sand with Portland cement, using
cement in place of lime as a bond for the sand grains. It is a special
form of concrete, in which sand is used in place of broken stone.
Instead of being made in the wall or structure in which it is to be used,
it is made in a factory into desired forms, such as bricks, building stone
blocks, arches, columns, etc.
There are several different methods of its manufacture, some portions
of which are said to be covered with patents. In one method the sand
and cement are mixed into a liquid mortar, which is poured into
specially designed molds and permitted to harden. Another process
consists in mixing the sand and concrete in a moist condition and
packing it into molds and then drying. A great many factories in
different parts of the United States are now engaged in making arti-
ficial stone or concrete blocks, and several manufacturers are engaged
in making machinery for molding the bricks. By means of pigments
the color of any sandstone can be duplicated, and any stone in rock
face or tool-dressed face can be duplicated by making with metallic
lead a cast of the face of a block of the stone it is desired to imitate,
and using this as a mold for the concrete block. By a little experiment-
ing with pigments the color is duplicated, and having the mixture and
mold, any desired number of blocks can be made.
In a similar manner, large columns, arches, and carved blocks are
reproduced. Doorways and gateways of the finest brownstone or red
sandstone are made in this way, and so closely do they resemble the
natural stone that it is not easy to distinguish one from the other. One
can easily see the great possibilities in this line. There can be little
question that the artificial stone when carefully made is superior in
some ways to the natural product. In the natural stone, nature cements
the sand grains by iron oxide, clay, carbonate of lime, or silica, aided to
some extent in places by pressure. In the artificial stone, man adds
the Portland cement to hold the grains together, and it is stronger and
more durable than some of the natural cements.
The same process might also be used in making conglomerate, espe-
cially where a supply of bright-colored pebbles is available.
A strong point in favor of the artificial sandstone over the natural in
carved and ornamental work is that the projecting and weaker parts
166 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
can be strengthened internally by wires and steel rods, also the large
arch blocks and columns can be made with a sunken iron loop to aid in
handling them, and thus avoid disfiguring the face of the stone.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.
There are two companies manufacturing sand-lime bricks at Antioch.
Each of the plants has a short spur connecting with the A. T. & S. F.
Railway, and a tunnel underneath the sand dune to the river bank,
where they have a dock with deep water, so that they can ship either
by water or by rail. Both companies get their sand from the sand
dune at the works and lime from kilns at Concord.
Holland Sandstone Brick Company, office 18 Fremont street, San
Francisco; F. W. Moller, superintendent; has a plant one mile east of
Antioch, on the north side of the Santa Fe Railroad. It uses the un-
slaked process, in which the lime is ground as quicklime and mixed
wdth the screened sand and slaked in the mixing process. The lime
and sand are first thoroughly mixed in a pugmill, with sufficient water
to slake the lime, and the mixed material runs into large bins, holding
enough for several thousand bricks, where the slaking process is com-
pleted. The sand is well screened, the coarse and the very fine mate-
rials being separated and thrown out before it is mixed wdth the lime
in the pugmill. The mixed materials while still warm are run into
another pugmill, in which more water is added, and after another
thorough mixing, they pass still warm into a Kommick brick machine
having a capacity of from 10,000 to 12,000 brick per day, where the
bricks are molded under high pressure, loaded on the cars, and run into
the steam boilers still warm. There are three boilers, each about
30 feet long, and each holding 7,000 bricks, where the bricks are kept
under steam pressure of 120 pounds for al)out ten hours, when they are
removed on cars and run into the yard, where they are stored and per-
mitted to further season liefoi'e shipping. The In-icks are made of a
standard size, weigh 5 pounds each, and have a l»right, light gray color
when finished.
The Holland Company began working in .June, 1903, but its plant
was not in operation the first four months of 1904, so that it had
not put many bricks on the market at that time.
Golden Gate Sandstone Brick Company. — This company manufac-
tures by a little different process, in which the lime is slaked before
mixing with the sand. The slaking is done in iron pots with steam, in
the same boilers in which the bricks are afterwards steamed. As this
plant was started about the same time as the other, both are too new
as yet to tell which process will give the better results. The Golden
ARTIFICIAL STONE — CONTRA COSTA, KERN. 1G7
Gate Company uses an American-made machine, which molds six
bricks at a time, instead of one, as in the German machine. The com-
pany has one large steam boiler, about 60 feet long, and is now
(August, 1904) putting in a second smaller boiler about 30 feet long,
which, when complete, will give them practically the same boiler
capacity as the Holland Company.
Paeifle Stone Company, office 208 Crossley Building, San Francisco,
is putting up an extensive plant at Black Diamond, Contra Costa
County, to manufacture "litholite" by the Stevens process. This pro-
cess is somewhat different from the one described above, and the com-
pany objects to calling it an artificial stone, but uses the more classic
name, litholite.
The company will use crushed granite, basalt, quartz, and other
rocks, which, after being crushed into fine fragments, are mixed with
cement into a thin mortar or slip, and poured into sand molds. The
sand absorbs the excess of moisture, part of which it gives back when the
stone begins to set. In an above mentioned process the semi-dry materials
are tamped in the mold and then removed and air-dried. In this
process there is no pressure, and the cement sets in the presence of
excess moisture. It takes about thirty days from the time the mate-
rials are mixed until the stone is ready for use in the building. The
granite used by this company is a light gray and the stone produced is
normally a light gray concrete, but by using pigments any desired color
may be made.
A letter from this company dated October 24, 1904, says: "We
expect to start the wheels turning to-morrow." The present capacity
of its plant is 300 cubic feet of building stone per day, and it has been
constructed with a view to future enlargement. It is located on deep
water on the San Joaquin River, and has a siding from both the Santa
Fe and Southern Pacific railroads, so that shipping facilities are of
the best.
The plant is equipped with crushers, rolls, conveyors, elevators,
screens, mixers, and overhead carriers, which are operated by electric
motor with power from the wires of the Bay Counties Power Company.
At the beginning of 1904 there were in the United States and Canada
twenty different factories making stone by this process, most of them
in the East, five of them being in New York State. The Pacific Stone
Company claims to be the only one on the Pacific Coast.
KERN COUNTY. -
Bakersfield Sandstone Bpiek Company, John Curran, superintendent,
began operations in August, 1903. This company uses the Kommick
system of manufacture, the same as the Holland Sandstone Brick Com-
168 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
pany at Antioch. It uses river-sand from the bed of Kern River, and
lime from Telincliaj)]. This sand is obtained up the river from Bakers-
field and is brought to the plant on railway cars. The works have been
in operation almost continuously since they started in 1908, except
when delayed by waiting for supplies. Several large business blocks
and some private residences have been constructed of this light-colored
brick in Bakersfield, which has a larger percentage of houses of this
material than any other town in the State. The greater part of the
product is used in Bakersfield, where it is apparently growing in favor.
Since they are sold about as cheap as red l)ricks, they will probably be
used even more extensivelv in the future.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
California Concpete Building- Block Company; H. C. Turner, general
manager, 510 Douglas Building; works, 2522 East Ninth street, Los
Angeles. Various building materials are made from gravel, sand, and
cement. The forms are pressed in Palmer hollow-block machines and
pressed-brick machines. The plant is equipped with an 8-horsepower
gasoline engine. Employs 8 men.
Califopnia Ornamental Brick Company, lOoO East First street, oftice
215 Mason Opera House Building, Los Angeles, uses the second method
described (on page 165), by mixing sand or gravel with the cement in a
moist condition, and turns out quite a variety of products. The company
manufactures many bricks of standard size, also many different kinds
of sandstone in form, dimensions, and color to suit the customer.
The factory stands on the river bank below First street, and an endless
wire cable, with sand buckets attached, elevates the sand and gravel of
the river-bed to the top of the building, where they are automatically
dumped into screens, wdiich separate, first, the coarse gravel used for
concrete; second, the finer gravel used in mixing with tar in roofing
buildings; and third, the sand used in making the brick and sandstone
as described above.
Some of the buildings in Los Angeles in which the artificial stone and
brick made by the Pacific Stone Company have been used are: Evening
Express Building, Home Telephone Building, Bryson Block, Congrega-
tional Church, Pruess Block, McBurney Building, Emergency Hospital.
St. Joseph's Church. Synagogue, \\^'inshank Building, and Bacon Block.
Ornamental Stone and Brick Company; F. A. Parker, president, Fourth
and Alamitos streets, Long Beach; J. H. Dovey, superintendent. ISIaii-
ufactures hollow concrete blocks of various forms and dimensions for
building purposes, and intends to manufacture pressed building bricks.
ARTIFICIAL STONE — LOS ANGELES, MONTEREY. 169
Gravel is used, the pebbles being crushed and mixed with cement. The
mixture is pressed moist in forms, then slowly dried in the air, beinj^
moistened every day. Started operations September, 1904. Employs
7 men.
Pacific Sandstone Brick Company has a sand-lime brick plant one mile
north of Redondo, on the coast, near Los Angeles. During the summer
of 1904 the company remodeled its plant and put in new machinery.
The works are close to one of the great oil fields of the State, and are
i
^ •-
fi ,JM
if ^B
mL
"i
■ ^
ILL. No. 77. PACIFIC SANDSTONE BRICK COMPANY'S PLANT, KEDONDO,
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
favorably located for fuel and raw material. The rapidly growing city
of Los Angeles, and other neighboring towns should offer a good market.
MONTEREY COUNTY.
Monterey Brick and Stone Company, 320 Crossley Building, San
Francisco; Wm. Quinton, Alvarado street, Monterey. It contemplates
erecting a plant to make sand-lime brick by the Schwartz system from
the Monterey beach sand.
The T. A. Work Company, Pacific Grove, makes at Monterey and
Pacific Grove, hollow building blocks out of the beach sand and Cali-
fornia Portland cement, in the ratio of 5 to 1 ; for the facing blocks the
ratio is 2 to 1. Tlie material is mixed dry, and tamped dry into a
170 STRUCTI'KA1> AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Hayden automatic block machine. The blocks are moistened twice a
day for four or five days, then left to dry in the air, and within ten or
twelve days are ready for use. The works were started in October,
1904.
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
Leslie Conklin, Santa Barbara, is now (July, 1904) erecting a small
factory on Castillo street, Santa Barbara, for the purpose of making
artificial stone. He has been experimenting for some time and reports
that his experiments have been very successful. He expects to use sand
from nearby deposits and cement in the proportion of about 8 to 1.
He has ordered machinery for molding the blocks, and estimates that
he can manufacture bricks in this way cheaper than ordinary red
bricks can be sold.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
San Jose Cement Block Company is operating a plant at the corner of
Fourth and Virginia streets, San Jose. J. H. Kircher is superin-
tendent, with offices in Room 40, Auzerais Building. Stone copings,
hollow concrete building blocks, chimneys, gravestones, and other
cement products are manufactured.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Sonoma Stone and Construction Company has a plant at 121 Fifth
street, Santa Rosa, and manufactures various products, including
cement sewer pipe, pressed sand bricks, artificial stone, cemetery orna-
ments, copings, curbings, cement shingles and tiling, etc., using Cali-
fornia Portland cement as a binder. Ten men are employed.
VENTURA COUNTY.
H. Roberts, Ventura, manufactures hollow building blocks from l)each
sand and California Portland cement.
ARTinCIAL MARBLE.
A number of handsome marbles now on the market are partly artificial;
that is, other rocks, such as gypsum and slate, are put through a process
in which they are made to resemble marble.
PART II.
PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA.
Cement, as used in building operations, signifies a compound of lime
and other substances that hardens under water or in contact with water.
It is a mixture of lime, or lime and magnesia, with clay or silica, or both.
It differs from common quicklime in that it does not slake, expand,
crumble, nor give off heat when wet, but chemically combines with part
of the water into a firm, solid rock. There are two principal classes of
cement: the natural rock, or Rosendale cement; and the artificial prod-
uct, or Portland cement; to which may be added a third, the Pozzolana,
or slag cement.
NATURAL ROCK CEMENT.
A limestone which in nature contains sufficient clay or other sub-
stance, mixed with the carbonate of lime, that it only requires proper
burning and grinding to form a cement, is called a waterlime or natu-
ral cement rock, and the product is natural or Rosendale cement, some-
times called Roman cement. Natural cement rock was discovered
accidentally in the United States in 1818, near Chittenango, N. Y.
Later it was found in large quantities in Pennsylvania, Indiana,
Kentucky, and elscAvhere. Ulster County, New York, and Louis-
ville, Kentucky, have always been the centers of this important
industry. The natural cement is generally inferior to the Portland
cement, and in some places, especially in a few localities in New York
State, its market is being gradually taken by the artificial product.
The only natural cement rock known in this State comes from Orange
County, where a body of it, claimed to be of good quality, is found.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Portland cement may be defined as a compound consisting chiefiy of
silicates and aluminates of lime, produced by the calcination to incipient
vitrification of a mechanical mixture of calcareous and argillaceous
materials, the clinker thus produced being subsequently ground to a
more or less impalpable powder. The exact chemical composition of
Portland cement varies considerably; its principal constituents are
lime, silica, alumina, and oxide of iron, which are found, roughly, in
(171)
172 STRUCTUKAIi AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
the following i)roi)ortions: lime, 60 to 64 per cent; silica, 20 to 24 per
cent; alumina, 6 to 10 per cent; iron oxide, o to 5 per cent. These four
constituents, as a rule, amount to about !)6 per cent, the remainder con-
sisting of small quantities of sulphuric anhydride, magnesia, alkalies, etc.
(See Portland Cement, D. B. Butler, page 10. Geological Survey of Ohio
(4th series). Bulletin No. 3, The Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements, by
A. V. Bleininger. A paper by same writer in the Transactions of the
American Ceramic Society, 1903. Chemical and Engineering News,
1898, Vol. IV, page 5, etc.) The use of Portland cement is principally
based on its characteristic quality to harden rapidly under water or in a
moist atmosphere.
Portland cement was first manufactured and so named in 1824 by
Joseph Aspdin,* Avho took out a patent for it as "an improvement in
the modes of producing an artificial stone." The growth of the industry
was very slow at first. It was not until 1851 that it was first brought
prominently before the world, and soon after its manufacture began in
Germany, France, and elsewhere on the continent. The increase in the
output was rapid from this time, especially in Germany and England,
both of which countries exported large quantities to the United States.
In the United States the first Portland cement was manufactured in
1875, by Mr. Saylor, at Siegfried, in eastern Pennsylvania. A second
factory was soon afterwards established in western Pennsylvania. For
nearly twenty years the growth of the industry was very slow indeed, but
during the last decade of the nineteenth century there was a phenome-
nal increase in the product. This was brought about by the grea.ly
increased use of cement, which without any marked decrease in impor-
tation raised the home production in one decade more than 1200 per cent.
The following figures indicate the great increase in the domestic pro-
duction and the growing commercial importance of the industry:
Domestic Production, Imports and Exports of Portland Cement, 1890 1903.
ISUO I'JOl). 1902.
Production of Portland cement in the
United States, in barrels 335,500 8,482,000 17,230,644
Number of works in the United States 16 50 65
Imports of Portland cement into the
United States 1,940,18(! 2,386,683 1,961,013
Production of natural rock cement in
the United States 7,082,204 8,383,519 8,044,305
The enormous increase in the domestic production of Portland cement
is a matter of surprise, and yet when one looks at the varied us-es to
which it is put and the many other places where it might be used, it will
be a matter of great surprise if the increased rate of production does not
continue for many years.
* While Aspdin is usually ci'cditcd w itii inventing the Porthiud cciiunt, it is thought
that he originated the naiur only, as tiii' ('ciiiciit which he made was a Rosi'udalc or
Roman cement, and not a I'ortlaiul cement.
PORTT>AND CEMENT INDUSTRY.
173
Uses of Portland Cement. — Because of the ease Avith which it can be
molded or put into desired shapes, its hardness and durability when
placed, and its resistance to the action of moisture and vermin, Port-
land cement will continue to increase in importance in structural and
engineering work. It is not only replacing the ordinary lime mortar
in masonry, especially in foundations, but is even replacing stone and
brick, and for many uses wood and iron, in the structures.
Cement is used both in the manufacture of artificial stone, and in
concrete, which material is much used for monolithic structures, in
walls (e. g. the Museum of Fine Arts at the Stanford University), foun-
ILL. Xo. 7S. SAXTA ANA VIADUCT, OX THK S. P., L.-A. it S.?;L. R. K., CROSSING SANTA
ANA RIVER, NEAR RIVERSIDE.
dations, bridge construction (e. g. the bridge of the Salt Lake Railway
at Riverside), reservoir dams, etc.
The following list, arranged alphabetically, indicates the more
important present uses of Portland cement: abutments, arched culverts,
artistic tile, artificial stone, bank vaults, breakwaters, concrete in many
places, curbs and gutters, dams and wheel-pits, dry docks, engine beds,
fence posts, fireproof floors, etc., fortifications, foundations and walls,
foundations for brick and asphalt pavements, irrigation flumes, linings
of war vessels, locks of canals, pavements, piers, piling, pipe mains,
railway ties, reservoirs, retaining walls and embankments, sea walls,
sewers, shingles, stucco, telephone conduits, terra cotta blocks, tomb-
stones, tunnel linings, and burial tombs. The list is capable of indefi-
nite extension, as possibly no other modern product commends itself so
readily to so many different uses.
174 STRUCTURAL AND IXOT-STRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV.
The (luantity of Portland cement used in California is far in excess of
that manufactured in the State. With large deposits of limestone and
clay quite widely scattered over the State, and a large fuel supply, it
would seem as though the cement industry ought to increase quite
rapidly. The State should be exporting rather than importing cement.
For many years the development of the cement industry, like many
other manufacturing industries in California, was hindered by the high
price of fuel, but with the opening of the great oil fields this difficulty
has been overcome.
Tests of Portland Cement.— The tests recommended by the American
Society of Civil Engineers for Portland cement are: (1) For fineness —
Cement shall be ground to such fineness that 95 per cent by weight
will pass through a standard sieve of 50 meshes per inch (2500 meshes
per square inch), and 90 per cent will pass through a standard sieve of
100 meshes. (2) For sound ne.^s — The cement shall endure the hot-
water test at 25" F. for twenty-four hours without cracking or blowing.
(3) For initial set — Neat cement shall not set to support i pound on
l-inch wire in less than fifteen minutes for natural cement, and twenty-
five minutes for Portland cement. (4) For tensile strength — Portland
cement briquettes of neat cement mixed three minutes, put in molds
with thumbs and trowel, and kept at a temperature of 65° to 70° for
one day in moist air and six days in water, shall show a least average
tensile strength of 400 pounds per square inch. Briquettes of three
parts by weight of standard crushed quartz and one part by weight of
Portland cement, mixed in same manner and kept seven days under
same conditions, shall show a least average tensile strength of 125
pounds per square inch. Briquettes like the last, kept twenty-eight
days under the same conditions, shall show a least average tensile
strength of 220 pounds per square inch. (5) For tensile strength,
American natural cement — Briquettes of neat natural cement, mixed
three minutes, put in molds with thumbs and trowel, and kept at a
temperature of 65° to 70^ for two hours in moist air and twenty-two
hours under water, shall show a least average tensile strength of 60
pounds per square incii. Briquettes of natural cement and standard
crushed quartz in equal parts by weight, mixed and handled in the
same manner and kept at same temperature for one day in moist air
and six days in water, shall show a least average tensile strength of 65
pounds per square inch. Briquettes similar to last, and kept twenty-
eight days under same conditions, shall show a least average tensile
strength of 150 pounds per square inch.
The standard crushed quartz used in the tests shall pass a sieve of
20 meshes per inch, and shall stop on one of 30 meshes.
Portland cement is to a great extent bought on the reputation of tho
PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY. 175
brand, hence the importance to the mannfactnrer of keeping up the
reguhirity of quality of his product.
The Composition of Portland Cement is already given above. The
varying amounts of the different constituents influence the character
of the cement to a certain extent. Cements rich in lime set more slowly,
but harden better than those poor in lime. Cements rich in silica set
more slowly than those rich in alumina, but they are better for use
under salt water.
An addition of 0.33 to 0.75 per cent of fluorspar is helpful in making
the materials clinker more easily.
Gypsum or sulphate of lime in small quantities delays the setting of
the cement somewhat, and adds to its final strength. More than 4 or
5 per cent is injurious, and many specifications require that less than
2 per cent be added.
In this country limestone, marl, chalk, and travertine are used in
making Portland cement.
ANALYSES OF RAW MATERIALS AND THE CEMENT, COLTON, CALIFORNIA.*
Limestone. Clay. riav. Cement.
Lime(CaO) 55.216 2.900 2.300 60.648
Magnesiii(MsO) .(lOO 1.016 1.873 .378
Silica (SiOo) ' .550 49.300 50.100 22.250
Alumina (AUOj) and Ferric oxide (FeaOj)--- .850 20.100 29.700
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 43.384 Undet. 3.854
Sulphate of lime (Cay04) 2.000
Alkalies; 1.524
Moisture and organic matter 12.300
MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT.
The successive steps in the process of manufacture are the prepara-
tion of the raw materials, the mixing, burning, grinding and bolting.
Mixing. — There are two general methods of preparing and mixing
the raw materials. One is known as the wet process, and the other as
the dry or semi-wet process.
In the wet process, the mixing is done in w^ater. Sometimes it is
necessary to grind the materials first, but as this method is commonly
used with chalk or marl, the preliminary grinding is often unnecessary.
The mixing is done in large tanks resembling the plungers used in clay-
washing plants. In the center of the tank is a vertical rotating shaft,
carrying a framework with scrapers, that keeps the materials constantly
agitated. Water is let in continually during the mixing, and as it flows
out it carries the materials as sediment to the settling tanks, where
after the settling of the solids the clear water is drawn off. One of the
objections to this process is that clay and chalk, having different
specific gravities, tend to separate in the settling tank. Another objec-
*Annual Report of State Geologist of New Jersey, 1900, p. 24.
1(() STRrCTl'HAL AM) 1XDUSTRIA1> MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
tion is the length of time required to dry the materials or get rid of the
excess water.
In the dry or semi-wet method, tlie raw materials are ground dry
separately and mixed with only enough water to form a paste or slurry,
which is then molded into bricks to facilitate the charging into the
kilns. Where the rotary kiln is used, the forming into bricks is
unnecessary. Sometimes the dry-press is used in forming the bricks,
thus saving the expense of evaporating the excess water. In all the
California cement works the rotary kiln is used, and hence the briquet-
ting is unnecessary.
Burning-. — After the materials are mixed in the proper proportions,
the next step is the burning in kilns, of which there are different types
in use in this country.
The rotary kiln is the only one in use in California, and is now almost
universally used throughout the United States, while rapidly growing
in favor abroad. It consists of a steel cylinder lined with firebricks.
The first rotary kilns were 40 feet long, but this was soon changed to 60
feet, which has been the standard length for several years. Recently
Edison constructed a kiln 150 feet long, which shows a considerable
saving in fuel and an increased output. This result has already induced
several manufacturers to lengthen their kilns, but the 60-foot kilns
are still in use in California. The cylinders are slightly inclined
and revolve upon two, sometimes three tires, resting on idlers, and
are turned by steam power. The upper end of the kiln projects
into a brick tlue, which is generally surmounted by an iron stack.
The lower end of the kiln is closed by a firel)rick hood. The raw mate-
rial is fed into the upper end and the fuel burned at the lower end.
The material works slowly down the'interior of the kiln into gradually
higher temperatures. First the moisture is driven off, next the car-
bonic acid, and next there is a partial fusion into yellow balls, which
finally change to a greenish-black slag or clinker; Avhen the burning is
complete the clinker drops through the opening in the hood into the
clinker pit. Each of these processes takes place at a different tempera-
ture, but the last one requires the greatest care, as either overburning
or underburning injures the value of tiie cement.
The first work done with the rotary kilns was with oil for fuel, but
in eastern Pennsylvania, coal, which is cheaper there than oil, replaced
the oil and is used by first crushing it to a powder and then blowing it
into the kiln. In California, however, oil, being much cheaper, is used
exclusively, and aside from cheapness is preferable to coal.
The clinker is cooled in several ways. Some use rotary coolers, some
vertical coolers, and some cool in the pits or on the floor. Water is
generally sprinkled on the clinker, which helps cool it and also aids in
seasoning it.
PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY. 177
Grinding-.— After cooling, the clinker is ground to a fine powder either
in tlie Cirittin mill or in the ball and tube mills, such as are used for
grinding the raw materials. The cement is ground until a large per-
centage of it (90 per cent or more) will pass through a 100-mesh screen,
and a smaller but still large percentage would pass through a 200-mesh
sieve. Many contracts call for a specified degree of fineness.
The cement should be stored for several weeks, or better, several
months, before using. This is usually done in large bins in the storage
warehouse. When sent to market, it is shipped in either bags or bar-
rels. Nearly all the California product is shipped in bags holding 95
})ounds each.
The Grifl&n mill, which is the kind used at Colton, is an American
invention, and is used extensively in the cement works in the eastern
United States. It consists of a revolving pendulum, with a ball at the
lower end, which in its rotation strikes the inner side of a steel ring,
the grinding being produced partly by the blow and partly by the
peculiar rubbing motion.
The ball and tube mills are used at Suisun and Napa Junction.
The hall mill is a short cylinder, having heavy perforated steel plates
inside of screens near the outside cylinder. It is charged with quite
hard steel balls from 3 to 5 inches in diameter, and when the c^dinder
is rotated the balls drop with considerable force on the rock material
l)elow. The ball mill is quite effective in crushing the material to about
20-mesh size. The tube mill is used to continue this process until
extreme fineness is produced. It consists of a tube usually about 22
feet long and 52 inches in diameter, although the size is not always
uniform. It is charged with well-rounded pebbles, usually imported
from Norway or Sweden. The Suisun factory uses some pebbles from
the American River. After the cement to be ground is placed in the
mill, rotation is started and the rolling and running action of the
peV>bles reduces the cement to extreme fineness. The expense of keeping
these mills in repair is said to be very great, not infrequently the annual
cost of repairs being equal to one third the original cost of the mill.
ANALYSES OF PORTLAND CEMENT.
German— SiO, Al.,0, Fe^Oa CaO ,MgO SO3
Dyckerhoff 20.64 T.lo 3.69 H;H.M6 2.33 1.39
Genuania 22.08 6.84 3.36 63.72 1.32 1.82
French —
Boulofrne 22.30 7.W 2..30 64.62 1.04 .75
CarKleiot 22.30 8.50 3.10 62.80 .45 .70
Ameriraii —
Savior's 22.68 6.71 2..35 62..30 3.14 1.88
Giant 19.92 9.83 2.63 6U.32 3.12 1.13
Alplia 22.62 8.76 2.6H 61.46 2.92 1.53
Atlas 21.96 8.29 2.67 60.56 3.43 1.43
California —
Colton.. 22.25 12.70 60.65 .38 1.18
"Standard." Xapa. Junction 21.42 7.40 3.20 63.08 1.02 1.07
Golden Gate, Suisun 22..">5 7.25 x,.,-)(i 62.60 1.20 1.30
12— HII.. 88
178 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ^MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
PORTLAND CEMENT FACTORIES IN CALIFORNIA.
At present (1904) there are three cement factories in operation in
California, located at Napa Junction, Napa County; at Colton, San
Bernardino County; and at Cement, near Suisun, Solano County. At
other places cement works are projected in tlie near future. The oldest
factory is that at Colton. The one at Suisun began in 1902, and the
one at Napa Junction in 1903.
REFERENCES TO LITERATURE ON LIME AND CEMENT.
1. Lime and Cement Industries of New York. Bulletin No. 44, New
York State Museum, November, 1901.
2. Report on Portland Cement Industry. Geological Survey of New
Jersey, Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1900, pp. 9-101.
3. American Cements, by U. Cummings. Boston, 1898.
4. Limes, Hydraulic Cement, and Mortars, by Q. A. Gillmore. N. Y.,
1872.
5. Manual of Lime and Cement. N. Y., 1893.
6. Eighth Annual Report of State Mineralogist of California, 1888,
p. 865.
7. Report on Portland Cement in Indiana. Twenty-fifth Annual
Report, Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 1900, pp. 1-331.
8. Concrete — A monthly publication, began in 1904. Detroit,
Michigan.
9. Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th Series, Bulletin No. 3. The Manu-
facture of Hydraulic Cements, by A. V. Bleininger.
BUTTE COUNTY.
There is a i)ossibility that cement may be manufactured in the near
future at the limestone quarries in Sees. 7, 17, 18, and 20, T. 21 N.,
R. 4 E., M. D. M. L. M. Hancock, Fortuna, Humboldt County.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Los Angeles Fireproof Cement Company, J. p]. Brown, 318 Grant
Building, Los Angeles, manufactures a cement out of sawdust, sand,
and Portland cement. The works are located in Garvanza. The
material is mixed by hand. Capacity, about 20 tons per day.
NAPA COUNTY.
Standard Portland Cement Company. — The works of this company are
at Napa Junction, Napa County; olKce, Crocker Building, San Fran-
cisco. Tlu; company began operations in February, 1903, with eight
rotary kilns, which were soon increased to ten, eacli liaving a capacity
X.
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(179)
180 STKlCTIKAl, AM) IXDUSTRIAL .MATKKIALS OF C.UJFORNIA.
of 200 barrels per day, or a total capacity at present of 2000 barrels of
cement per day.
The plant is close to the Honthern Pacific Railroad, at the junction
of the roads to Vallejo and Benicia. Two spurs from the railway extend
into the works, and a tramway runs to deep water on Napa Creek, al)out
a mill' distant, so that cement may be shipped either by rail or by
water.
Tlie cement is manufactured in large fireproof buildings. The build-
ing for holding the stock is over 200 feet long and has a capacity of
200,000 barrels. The cement is usually shipped in sacks of 95 pounds
each; when so desired, it is shipped in barrels. The company has its
own cooper shop.
The works are well equipped with modern machinery. The company
has its own machine shop. Electrical power is used throughout the
plant, and the material is all handled by machiner}'^ from the time it is
])ut on the car in the quarry until it is placed in sacks for shipment.
The only manual labor required is in quarrying and loading the raw
materials, and in loading the cement on the cars.
The raw materials, both the limestone and the claj^ are quarried close
by the n)ill and loaded on small dump-cars, ^vhich are pulled into the
works by a wire cable. Each car is weighed as it comes in, and the
materials are properly proportioned, so that the limestone and clay
when dropped into the rock-crusher are in the right proportion for
cement. From the crusher the material passes to two large rotary
dr\' kilns heated by oil flame. From the dry kilns part of the product
goes to storage bins, where a supply is kept to meet demands. The
other portion from the dry kilns passes to the ball and tube mills; there
are six of each for grinding the raw materials, and the same number for
grinding the clinker. The fine material is then conveyed to ten large
rotary kilns, where it is burned with oil fuel to a clinker, which as it
comes from the kilns is caught in iron buckets on a vertical belt and
carried to the top of the cooling chamber, where it is cooled by air-
currents. The cooled clinker is next passed to the ball and tube mills,
where it is thoroughly pulverized ready for use. and then taken by an
overhead tube to the stock room, and stored in large l)ins awaiting
shipment.
The raw materials consist of crystalline limestone and a calcareous
clay, both of which are obtained from the same pit. The limestone
occurs in regular beds from 1 to 4 feet thick, which dip to the north at
an angle of 40 degrees. It is partly crystallized and very fossiliferous,
being composed largely of a mass of broken shells, not many of which
are preserved entire. It is probably of Lower C'retaceous age.
The limestone is overlaid by a yellow calcareous clay. The quarry
face shows a thickness of about 100 feet of limestone and 50 feet of clay.
Drill records, it is reported, indicate a thickness of at least 200 feet of
y.
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Low-Grade
Material.
Cement
20.23
21.42
8.68
7.40
3.11
3.20
65.23
63.08
1.72
1.02
.25
1.07
1.46
182 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
limestone at the qiiarr3\ Steam drills and dynamite are used in quarry-
ing the limestone, and a steam shovel for loading the clay is soon to
be added.
A fault-plane runs through the quarr}' and shows quite prominently
on the south wall, where a crumpled, blue-black, pyritiferous shale has
been thrust up over the limestone.
The clay at the east end of the quarry is very calcareous, and merges
into limestone, but at the extreme west end it is more argillaceous.
Overlying all is a bed of dark brown adobe.
Analyses of Cement Materials and Cement of the Standard Portland Cement
Company, Napa Junction.*
High-Grade
Material.
Silica (SiO.).. 6.63
Alumina (AI0O3) 3.61
Iron oxide (FcaOs) 1.26
Lime carbonate (CaCOs) 85.17
Lime(CaO)
Magnesia carbonate (MgCO^) -_- 1.83
^lagnesia (MgO)
Sulphuric anhydride(S03) .91
Ignition
Physical Tests of the Standard Portland Cement Company, Napa Junction.
Fineness — 100-mesh 'J4.8 per cent.
200-mesh 75.0 per cent.
Initial set 2 liours.
Final set 6 hours.
, 7 days. — n . 28 days. >
Tensile strength — Neat. Sand. Neat. Sand.
Xo. 1---- 647 265 840 387
No. 2 653 294 798 396
No. 3 628 273 8M 412
No. 4 643 277 824 398
This plant is admirably located for the production of cement in large
quantities. Good rail and water transportation, and an abundant
supply of raw material at the works, are certainly strong points in favor
of a stable industry, (rypsum and fuel are the only substances not
obtained close at hand. The gypsum is shipped from Nevada, as is
nearly all that substance used in central California. The fuel is oil,
but much of the power is electric, brought by wire from the American
River.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Some years ago tests in tlie manufacture of cement were made by
using clay and the fossiliferous limestone found on the ranch of \Mlliam
L. Moulton, near El Toro. The product was of satisfactory quality,
but the high cost of fuel at that time prevented the manufacture from a
commercial standpoint. With the present supply of oil as fuel, cement
could probably be produced commercially with the limestone and clay
found on this property.
♦Analyses and tests made by the company in their laboratories.
PORTLAND CEMENT — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
183
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Colton Cement Works, in Sees. 19 and 30, T. 1 S., II. 4 W., S. B. M.;
at Colton; California Portland Cement Company, 401 Trust Building,
Los Angeles, owner; T. J. Fleming, general manager. Preliminary
work was begun about 1892, and in 1894 the works were producing
about 50 barrels per day and employing 25 men.* In 1896, the capa-
city of the plant was 200 barrels per day and 75 men were employed. f
Since that time the capacity of the plant has been increased nearly
threefold.
The works are located about li miles west of Colton, on the south
side of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and at the north end of Slover
Mountain. This mountain, which is nearly all pure limestone, is about
a mile in length, more than a half mile wide, and 500 feet high. (See
Limestone and Marble, pages 77 and 102.) Near the summit of the
mountain, on the northeast side, is the quarry from which the cement
Y-ao.
ILL. No. .sL ELEVATION OF LIMESTONE QUARRY OF COLTON CEMENT WORKS,
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY'.
rock is obtained. The limestone is here very coarsely crystallized, some
of the calcite rhombs being more than an inch in diameter. Analyses
of this stone show it to be a remarkably pure carbonate of lime. One
analysis gave: lime, 55.216 per cent; carbonic acid, 43.384 per cent;
silica, 0.55 per cent; alumina and iron oxide, 0.85 per cent. The com-
position of the stone in the quarry is said to be remarkably uniform,
as its appearance Avould indicate. A tunnel has been cut through the
mountain from the level of the quarry floor to a point directly above
the cement works. The broken stone from the quarry is run through
the tunnel on small tram-cars and dumped into a rock-crusher. After
crushing it is sent by gravity doAvn a long chute to the cement mill,
where it is finely pulverized in a Griffin mill, and then thoroughly
mixed with the clay in a mixer. The mixed product is fed into three
rotary kilns, where it is burned to a clinker with an oil fire. The
superintendent has patented an appliance for spraying the oil into the
kilns, which is said to be a great aid in burning. The clinker is removed
*Twelftli Annual Report of State Mineralogist, 1894, p. 380.
t Thirteenth Annual Report of State Mineralogist, IBitfi, p. H12.
184 STRUCTIKAI. AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
1)y wheelbarrow from the kihis to the drying floor, where it is spread
out and sprinkh^d with water for the donbh- ])nriiose of coolini;- and
seasoning it. It is tlien ground in tlw (iriflin mill and sacked ready
for shipment.
The clay is obtained from Alberhill, Riverside County, and is shipped
in by rail. The gypsum is ol)tained from Arizona.
Besides cement, this company produces crushed stone, marl^le, plaster
of paris, lime, and marble dust for making carbonic aeid gas for soda
fountains.
SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.
Several years ago a Santa Cruz company was organized to manufac-
ture Portland cement from material obtained in a little gulch at a place
known as Wagner's Park, one mile north of Santa Cruz. A reverl^er-
atory furnace, a kiln, and the necessary grinding machinery were
installed, and some cement was produced, which, reports say, was good;
but as the price of imported cement had been reduced to a figure below
the cost of local production, a cessation of operations resulted. The
material used in the manufacture of this cement was taken from a bed
of calcareous travertine (a deposit from springs), and was ground with
some clayey material found in a neighboring bluff.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
Chittenden Cement Plant; Mr. Bauman of New York and Mr. Kemp
Van Ee of San Francisco, owners until the company is regularly organ-
ized. The company has completed plans for the erection of a large
cement plant near Chittenden, a small station on the coast line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad, in the southeast corner of Santa Cruz County.
The company claims to have about 700 acres of limestone from l^ to 2^
miles west of San Juan, and an immense hill of shale at Chittenden.
The plans call for a plant with a daily capacity of 3200 barrels, with
facilities for enlarging. Buildings are to be of steel and reinforced con-
crete. The plans also include a broad-gauge electric railroad to tide
water at Watsonville Landing. Oil from the nearby wells will be used
as fuel.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
At Jamul, 18 miles southeasterly from San Diego, hydraulic cement
was manufactured on a small scale a number of years ago. The reason
commonly assigned for abandoning the industry at this point is that it
is too far from the railway. The plant was designed, it is said,* to
produce 200 barrels per day.
*Nin(li Annual Tlcport of Stale :\rinoralogist, 18S9. pp. 130 and "0!1. Twflftli ih;<l.,
1892, p. ;w:5.
PORTLAND CEMENT — SOLANO COUNTY. 185
SOLANO COUNTY.
James Clyne, Benicia, owner; extensive deposits of rock in Hec. 33,
T. 3 N., R. 3 W., M. D. M., on the hills back of the town of Benicia, and
in fact within the limits of the town, which until 1890 was used in mak-
ing cement. The article was once in demand, and pronounced equal to
the best imported. It is stated that 130,000 barrels were used in the
construction of the New City Hall in San Francisco.*
Paeifle Portland Cement Company (''Golden Gate Cement") has a
plant in Sec. 17, T. 5 N., R. 1 W., M. D. M., at Cement, 2 miles north
of Tolenas, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 5 miles northeast
of Suisun; office, Rialto Building, San Francisco.
This company began operations in 1902. The plant has been enlarged
once, and is now being enlarged a second time, to meet the constantly
increasing demand. At present the company is some months behind
on its orders.
There are eight large rotary kilns, with a rated capacity of 200 bar-
rels each per day, eight tube and ball mills for grinding and mixing
the clay and stone, and eight others for grinding the clinker.
The limestone and clay quarries are above the mill, so that every-
thing is moved by gravity from the quarries into the mill, and through
the mill until it comes out finished cement at the base of the hill, where
it is stored in a large warehouse ready for shipment. The company
has its own locomotive and side track connecting with the Southern
Pacific Railroad at Tolenas; also a machine shop, a carpenter shop,
and a chendcal and testing laboratory at the works, besides a restau-
rant and dormitories for the men. About 160 men are employed.
The limestone used is a porous travertine, which has been subject to
uplift since it was deposited. There is almost no soil-covering over the
stone, which outcrops on the surface over a large area. The limestone
is a comparatively pure lime carbonate, as shown by the following
analysis:
Average Analysis of Travertine Limestone Used by the Pacific Portland
Cement Company.
Per Cent.
Lime (CaO) . 53.65
Loss on ignition (mostly COj) 43.40
Magnesia (MgO) .55
Silica (SiO.) L25
Alumina (AUG;,) and Ferric Oxide (FeaO.-,) 1.00
Total 99.85
The travertine is said to be very uniform, and to vary but little from
the average assay.
* Twelfth Annual Report of State Mineralogist, lS!«-!)4, i>. 380.
186
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
It was from this travertine deposit that the so-called Suisim marble
has been taken in limited quantities at different times.
The extent of the deposit is not less than one (juarter of a mile wide
and a mile in length, and it may be even larger. The present quarry
face shows from 30 to 60 feet of stone, and it is said to persist 60 feet
below the bottom of the quarry. How nuich deeper it goes is not known.
The deposit resembles in many ways the large deposit at Tivoli, near
Rome, from which the stone was named. Hand samples of the two
rocks look very much alike.
The clay used by the Pacific Portland Cement Company is a laminated
«r^.
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ILL. No. 82. SECTION OF FACE OF LIMESTONE QUARRY OF PACIFIC PORTLAND
CEMENT COMPANY, CONS., AT CEMENT, SOLANO COUNTY.
gray to buff clay, shaly in places, and containing some interstratified
shaly sandstone. The deposit is probably late Tertiary in age. The
clay is free from fossils, but some of the sandstone layers contain many
fossil fragments. Tlie clay beds have been elevated and crumpled
somewhat. At the clay pit where they are working the strata stand
vertically. The clay crumbles and slakes rapidly on exposure to the
air, so it is customary to plow it up and leave it exposed to the air
and sun a week or more, after which it is moved by scrapers down
grade to the loading platform, where it is loaded through a hopper into
small cars which run by gravity into the mill and dump it at the
mixing machine.
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188 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OK CALIFORNIA.
Analysis of Clay Used by the Pacific Portland Cement Company.
I'LT Cent.
Silica (SiO^) 58.t)5
Aluniiiia ( AljOj) 1«.25
liO;<s on ijiiiition (mainly water with a little orgaiiic matter) lU.Wt
Iron oxide (I'V-oO:,) 7.3'i
Linic(CaO)...- 2.15
Magnesia (MgO) --- l.ir>
Alkalies 2.05
Suliiiiuric anliyilriile (SO3) .5<.>
Total 1(1(1.10
AsMe from the thin sandstone layers, which are thrown out in tlie
quarrying, the clay is remarkably free from (juartz and contains no
perceptible grit. It is a smooth, plastic clay that would fuse at a
moderately low temperature.
Analysis of Golden Gate Cement made by the Pacific Portland Cement Company.
Linie(Ca()) 62.60
Silica (SiOj) - 22.55
Alumina (AI2O3) 7.25
Iron oxide (FeoOj) 3.50
Magnesia (MgO) 1.20
Sulphuric anhydride (SO,) 1.30
Loss on ignition J .75
Alkalies by difference .85
Total 100.00
The al)ove is the analysis of the cement made at the works in August,
1904. For comparison with the other cements, the table on page 177
should be consulted.
Physical Tests* of the Golden Gate Cement, July 10, 1904.
Fineness— 100-niesh 90.5 per cent.
200-mesh 70.0 per cent.
Set— Initial 2 hours, 40 minutes.
Final 6 hours.
Tensile strength — Neat: No. l. No. 2. No. .S. No. 4. No. 5.
Iday 320 310 305 310 320
3 days -. 520 545 490 580 545
Tdays 710 (i50 665 600 650
28da"ys 820 800 800 750 800
Tensile strength— Saiid:
3 days 120 140 125 100 140
Tdays 210 200 205 200 225
28days 370 340 340 370 395
*Tests for tensile strength were made in a Fairbanks standard machine.
ILL. No. 84. STEAM SHOVEL AT WORK IN CLAY PIT. PACIFIC PORTLAND CEMENT
COMPANY, CONS., SOLANO COUNTY'.
ILL, No. 85. CARS LOADED WITH LIMESTONE TO SUPPLY THE CRUSHER AT PLANT OF
THE PACIFIC PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, CONS.. AT CEMENT, SOLANO CO.
(189)
PART III.
CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRIES IN CALIfORNIA.
1. I)i:fimtio.n of Clay.
'2. Origin of Clays.
M. Chemical Composition of Clay.s.
4. Phy.sical Properties of Clay'.s.
.5. Uses of Clays.
H. High-Grade Clays:
China Clay.
Potter's Ciay.
Fire Clay.
High-Grade Clay Industries in California.
7. Liiw-Gkade Clays:
General Features.
Red Brick an<l Tile Works in California.
Clay is one of the most useful substances in nature. Besides forming
a large and important part of all the soils, it adapts itself to so many
and varied uses that it is almost indispensable to man in all stages of
development.
DEHNITION OF CLAY.
Clay is one of the common, everyday words that possibly can not be
accurately defined in technical terms, and yet it has been adopted into
technical literature as a convenient word, and ordinarily does not lead
to confusion except when one seeks a definition.
There are so many varieties of clay, which differ so widely in chemical
and physical properties, that it is difficult to give a satisfactory defini-
tion that will include all of them. The Standard .Dictionary says that
clay is "A common earth of various colors, compact and brittle when
dry, but plaHic and tenacious when wet," which is fairly descriptive of
nearly all clays; but to see that it is not inclusive, one needs only to
turn to another page of the same dictionary, where it is stated that
"Fuller's earth is a non-pJnstir clay used in fulling cloth." The
so-called flint fire clay is not at all plastic in its native condition.
Clay is sometimes defined from a chemical standpoint as an earthy
substance composed essentially of the mineral kaolin, a hydrous silicate
of ahmiina. But some persons challenge this with the pertinent state-
ment that it has not been proved that kaolin is the essential base, or
that it is always present.
(I'.M.)
CLAY INDUSTRY IX CALIFORNIA. 191
One recent writer on the subject makes the definition include '" all
earthy or stony substances which are or may be used in the manufac-
ture of clay wares."
Mr. Jefferson Middleton, in a special report of the Census Office,
"Mines and Quarries," 1902, page 861, gives the following popular defi-
nition of the term clay: "Any earthy substance which, if mixed with
water and molded, will retain its shape after drying, and which upon
subjection to high temperature loses its plasticity and becomes hard
and brittle."
ORIGIN OF CLAYS.
The ultimate origin of the silicate of alumina, wliich appears to be
an important part of all the clays, is to be sought in the aluminous
minerals of the igneous rocks, especially the feldspars. In the weather-
ing processes, the alkalies are separated and combine with carbonic or
other acids, and are carried away in solution. The remaining alumina
and part of the silicate frequently combine with some water, forming
kaolin.
The hydrous silicates of alumina seem to be exceedingly stable com-
pounds at ordinary temperatures. The elements may not always com-
bine in the same ratio as in crystallized kaolinite, yet they remain in
some form and constitute an important part of nearly all clay, shale,
and slate deposits, and hence a very material portion of the surface
rocks of the earth.
When this hydrous silicate of alumina or clayey material is segre-
gated and forms a considerable portion of any deposit the product is
called clay, but it also occurs in large quantities mixed with other mate-
rials in other rocks, as with sand in the sandstones, with gravel in the
conglomerates, and with the carbonate of lime in the limestones. When
the clayey limestones disintegrate by the carbonated waters dissolving
the lime carbonate and carrying it away in solution, the insoluble sili-
cate of alumina is left behind as residual clay. The disintegration of
the sandstones and shales forms a mixture of clay and sand, w^hich when
carried way by the rains and streams is frequently separated into sand
and clay deposits.
Thus the clays may be divided, on the basis of origin, into residval
rlays, or those occurring in the place of the original rock from which they
have formed, and tnnisporfed dfnj>>, or those which have been deposited
by water which has transported them from their original position.
The glncial clays (boulder clay or till) is a special class of trans-
ported clay in which the agent has been ice. Besides the clay of
disintegration that has been picked up by the glacier, the glacial clay
consists in part of finely-ground, fresh-rock material, which was formed
by the rock-shod mass of ice pulverizing the rock over which it passed.
litL* STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
Technically, pure clay or kaolinite, which is the basis of all clay, is
a hydrated silicate of aluminum (AlgOg, 2 SiOa, 2 HgO). All clay in
its natural state contains more or less impurities, the kind and
quantity of which determine its character; from purest varieties, called
kaolin, clays range through all stages of impurity down to a point
where the material contains so little kaolinite that it can not be classi-
fied as clay at all. (Mines and Quarries, above mentioned, page 861.)
The foreign material of the clay is frecjuently divided into the flux-
ing and non-fluxing constituents, depending upon whether or not they
increase the fusibility of the clay. The most common fluxing constitu-
ents are lime, magnesia, potash, soda, lithia, iron, and manganese.
The fusibility of the clay is as well affected by the physical condition
of these fluxing constituents as by their quantity. For instance, a small
percentage of iron oxide very finely divided and intimately diffused
through the clay mass will prove to be a more active flux than twice
the amount scattered through it in coarse grains.
The common non-fluxing constituents are silica, titanic acid, water,
and organic matter. This classification is not wholly free from criti-
cism, as silica may slightly increase the fusibility.
These constituents may be present in quite a variety of njineral forms.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYS.
Some of the properties which make clay so valuable to mankind are:
(1) Plasticity and mobility when wet; (2) Retention of the molded
form when dry; and (3) The hardness and great duraliility when
burned. Plasticity when wet is a property common to all clays but
the flint fire clay. *
The plasticity is a result of the microscopical texture of the clays.
(See IXth Pveport, California State Mining Bureau, page 287.) The
kaolinite, which is formed in situ, and composed of crystalline scales, is
only slightly, if at all, plastic, while kaolin, which has been transported,
and composed of infinitesimal globular particles, makes a highly plastic
clay. Flint clay becomes plastic when finely ground, but quartz does
not, because the resulting particles are so hard that they will not flatten,
however small.
In dryimi, the clay loses part of the interstitial water, and in Inirning
it loses the remainder and part of the water of crystallization. The
hardening of the clay from high temi)erature is a permanent one, the
nature of the material is changed, and it will no longer become plastic
on the addition of water.
♦Possibly some persons would aild tuUcr's earth to tlio exceptions, Imt it \\vvi\ not
be classed with the clays at all.
. . CLAY INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA, 193
Shrinkage.— All clays that are molded wet, shrink on drying — air
shrinkaijr — and undergo a further shrinkage when burned — fire shrink-
age. The shrinkage is probably due, in great part at least, to loss of
water. The water exists in the clay as water of crystallization, as a
tihn around the particles, and inclosed between them.
The air shrinkage is due largely to the loss of the second part as
indicated by the fact that the shrinkage is from 2 to 10 per cent, while
it takes from 14 to 35 per cent to make the clay plastic. The difference
indicates in a general way the volume of the interstices.
Clays differ greatly in the amount of shrinkage. In general, the
more plastic and purely argillaceous clays shrink more than the sandy,
siliceous ones. Hence, if the brickmaker has a clay that is too ''fat,"
he adds sand to it. Clay that has been burned once undergoes no
further shrinkage on subsequent burning, hence burned clay is frequently
used as a "grog"' to lessen shrinkage, especially in refractory products,
where sand might lower the fusing point.
The fire shrinkage is probabl}- caused, in part at least, by the loss of
the water of crystallization along with the remaining interstitial water.
It is also affected by the amount of organic or other volatile matter
present. Moreover, some substances expand on heating, and if present
in the clay may more than counterbalance the shrinkage of the
argillaceous part.
It is important to know the shrinkage of any given clay that is to be
used for products of definite dimensions, so that the molds may be made
the proper size. Laboratory tests made on a large number of different
kinds of clay gave the following results, each being the average of
several specimens of that kind:
Laboratory Tests on Shrinkage.
Air Shrinkage. Fire Shrinkage.
Average. Average.
Flint tireclay 3.5% 9.9%
Kaolin ' 5.0 8.8
Potter's clay . 7.0 5.4
Brick 5.5 4.5
Shales . 6.0 4.6
Gumbo 9.0 1.5
Fusibility of Clays. — The clay manufacturer must necessarily know
the fusing temperature of the clay he is using, in order that he may not
injure or destroy his ware by overburning or underburning. The term
fusilnlity" as applied to clays has a significance a little different from
that as applied to metals. When clay is heated beyond red heat, it
shrinks and becomes close-grained and harder. It finally reaches a
point where shrinkage ceases and it becomes very hard and strong, and
the individual grains are no longer recognized. This is called incipient
vitrification. On further heating, the density and hardness are still
further increased. This is called complete vitrification, although the
clay still retains its form and shape. If the temperature is further
18— BUL. 38
a
11)4 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
increased, the clay begins to warp and sag, and ])lister, and becomes
scoriaceous, which stage may be called scoriaceous vitrification. A fur-
ther increase in temperature may produce a complete vitrification to a
molten stage, from which it eools to a hard, glassy, rock-hke slag.
The temperatures at which the various stages of vitrification are pro-
duced are different in the different clays, and are functions largely of
the chemical and physical composition of the clay.
The clays which resist vitrification at high temperatures are called
fire clays or refractory clays. The line of separation between refrac-
tory and non-refractory clays is an arbitrary one. (See Fire Clay.)
Color. — Clays may be white, black, red, yellow, brown, blue, or
variegated. The white clays are free from metallic oxides and
frequently among the purest forms of kaolin. The black clays are
generally colored by the carbonaceous material diffused through them,
and are frequently made white by burning. The yellow, brown, red,
and frequently the blue colors are due to iron in some form; in the
yellow clay the iron is in the form of the hydrous oxide, the common
bog ore; in the red, the color is due to anhydrous iron oxide, or hema-
tite; the blue color may be caused in part by iron carbonate, silicate,
or sulphide, and sometimes wholly or in part by organic matter.
The color of a clay after burning is frequently quite different from
that before burning. They may be divided into three classes: Those
which burn (1) white, (2) buff, (3) red. The color of the burned clay
is influenced not only by the amount of iron in the clay, but also l>y the
physical and chemical condition of the iron, the other elements asso-
ciated with the iron, the temperature and length of time in burning,
and the character of the gases in the kiln. The color of the burned
product is thus very largely influenced by the skill of the Inirner.
In the finer grades of ware, the desired color or colors are obtained
by mixing the proper pigments. Almost any desired color or shade of
color, except white, can be ol)tained in this way. For white wares, clay
free from metallic oxides is necessary. (See " The Role Played by Iron
in the Burning of Clays," by Professor Orton, in the " Clayworker," for
April, 1904.)
USES OF CLAY.
The uses of clay are so many and varied that it is impossible to
enumerate them all, especially in view of the fact that almost every day
new uses are found for it.
VARIETIES OF CLAY.
The varieties of clay are almost endless, and the methods of classifica-
tion are almost as many. The commercial clays are conveniently
divided into high-grade and low-grade, although the line of separation
is not a sharp one.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS. 195
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS.
CHINA CLAY, PORCELAIN CLAY OR KAOLIN EARTH.
This is the purest known form of clay; a white-burning, non-plastic,
highly refractory, residual clay, used in the manufacture of china and
other white wnres. It must be practically free from iron. The kaolins
are friable in the hand and meagre to the touch. In the natural condi-
tion they always contains more or less impurities, which are removed
bv washing.
'f
China Clay (.1. H. Collins, " Engineering and Mining .Journal," June
8, 1905) is a commercial term for the purest and whitest variety of
kaolin. It is ol>tained by washing a variety of decomposed and often
disintegrated granite, called "earclazite." In this the feldspar crystals
have been more or less completely converted into kaolin. When the
kaolinization is complete, or nearly so, the rock is called "clay"; when
less complete, if there is an absence of objectionable elements in the-
other components of the rock, the mass is called "chinastone" or
''petunzite." The kaolinization is closely associated with veins of
Cjuartz and black tourmaline or schorl. Sometimes china clay can l)e
traced for long distances, with a breadth of only a few feet, or even a
few inches, in the direction of those veins; occasionall}'- the width may
reach several yards. These wide masses of china clay are found asso-
ciated with a number of more or less parallel veins of the kind men-
tioned. The breadth of the decomposition is apparently independent
of the size of the veins, but the direction of the decomposed land is dis-
tinctly governed by that of the vein. The limit of the persistence in
depth of the china clay is as yet unknown; at one place it was found at
a depth of 900 feet below the surface.
From a chemical standpoint the china clays are more valuable the
nearer they approach kaolinite in composition, namely, 46.3 per cent of
silica, 39.8 per cent of alumina, and 13.9 per cent of water. The physi-
cal properties are often as important as the chemical ones, and are not
always governed by the chemical composition. The following table,
compiled from many analyses, indicates the wide range in chemical
composition of china clays:
Range in Composition of Chinaware Clays.
Per Cent.
Silica 45 to 85
Alumina ri to 40
Water 2 to 14
Iron oxide 0 to 2
Lime 0 to 2
Magnesia 0 to 2
Alkalies 0 to 3
Titanic acid 0 to 3
196 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Ball Clay is a wliite-burning, plastic, refractory clay, free from metallic
oxides or other coloring material. It is used with kaolin in the manu-
facture of white ware, and often incorrectly called kaolin; its dis-
tinguishing characteristic is its plasticity.
ILL. No. SC. ni(.lI-(iKAr)K CALIFORNIA CLAY PRODUCT. HAND-CARVED.
(Covirtesy of Mrs. I>. V. Iri'lan.)
POTTER'S CLAY.
Potter's clay is a term rather loosely used. The most general idea
conveyed by the term, probably, is that of smooth, plastic clays, too
fusible for highly refractory purposes and containing less iron than the
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS.
197
ordinary brick clay. Adapted to the manufacture of stoneware, earth-
enware, terra cotta, and sewer pipe. Wares manufactured from potter's
clay are usually light buff in color, and when burned to incipient vitri-
fication are strong and slightly porous, requiring a glaze to render them
ILL. Xo. 87. HIGH-GRADE CALIFORNIA CLAY PRODUCT. MUSHROOMS
MODELED BY HAND. (Courtesy of Mrs. L. V. Irelan.)
impervious to liquids. The stoneware glazes are commonly either a
salt glaze or one formed by slip clay. Much stoneware is made with a
brown slip glaze on the inside, and a blue-gray salt glaze on the outside.
The requisites of a good stoneware clay are: (1) It should be emi-
198
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
nently plastic, so that it may easily be molded and turned into the thin
walls of the vessels rec^uired, and yet retain its shape without injury.
To mold readily, it should be high in clay base, that is, a "fat" clay.
(2) It should be low in iron, as a light-colored ware is more desirable.
(3) It should be free from coarse sand or other coarse material. It is
frequently necessary to remove such material l)y a process of washing,
in which the coarse materials are separated by gravity. The washing
process will also remove the iron if it should l)e present in crystals or
lumps, the condition in which it causes the greatest injury. (4) It
ILL. No. SM. HKill-ciKAliE CALIFORNIA (LAV I'KdDrCTS. ■•THltdWN" ANH
HAXD-MUDKLEl). (Courtesy of Mrs. L. V. Irelaii.)
should be fusible enough to vitrify at a moderate temperature, less than
2000° F. If the vitrifying point should be too high, the burning would
be too expensive. (5) The clay should have a range of at least 200°,
and better 300°, between incipient and complete vitrification, as it is
not easy to control the temperature of the furnace within narrower
limits, and all the ware in the kiln should pass the stage of incipient
vitrification, but should stop short of complete vitrification. If it has not
reached the first stage it will be soft, porous, and lacking in strength;
and if completely vitrified it would be glassy and brittle, and likely be
out of shape. {('■>) It should be capable of drying at moderate speed
without checking or cracking, otherwise there will be increased storage
and drying room reciuired, increased stock, hence more capital and
(199)
200 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
greater expense. (7) It should be free from salts that are liable to
cause blisters in burning.
Yellow or Rockingham Ware is a class of pottery that differs from
stoneware in the manner in which it is burned. In stoneware, the
burning is complete in one operation, while yellow ware is first burned
in the biscuit kiln to form the body, and then burned again to develop
the glaze. A less refractory clay may be used in the yellow ware, but
since the glazes fuse at lower temperatures the same clay may be used
for either stoneware or yellow ware.
Eapthenware is tlie lowest form of i)ottery, and can be made with
proper precautions from almost any common yellow clay. It is softer
and more porous than stoneware or yellow ware.
SLIP CLAY.
Slip clay is a variety that runs very low in fusibility, and is used in
forming the glaze in stoneware and earthenware. The following copy
of an analysis of a slip clay shows the composition of one of the best
known and most widely used clays of this class in the United States:
Analysis of Albany Slip Clay. Per Cent.
Silica (SiOa) 56.75
Alumina (AUO3) --- 15.47
iron (Fe.,03)"... 5.73
Lime (CaO) 5.78
Magnesia (MgO) 8.32
Alkalies 3.25
Water 8.87
Much of the slip clay used in California is obtained from Albany,
New York.
FIRE CLAY.
Fire clay is, as the name signifies, one that resists high temperatures,
and hence is more refractory than the common clays. It has a lower
percentage of the fluxing substances, such as alkalies, iron, and man-
ganese. It is most (commonly associated with coal-beds or other vege-
table deposits, and it is thought, in some instances at least, to owe its
existence to the vegetable matter which has extracted the fluxing con-
stituents, such as the alkalies and alkaline earths, from the clay.
There are two classes of fire clays: the soft or plastic, and the hard or
flint. The latter occurs in hard rock masses, which do not slake in
water, and are not plastic in their natural condition. They are fre-
quently more refractory than the plastic clays. Fire clays are used for
making firebricks, stove and furnace linings, gas retorts, glass i>ots,
and for other refractory purposes. They are also used for making
high-grade building Ijricks, and some low-grade fire clays are used for
making paving bricks.
<
o
z
Z
z
(201)
202 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRIES IN
CALIFORNIA.
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
California Pottery and Terra Cotta Company. — S. W. Winsor is pro-
prietor of these works, wliich are at the corner of East Twelfth street and
Park avenue, at Twenty-third street station, Oakland. The pottery was
opened about 1876. Sewer and chimney pipes, flue linings, flower-pots,
bean-])ots, and fancy vases are manufactured. The equipment includes
one 12-foot and three 20-foot kilns, one wet pan, and one new 7-foot dry
pan. The clay is obtained from Carbondale, Amador County, and loam
is secured locally. The market -is mostly local and central California
points. The annual output averages about $30,000. Oil fuel is used
throughout in boilers and kilns. About 10 men are employed.
Carnegie Brick and Pottery Company's Sewer-pipe Factory. — It is 1^
miles down Corral Hollow, east of Tesla, in S. -k of Sec. 30, T. 3 S.,
R. 4 W. The office is at 328 Montgomery street, and the city yard is at
Tenth and Channel streets, San Francisco. It is a modern and com-
plete plant for manufactviring sewer pipe. The equipment includes two
wet pans and two sewer-pipe presses, one capable of making 36-inch
pipe. Eight 30-foot kilns are in operation, and the stack is built to
accommodate eight more kilns. Each kiln is turned over once every
fourteen days. The clay is obtained from the mines at Tesla.
N. Clark & Sons' Pottery; Albert V. Clark, president, 17-19 Spear
street, San Francisco; George D. Clark, secretary and treasurer, and
superintendent at pottery, Alameda. The works are located in the
city of Alameda, at the corner of Fourth and Pacific streets. It is a
very extensive plant, manufacturing large quantities of vitrified sewer
and water pipes, chimney pipes and tops, fire-proofing flues, architec-
tural terra cotta work, faced brick, etc. The equipment includes eight
20-foot, one 14-foot, and two 16-foot kilns, and one 22-foot "brick" kiln.
The main building is 300 by 130 feet, four stories, of brick. The terra
cotta building is a two-story brick structure, 100 feet square. The clay
is obtained from their own pits at Carbondale, Amador County. (See
})age 207.) Oil fuel is used throughout for kilns and boilers. From 80
to 90 men are employed.
East Ninth Street Pottery, C. Anderson, proprietor, at 1333 East
-Ninth street, Oakland, manufactures stoneware, flower-pots, fancy pots,
(208)
204 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
and crocks. There is one 12-foot kiln, nsing oil fuel. The clay is from
Amador County. About twelve kilns are ])urned a year.
Novelty Pottery Company; N. 8. Clark, manager. The works are
on Clay street, between Second and Third, Oakland. The pottery
was started in INIay, 1904. At present the company manufactures a
patent bread-toaster, with a fire-clay body, the rest being a secret
formula. It is expected to make other clay novelties. One 9-foot kiln
is in use, using oil fuel.
Oakland Art Pottery, James Miller, 1125 East Twelfth street, pro-
prietor; on East Twelfth street, between Twenty-second and Twenty-
third avenues, Oakland. Manufactures various sorts of ornamental
vases, flower-pots, sewer pipes, chimney pipes and tops, tiling, water-
coolers, and general terra cotta wares. One 1 2-foot and two 20-foot
kilns are operated, using oil fuel. The clay is obtained from Carbon-
dale, Amador County.
Rose FirebPiek Company, ofltice, 604 Merchants' Exchange, San Fran-
cisco. The American Magnesite Company plans to deliver the crude
magnesite to the above company's i)lant in Oakland, on the old
Session Tract, in Oakland Creek. The ore is to be calcined in three
large rotary calciners (each 100 feet long and 8 feet in diameter). The
magnesia will be used by the Rose Firebrick Company in the manufacture
of firebrick, and the carbonic acid gas will be delivered to the adjoining
plant of the Pacific Carbonic Gas Company, where it will be liquefied
and prepared for shipment for use by refrigerating plants, soda-water
manufactories, ice factories, breweries, etc.
San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Company, 828 Montgomery street,
San Francisco. The land holdings of this company average 2 miles in
width and extend for about 7 miles east and west along Corral Hollow,
partly in Alameda County and partly in San Joaquin County. Its
plants are connected with Stockton by its own broad-gauge railroad
(Alameda and San Joaquin Railroad).
The hills on either side of Corral Hollow, in the vicinity of Tesla, are
studded with prospect tunnels, ranging from 50 to 800 feet in length.
Some of them were put in as early as 1863 in quest of coal. Most of
them are caved at present.
The only producing mine is at Tesla, in S. E. i of Sec. 26, T. 3 S.,
R. 3 E., where, in opening up the coal deposits, immense beds of clay
have been developed, whi(^h will furnish an unlimited supply of high-
(205)
206
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
grade pottery and fire clays. The accompanying sketch roughly shows
a cross-section of the beds, whicli dip N. 70*^ \V. at an angle of about 60°.
These clays are of various grades, from nearly pure kaolin to ordi-
nary sewer-pipe clay, and are mined from the different tunnels and
stored in bins above the railroad siding at mine. They are shipped
down the oaiion 2 miles to the Carnegie Brick and Pottery Company's
sewer pipe factory (see page 202), and 4 miles to brick and terra cotta
plant (see page 227), as is needed.
At the Tesla Mine, in Corral Hollow, in the same series as the clav
beds, there occurs a ledge of soft, sandy material, which is used as a
refractory mortar in the construction of the many kilns at the potteries
at Carnegie. The ledge is from 12 to 15 feet thick, and furnishes an
inexhaustible supply. It is developed by a 500-foot shaft. By wash-
ing this material and freeing it from the sand, a very high-grade kaolin
is secured.
AMADOR COUNTY.
Carbondale, — In the area about Carbondale, and between Carbondale
and lone, are extensive deposits of high-grade clays. Fine plastic potter's
clay and fire clays occur in unlimited quantities. There is also a highly
sandy clay, and associated with these are plastic variegated clays adapted
to terra cotta, sewer pipe, drain tile, and similar uses.
A large part of the extensive clay area around Carbondale occurs in
an old Spanish grant of 34,000 acres, which is now controlled by the
Pacific Improvement Company, from whom the clay lands are leased.
The following analyses of Carbondale clays were made in the labora-
tory of the State Mining Bureau a number of years ago. No. 1 is from
the pit of N. Clark tt^ Sons. No. 2 was made in 1889, and is marked
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— AMADOR COUNTY.
207
Carbondale, but the pit is not designated. No. 3 is marked from Car-
bondale, and said to contain quartz grains:
Chemical Analyses of Carbondale Clays.
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
Silica (SiOj) --- 60.00 57.02 48.90
Alumina (AUG.,) 30.29 31.06 38.18
Iron (Fe203)"--. 2.27 0.53 2.40
Lime (CaO) .28 trace .50
Magnesia (MgO) trace trace .09
Alkalies 1.02 2.32 1.85
Water 8.05 8.95 8.65
ILL. No. 93. CLAY PIT OF N. CLARK i SONS, NEAR lONE, AMADOR COUNTY.
N. Clapk & Sons, 17 Spear street, San Francisco, obtain clay for their
factory in Alameda from the large pit on the lone-Sacramento road,
'2i miles north of lone; AV. R. Bacon is their superintendent at lone.
The clay is soft, smooth, plastic, and free from grit. It has a light
blue color in the interior of the bed, but changes to snow-white when
dried. It occurs in a massive bed, from 18 to 20 feet thick, on the back
wall of the pit. and is overlaid by from 3 to 10 feet of variegated
yellowish, red and white sandy clay that is stripped off and thrown on
the waste. Around the greater part of the pit there is a thin layer, one
or two inches thick, of red hematite, which has been carried down the
joint-planes by the percolating waters and forms red blotches on the
clay along the joints. The white clay can be quarried here in large
208 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
quantities at very little expense. During the summer a sufficient
quantity is stored in the large shed at the railroad to keep up the ship-
ments during the months when the roads are impassable.
N. Clark c*ir iSons also obtain a gray clay from a pit a mile north
of east of the siding, which contains eonsideral)le sand and is stained
with iron oxide. It lies near the surface, with from 2 to 10 inches
of reddish-brown gravel and sand overlying it. The vegetation growing
over the surface has sent many fine roots down into the clay, some
extending to the bottom of the clay deposit. These decaying roots,
along with the iron that has been carried in from the overlying red
gravel, have changed in places the original white color to gray and
brown, and where the roots are abundant to even a black color. This
clay, because of its burden of sand, is used in mixing with other clays
for certain classes of work.
N. Clark & Sons also obtain a "fire sand," a white clay with a large
percentage of sand, from a pit about 1 mile north of Carbondale.
Mr. Fred Hammer operates a small pottery at May P. 0., a half mile
north of Carbondale, which has been in operation since 1877. From
clay obtained about a half mile east of the pottery, Mr. Hammer makes
sewer pipe, drain tile, chimney tops, jugs, and jars. The ware is turned
by hand, and burned in the single kiln with wood.
King & Enos, Carbondale, work one clay pit about 200 yards west of
Carbondale. A side track from the railroad extends alongside the
storage shed at the clay pit. An inclined track runs from the pit to
the shed, and the loaded cars are hauled into the shed and dumped by
a steam-hoist. They have a large storage shed, which at the end of the
dry season contains about 5000 tons of clay ready for shipment during
the wet season. The shipments from this pit average about 15 car-
loads per month during the year.
The pit furnishes a soft, plastic, refractory clay, free from grit, having
a light blue color wdien first dug, which changes to white when dried.
It occurs in a bed from 6 to 14 feet thick, underlaid by quicksand and
overlaid uncomformably by from 1 to 6 feet of yellow, sandy clay, con-
taining a few scattered boulders. This overburden is stripped off and
thrown in the waste. Only the white clay is shipped.
King- & Enos, for Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Works, room 45, Mills
Building, San Francisco, work a large clay pit on Irish Hill, about 3
miles east of the railroad. The clay is hauled by wagon to the large
storage shed located at the coal mine at the Yarn switch, about a mile
south of Carl)ondale.
The clay on Irish Hill is white plastic, similar to that in the pit at
Carbondale. It occurs in a massive bed from 15 to 25 feet thick, and
ILL. No. 94. CLAY PIT, IRISH HILL, NEAR lOXE, AMADOR COUNTY.
ILL. No. 9.i. CLAY PIT OF THE STEIGER TERRA COTTA AND POTTKKY COMP.VXY,
AT CARBOXDALE, AMADOR COUNTY.
14— BUL. 38 (209)
210 STKUCTIKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
is or was overlaid by a heavy bed of auriferous red gravel, which, over
a large area along the l)row of the hill, was removed by hydraulic
mining some years ago. Clay is quarried from this area exposed by
the hydraulic washing and which contains thousands of tons, as the
gravel-l)ed liack is from 20 to 40 feet thick — too great a thickness to
remove to obtain the clay. The greatest expense in handling the clay
is the 3-mile haul by wagon to the railroad. ,The purity of this clay,
together with the great thickness of the bed and the slight stripping
required, are points which make the deposit a valuable one.
King & Enos, for Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Works, room 45,
Mills Building, San Francisco, also operate a clay bank about half a
mile east of the Yarn switch, to which the clay is hauled by wagon.
This clay is quite gritty, and contains a great many quartz grains scat-
tered through it. It is used for mixing with other clays, and is said to
be very refractor}'. It occurs in a bed from o to 10 feet thick, and has
been dug over an area about a quarter of an acre in extent. It is
overlaid by a layer of reddish gravel from 6 inches to 2 feet in thick-
ness, which is stripped off as the clay is quarried.
Lambert & Seams operate a small pottery similar to Hammer's,
located about 2 miles north of Carbondale. They make similar wares
for the local trade.
J. W. Opp, as early as 1859, put up the Michigan Bar pottery at
Michigan Bar. In 18B2 it was moved out 3 miles on the lone road. In
1865 A. M. Addington, now postmaster at May P. 0., purchased this
pottery and operated it until 1884, when he sold it to Mr. Williams,
who owned it until it was abandoned in 1896. Stoneware and sewer
pipe were the principal products.
A. E. Smith, Carbondale, quarries, about 3 miles north of Carbondale,
white, refractory, plastic clay, similar to that described, which he hauls
by wagon to Carbondale, and ships to Sacramento, where it is made
into firebricks by tlie Southern Pacific Company.
Steiger Tsppa Cotta and Pottepy Wopks, at South San Francisco, office
45 Mills Building, San Francisco, obtain clay from three pits in the
vicinity of Carbondale, all of which are operated by King ct Enos, who
also run the coal mine near Carbondale.
There were other small potteries scattered over the area years ago,
but like most of the small potteries of the United States they could not
compete with the large ones where the ware was made by machinery,
and as a result were closed, except a few scattered ones more or less
remote from the railroad, which still supply the local trade.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— BUTTE, CALAVERAS. 211
BUTTE COUNTY.
In Butte County are many clay deposits of varied character. The
principal ones are in T. 21 N., R. 3 and 4 E.; T. 20 and 19 N., R. 4 E.;
T. 18 N., R. 2 and 3 E.
Bohannon Ranch, in Sec. 4, T. 21 N., R. 5 E.; T. Bohannon, Yankee
Hill, owner. A considerable body of a plastic yellow clay was observed.
It is tenacious, plastic and refractory. No effort has been made to
develop it, or to demonstrate its value.
In Sees. 19 and 30, T. 18 N., R. 3 E., about 2 miles southeast of
Biggs, is a light brown or white brittle clay-bed, about one-half mile
wide. Max Brooks of San Francisco and Mr. Reed of Biggs, owners.
Coal Canon.— In Sec. 12, T. 20 N., R. 3 E.; Charles F. Lott, Oroville,
owner. A stratum of clay occurs in the coal mine.
Dupbin Ranch.— In the S. W. i of Sec. 13, T. 21 N., R. 3 E., on the
Durbin rancli (A. M. Smith, Oroville, owner), there is a large deposit
of clay of a refractory character and of low plasticity, overlying or
making into a more plastic material. Both contain fine grit, and taken
together were traced to a depth of about 100 feet.
Clay shale occurs in vertical ledge form about half a mile northeast
from the lower clay exposure just mentioned. It is of low plasticity,
refractory, and may be employed for firebacks, and when reduced to
liquid form applied as a whitewash.
In the N. E. i of Sec. 13, T. 21 N., R. 3 E., there is another exposure
of clay west of a heavy slate formation, trending north and south. It
is of a lighter color than that in the southwest quarter of the section,
and of higher plasticity.
Oroville. — In Sec. 22, T. 19 N., R. 4 E., about 3 miles southeast of
Oroville, clay occurs on lands owned by John M. Ward and James
McPherson, the latter known as the Garden ranch, and extends into
the Richardson ranch in Section 15. There has been no effort at develop-
ment, and the material is exposed only by cuts made in road building.
Snow Ranch.— In the S. W. i of Sec. 31, T. 24 N., R. 4 E.; A. Snow,
Lovelocks P. 0., owner. Occasional occurrences of light-colored clays
of medium plasticity in Section 31.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
Penn Chemical Works. — This company mines about 100 tons of high-
grade fire clay each year for its own use at the smelter at Campo Seco.
The pit is in the clay beds which overlie croppings of copper ore.
212 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
Valley Springs Clay Pit. — It is located about one fourth of a mile
northeast of N'allcy Springs, on the Mokelumne Hill road, and has been
idle for nine years. The clay was formerly used by a Stockton pottery.
It is a plastic yellow clay, somewhat stained by iron in the open pit,
and is capped by a gravel deposit.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.
Mount Diablo Pottery and Paving Brick Company; Hon. C. M. Bel-
shaw, Antioch, owner. This large })ottery is located one mile south of
Antioch, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The plant was opened about
1896 and operated only about one 5^ear, and has been practically aban-
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ILL. No. 9i;. E. M. HAMILTON'S CLAY DEPOSIT, NEAR ROS.\M()N I), KKKN CorXTV.
doned. The clay was obtained from the various tunnels at the coal
mines at Stewartsville, which were connected with Antioch by a narrow-
gauge railroad. The company has torn up the rails and stopped all
work at the mines.
KERN COUNTY.
Los Angeles Pottery Company, 625 (iriffin avenue, Los Angeles, owns a
large deposit of pottery clay in Sec. 11, T. 9 N., R. 18 W., S. R. INI.,
alx)ut 4 miles northwest of Rosamond station. Some clay, it is stated,
has been shipped during the past fifteen years to the factory in Los
Angeles.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 213
The clay pit lies near the northeast end of one of the many felsite
porphyry buttes on the south side of Antelope Valley, in the midst of
the felsite porphyry, and appears to be a local decomposition product of
the same. It is plastic, has a smooth, even texture, and shows no evi-
dence of stratification. It contains numerous small and some large
boulders of partially disintegrated felsite of the same color and appear-
ance as the inclosing clay, except their hardness, and apparently are
residual boulders of disintegration. At one point there is a disinte-
grated granite mass with many quartz grains. For the most part the
clay is quite free from quartz and very plastic. There is a slight red
coloring near the surface, probably from the overlying surface frag-
ments of red porphyry, but otherwise the clay has a uniform pale blue-
green color.
Most of the clay is taken from an open pit on the hillside, in the face
of which a tunnel has been run about 200 feet back into the hill. The
tunnel shows the greenish clay to continue about 25 feet in from the
face of the pit, where it is followed by a light gray, more or less sandy
clay, with many rock fragments, and stained yellow-brown along the
many seams wnth iron oxide.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Anderson & Sandquist East Main Street Pottery Company, 2009 East
Main street, Los Angeles. Use local clay from Boyle Heights; manu-
facture flower-pots and ollas.
California Clay Manufacturing Company, 235 South Los Angeles street;
works, Central avenue, Los Angeles. Use plastic clay from Alberhill,
and fire clay from Elsinore, Riverside County. Manufacture firebrick
and vitrified pipe.
The works are equipped with a Brewer wet-mud brick machine, and
a Berg press for dry-pressed brick, each with a daily capacity of about
20,000 bricks; a Barber pipe press; and 8 downdraft kilns, varying
from 30 to 16 feet in diameter, using oil as a fuel. Employ about 30
men.
J. Dodson, San Pedro. In Lot M, Los Palos Verdes ranch, Avest of
San Pedro, are a series of surface exposures running northwesterly in
the terrace southeast of the San Pedro Mountains, noticeable by lack of
vegetation. In a shallow canon the formation is exposed over a thick-
ness of about 25 feet, showing beds of a light gray clay, with narrow
streaks of brown, probably due to iron, dipping southeasterly. The
matei'ial is very light, and has the appearance of diatomaceous earth.
It is, however, unctuous to the touch and plastic, hardening in the fire
with a gray color. Conformable with these beds are seams, not over 3
inches wide, of a disintegrated volcanic ash.
21-1 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF aVLIFORNIA.
Los Angeles Pottery Company, J. M. Matthews, Los Angeles, uses prin-
cipally local clays from Boyle Heights at 625 Griffin avenue and
Alhambra street, Los Angeles. Principal product, tiower-pots.
Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company, 105 South Broadway, w^orks at
Alhambra avenue and Date street, and at Colorado avenue, Los Angeles,
has a large and well-equipped factory for making fine pressed building
brick, firebrick, and refractory linings of different kinds. The plant
has been in operation for several years, and the business has been con-
stantly increasing from the start, as there is a very active demand for
high-grade brick. The company is also trying to meet the demand for
refractory furnace linings, which is caused by the increase in manufac-
turing industries and the increased use of oil fuel. For the refractory
ware this company uses a black flint fire clay from Gypsum sta-
tion, near Corona, which is similar to that at McKnight's clay pit (see
page 224). The bricks and tiles made from this clay are said to give
satisfaction. The building bricks are made of w'hite clays from their
pits near Alberhill, Riverside County. This company has also a large
plant for the manufacture of red l)rick at Colorado avenue and Twenty-
fifth street. The combined capacity of its two plants is 20,000,000
bricks per year.
Los Angeles Stoneware and Sewer Pipe Company, Arch. Douglas,
president; 423-527 North Avenue 26, Los Angeles. Manufactures all
kinds of stoneware, earthenware, firebrick; vitrified, salt-glazed sewer
and water pipe, from 3 to 36 inches in diameter; conduits of under-
ground electric wires, terra cotta chinmey pipes, flue linings, etc.
It uses the following materials: For stoneware: clay from Alberhill
Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, Riverside Count}'; Rosamond,
Antelope Valley, Kern County (kaolin). For sewer pipe: clay from
Alberhill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, Riverside County; local
clay, in northeastern part of Los Angeles city. For firebrick: fire clay
from Alberhill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, Riverside County.
For flower-pots: local clay. For glazing purposes: clays from Albany,
N. Y., and from Michigan; imported feldspar, flint, china clay, and
English ball clay.
The clay, duly mixed, according to the product to be manufactured,
is passed through a dry-pan crusher, then washed, blunged and passed
through a press filter. The firebrick material passes through a pug-
mill, a (iiant auger, 12-brick wire-cutter, and an E^agle represser. The
sewer-i)ipe material passes througli a wet-pan crusher, and two presses,
according to the dimension of the pipes, one making those from 3 to 16
inches in diameter, the otiier those from 18 to 36 inches in diameter.
The pottery material goes to a pottery pugmill, where it is brought
to the required plasticity. The green products are dried in large
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216
STRUCTUR.VL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
rooms, slightly heated by the exhaust from the kilns. The time required
for drying depends on the weather; in summer from eight to ten days
are sufficient.
Tlie i^lant has seven downdraft kilns, using oil as h\e\ — three with an
inside diameter of 30 feet, one with an inside diameter of 25 feet, two
with an inside diameter of 20 feet, and one with an inside diameter of
12 feet.
Power is furnished by a 250-horsepower boiler, using oil as a fuel,
and a 200-horsepower engine.
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ILL. No. 9S. SILICA FROM THIS CROPPING WAS I'SED BY THE TROl'lCO WORKS, LOS
ANGELES COUNTY, FOR (U.AZING TU.ES.
Southepn California Pottepy Wopks, Tomaseck Sons, 828 East Fourtli
street, Los Angeles; works, 448 East Twenty-eigiith street, Los Angeles.
Use clay from Corona and Elsinore, Riverside County, but principally
local clays from Boyle Heights. Manufacture eartiienware, stove lin-
ings, flue thimbles, assayers' furnaces and mufiles.
St. Louis FipebPiek and Clay Company, T. C. Mitchell, 123^ West
Third street, Los Angeles; works, 24()4 East Ninth street, Los Angeles.
Uses clay from Corona and Elsinore, Riverside County. IManufactures
pressed l)rick. The l)ricks are made in a 4-mold Berg brick machine,
and l)uni(Ml in downdraft kilns, using oil as fuel. Idle at present.
Standapd Pottepy Company, F. G. Barnard, 111-415 North Avenue 20,
Los Angeles. Uses clay from Corona, Riverside County, and local clay
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — MERCED, NEVADA. 217
from Boyle Heights, Los Angeles. Manufactures flower-pots, ollas, stove
thimbles, etc. The clay is mixed in a clay-grinder. The pots are
made in a stamp pot machine, of a capacity of 2000 pots per day. The
plant is equipped with a 12-horsepower gasoline engine. Employs 6
men.
Western Art Tile Works, successor to the Pacific Art Tile Company,
has a commodious and well-equipped factory on the Southern Pacific
Railroad at Tropico, 6 miles north of Los Angeles, and has been in
active operation since August, 1904.
They manufacture floor, wall, mantel, and art tiles; plain, orna-
mental, and embossed vitreous china; sanitary ware, plumbers' earthen-
ware, and other clay goods.
The factory started about two years ago as the Pacific Art Tile
Company. The works were closed several weeks during the summer of
1904. It is said to be the only factory of its kind west of the Rocky
Mountains, and its progress will be watched with some interest. Many
of its products require the finest quality of clays, which at present are
imported from Europe. The ground silica and feldspar are also shipped
from the Eastern States. These materials occur in California, but the
known deposits are so remote from the railway that it is found to be
cheaper to import them than to mine the home products.
MERCED COUNTY.
Goldman Deposit; M. Goldman, Merced, owner. A cla»y which the
owner claims is suitable for manufacturing pottery occurs in large beds
on the south bank of the Merced River, near the Mefced Falls. No
practical tests have been undertaken as yet to determine the quality of
this clay.
NEVADA COUNTY.
Kaolin has been uncovered in three different places in Nevada County,
but has been persistently prospected in only one.
De Golia Ranch, Rev. Dr. Meyer, Chicago Park, owner; in Sec. 3,
T. 15 N., R. 9 E., 6 miles north of Colfax. There are two exposures of clays
on the section. A bed of kaolin or clay 12 to 24 inches thick forms
both banks of a small stream, underlying a capping of 2 to 3 feet of
blue shaly clay, plastic and gritty, that crumbles on exposure to the
atmosphere. These clays are exposed for a distance north and south
of about 100 feet, and dip to the east. Three hundred feet west another
deposit of clay, which is capped by 2 to 3 feet of red soil, is exposed by
an open cut.
218 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Last Chance Mine, Andrew Berg, Nevada City, owner; in Sec. 29,
T. 17 N., R. y E., 5 miles northeast from Nevada City, on the North Bloom-
field road. There has been uncovered in two tunnels on the Last Chance
mine a considerable deposit of fire clay and kaolin lying alongside of
a deposit of blue lava ash, extending east and west, and dipping to the
south. There are occasional intrusions of iron.
William Walker, of Biggs, Butte County, reports kaolin in the white
clay on Union Hill, 2^ miles east of Grass Valley, He states that in
the manufacture of bricks on Union Hill several years ago he found
white clay, kaolin, galena, and copper.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Fire clay is claimed to be found in the foothills of the southwest slope
of the Santa Ana Mountains, and to be used for the manufacture of fire-
bricks in the plant of the Orange County Tile Works.
It is also claimed to be found in Hicks Canon, in the S. E. ^ of Sec. 2,
T. 6 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M.; G. F. Haven of Santa Ana and A. B. Joplin
of Trabuco, owners.
Also in Bell Canon, in the northeastern part of Sec. 24:, T. 6 S., R. 7 W.,
S. B. M.; J. B. Joplin, Santa Ana, owner.
On the ranch of Luis Moulton, south of El Toro, on Aliso Creek, a
good grade of bluish clay is found. (See Cement, page 182.)
PLACER COUNTY.
Clays in Placer County, besides those mined and worked by the
Gladding & McBean Pottery at Lincoln, are similar to those in other
counties where hydraulic mining has been in vogue.
A pronounced occurrence of varied clays was observed along the
southernmost tier of sections of T. 16 N., R. 10 and 11 E., from Dutch
Flat to Shady Run, lying between Bear River on the west and the
north fork of the north fork of the American River on the east.
At Dutch Flat, in Sec. 35, T. 16 N., R. 10 E., there occurs a tenacious
yellow clay, plastic and containing no perceptible grit, that is unlike
other clays found in Placer County. Its value for pottery uses can be
determined only by practical test. In the eastern part of Sec. 35, and
the western half of Sec. 36, T. 16 N., R. 10 E., the clays exposed by the
railroad cut are white, soft, and plastic. In Sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 11 E.,
through which Canon Creek fiows in a southwest course, there is a
decided change to a chocolate or dull white clay that lies between two
strata of l>lue sand, overcapped by some 10 feet of soil and coarse brown
sand. These chocolate clays extend southwesterly to the railroad cut.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— PLACER COUNTY.
219
Cedar Creek Mine; A. Roger, Towles, manager; in the eastern edge of
Sec. 32 and the western edge of 8ec. 33, T. 16 N., R. 11 E., a white fire
clay, plastic and containing an ahiiost imperceptible grit, is exposed in
the mine workings. The clay lies under a capping of red surface soil
containing white quartz gravel; it occurs in the east side of the channel,
coursing north and south 3500 feet. On the west side of the channel
the clay is yellow and coarser, but possesses similar (qualities, being
locally employed for firebricks. No effort has been made up to the
present time to work the fire clay to commercial advantage.
f
ILL. No. m. (LAY PIT OF GLADDING, McBEAN & CO., AT LINCOLN, PLACER COUNTY.
Gladding-, MeBean & Company's Pottery; located at Lincoln; main
offices, in the Rialto Building, San Francisco; Gladding, McBean & Co.,
owners. This large plant covers about 27 acres, and includes about 25
kilns of various types and ranging from 18 to 30 feet in diameter.
Everything in the line of clay products is manufactured, including
architectural terra cotta, sewer pipe, water and drain pipes, tiles, crocks,
brick (fire and enameled), etc. The plant uses electricity, steam, and
air for power, and oil for fuel. The clay is obtained from the beds about
1 mile north of Lincoln, where there is an abundance of very fine clay
occurring in the lone formation and overlying a vein of lignite. The
clay has been excavated by a series of benches for about 50 feet in
depth. In the Xllth Report of the State Mining Bureau, 1896, page
220
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNLi.
616, mention is made of a hole being bored 60 feet deep in the bottom
of the pit without going through the ehiy bed. (See State Mining Bureau
Reports for 1889, 1892, 1894, and 1896.)
Rich Flat.— In Soc. 15, T. 12 N., li. M M, one mile south of Auburn,
on Kicli Fhit, in an open cut at the l)reast of an old drift, there is
exposed a variety of clays in small occurrences. The colors are white
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — RIVERSIDE COimTY. 221
and light brown, some containing fine, grit-like volcanic ash; others,
pure clay or kaolin. These clays occur in a low hill extending south
and rising from 150 to 200 feet, cropped with scattering boulders of
lava.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Extending in a general west of north and east of south direction
from Elsinore on the south to Corona on the north is a great belt of
clays of superior quality. In many places these clay deposits resemble
the famous white, gray, black, red, and parti-colored clays of New
Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Like the Eastern deposits, these
California clays are subject to great local variations in color, thickness,
and other properties. A score or more of openings have been made
at different points in these beds, from which clay has been taken for
the factories at Elsinore and Corona, and for shipment to the factories
at Los Angeles.
In the region about Alberhill and Elsinore different parts of the clay
area are overlaid by a layer of disintegrated granite, which varies from
a few inches to many feet in thickness.
South of Corona the exposures indicate that the clays lie along a
great anticline, the top of which has been removed by erosion, exposing
the kaolin on each side of the axis. Along the greater part of this area
the clays are concealed by a layer of granitic sand and boulders similar
to that occurring at Alberhill. In places this sand-covering is absent,
leaving the clays exposed over limited areas. The Corona clay beds
are quite variable in character, at different points containing white
plastic clay, red and mottled plastic clay, and gray and black flint fire
clay.
The extent of these Corona-Elsinore clay beds, together with the
great thickness and great plasticity of some and high refractory prop-
erties of others, will tend to increase the output in the future. The
deposits will have an additional importance as the population increases
in southern California.
Albephill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, is (1904) shipping clay
from three different openings at Alberhill, the terminus of the railway
spur from Elsinore Junction. At the coal tipple of the coal mine is a
clay pit covering an area of about 100 feet long by 50 feet wide, with a
face of about 30 feet. The upper portion of this deposit consists of 10
feet of red and gray variegated clay, underlaid by from 6 to 8 feet of a
mixed fire clay and granitic sand, underlaid in turn by a gray to black
clay with thin streaks of coal, and at the base, underlying the coal
streaks, is a bed of blue plastic fire clay, 3 to 4 feet exposed.
About half a mile east of south of the above pit and about 200 feet
higher on the hill, another pit has been opened, from which the clay is
909
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
hauled by wagon to the railway. In this opening a high-grade plastic
fire clay is obtained. The deposit is from 4 to 5 feet thick, and is over-
laid by from 5 to 10 feet of a greenish-colored plastic clay that is not used,
but whicii must be removed in order to get the fire clay. Overlying
the green clay in most places is a layer of sand containing polished
granite boulders. Despite the considerable expense of quarrying the
clay at this pit, it has been removed in large quantities. The present
openings cover an area of probably four or five acres.
A quarter of a mile south of the above pit is another one from which
red and white mottled plastic clay is obtained. The bed varies from 25
^p:*^4^f^^,
ILL. No. Kil. ILVIUilXCiTOX (LAY PIT, 10 MILKS SOUTH OF COKOXA, Kl VKItSI DK CorXTV.
to 40 feet in thickness in different portions of the pit, which extends
over an area of about half an acre. This clay is at present (June, 1904)
being shipped in larger quantities than from any of the other pits.
Califopnia Fire-Proof Construction Company has a factory 8 miles
north of Elsinore, where it manufactures sewer pipe, earthenware, and
hollow ))ricks, sewer pipe being the chief product. At present the com-
pany is getting its clay from Alberhill (described above). On the
hillside at the factory are two cla}^ pits from which the clay was
formerly mined.
Ch. P. Carter, Elsinore, owns a deposit of kaolin about 2 miles east of
W'ildomar, said to be of considerable extent and to contain some material
of very good grade.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— RIVERSIDE COUNTY. 223
Copona Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Company operates a factory
one half mile west of Corona, on the south side of the Santa Fe Railway.
The company manufactures white, buff, and spotted pressed brick.
Both hand and steam-power repressing machines are used, and a beau-
tiful high-grade building brick is produced. Los Angeles is the chief
market.
Harrington Clay Pit, leased for ten years to M. W. Finley, Corona, is
about 10 miles east of south from Corona. It lies on the mountainside^
about 300 feet above the valley floor, on the east side of the valley. A
section of the face of the pit shows several grades and varieties of clay^
as follows: from 2 to 6 feet of sand and boulders at the top, underlaid
by from 10 to 20 feet of red and white mottled plastic clay, then by
from 4 to 10 feet of white plastic refractory clay, and then at one end
of the quarry by a red clay with a pisolitic structure and resembling a
ferruginous bauxite in appearance. The clay from this pit is hauled
in wagons to Corona, for shipment to Los Angeles.
George W. Lord, Corona. In Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M., is a
body of light grayish, fine-grained fire clay, in which a ledge of ochre
is found.
Los Angeles Pressed Briek Company, 105 South Broadway, Los Angeles,
operates a large clay pit about one mile north of west from Alberhill,
and hauls the clay in w^agons to the railway at Alberhill, whence it is
shipped to Los Angeles. The claj^ deposit at this point is quite exten-
sive, probably not less than 60 feet in thickness, but varies somewhat
in character. The beds are stratified and show a dip of 30° S., 10° W.
The bulk of the deposit exposed in the pit consists of white and gray
plastic fire clay. There is some red and variegated clay at the top of
the deposit, and in several places the clay contains some coarse sand,
resembling disintegrated granite. The clay pit is about 200 feet long,
60 feet wide, and from 25 to 35 feet deep. A shaft sunk in the floor of
the pit is said to be 40 feet deep in clays, differing somewhat in kind,
but all high grade. These clays are used in Los Angeles in the manu-
facture of terra cotta and light-colored building bricks.
MeViear Pit; W. G. McVicar, Corona, owner; in Sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 7 W.,
S. B. M. An extensive deposit of clay, covering about 100 acres. The
clay is of various colors — light brown, dark and light gray. It was
formerly shipped to the California Clay Manufacturing Company,.
Los Angeles. Not operated in 1904.
Pacifle Clay Manufacturing Company, 235 South Los Angeles street,.
Los Angeles, owns and operates a large clay pit in the valley about a
mile southwest of the Harrington pit. The clays are somewhat similar
224 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
to those in the Harrington pit, but are arranged in a little different
order. There is a thickness of from 5 to 25 feet of sand and l)oul(lers
overlying the clays. On one side of the pit the sand is underlaid by
white plastic clay from 15 to 25 feet thick, wliich is underlaid by red
mottled clay; on the opposite side of the pit the sand rests on red
mottled clay, a portion of which has a pisolitic texture. Both tlie red and
white clays are very smooth and plastic, but in places contain diffused
sand or quartz grains, which are sufficient to prohibit their use in fine
ware, unless carefully selected in quarrying, or the coarse particles
removed by some system of washing.
This company also owns the quarry 8 miles southwest of Corona,
formerly owned and operated by Mr. McKnight. It produces a black flint
tire clay in large quantities, besides some of the blue refractory clay.
This clay lies on the top and south side of the low hill in a bed which
dips 35 degrees south. The clay has been removed by tunneling at the
base of the hill. The black flint clay shows a thickness of about 20 feet,
and is overlaid by 10 feet of blue clay and about 20 feet of reddish-
colored plastic clay, which is followed by a coarse, granitic quartzose
sandstone. Large quantities of highly refractory clay are obtained here
for use in the works at Corona.
This company also owns the clay pit formerly owned by \V. G.
McVicar, near Elsinore.
The works of this company are situate one mile west of Corona, on
the north side of the Santa Fe Railway. They manufacture sewer pipe,
water pipe, both salt-glazed and unglazed tiles, flue linings, chimney
pipes, firebrick, conduits for electric wires, and terra cotta. The fire-
brick is made from the refractory clay of the McKnight quarry, previously
described. The different kinds of pipe, etc., are made from the clay
obtained 10 miles south of Corona. The factory is well equipped with
machinery. There are eight round, downdraft kilns in use, in which
the products are burned with oil fuel.
Thomas Parks, Corona, has a clay deposit in Temescal Canon.
Near Perris, 14 miles southeast, is a large deposit of clay along the
San Jacinto River, traversed by the Santa Fe Railway. It was for-
merly used by the Colton Cement Works. Its analysis as given by the
chemist of those works is: silica, 15.10 per cent; alumina and ferric
oxide, 29.70 per cent; carbonate of lime, 4.14 per cent; carbonate of
magnesia, 8.02 per cent; water and organic matter, 12.30 per cent.
Pipe and Tile Works, near P^lsinore; Dolbeer estate, San Francisco,
owner; (I. Ross, superintendent. Manufacture principally sewer pipe.
Use clay from tbc neighborhood of Alberhill.
HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 225
SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Bundoek Stoneware Works, Oak Park postoffice station, Sacramento;
G. F. Bundoek, owner. The works are located in the eastern suburb
of Sacramento. The products are butter-jars, churns, bean-pots, jugs,
milk-crocks, poultry-fonts, Avater-jars, and flower-pots. Two varieties
of pottery clay are employed: "fat" clay of light brown color, "lean"
clav of white or cream tint. From 85 to 90 tons of the clav are con-
sumed in a year. The clay banks (4 acres in area) are owned by the
proprietor of the works, and are situate in the N. E. i of the S. E. ^ of
Sec. 2, T. 7 N., R. 8 E., on the north side of the Cosumnes River, 2
miles east of Bridge House. The clay when first removed from the
banks weighs 170 pounds to the cubic foot and shrinks to 87 pounds
when dried by exposure to the atmosphere. The ware is liurned in an
updraft kiln, having a capacity of 2000 gallons.
Capital Sewep Pipe Works, at Thirtieth and L streets, Sacramento;
Muddox Brothers, owners. The works have been established and in
operation for a number of years. Formerly the products included
stoneware and firebricks, but for the past five years the output has been
restricted to sewer pipe and terra cotta chimneyware. The material
used is pottery clay obtained in Amador County near lone, and loam.
The plant consists of a Vaughn sewer-pipe press of an average daily
capacity of 1200 pieces, and two downdraft kilns 18 to 20 feet in
diameter. Ten to fifteen men are employed.
Southepn Paeifle FipebPiek Wopks, a department of the Southern
Pacific shops system at Sacramento; H. S. Becker, manager. This
company makes no commercial bricks, the product being restricted to
its own requirements. The product is chiefly of three classes of fire-
bricks: keyed bricks, employed in the construction of coal-burning
locomotive fireboxes; small plain bricks for stationary coal-burning
furnaces; and special sizes and shapes for rolling-mill arches. The
clav used is of two varieties, white and blue, obtained from the Al Smith
clay banks near lone, in Amador County. The blue clay is considered
the better material, owing to its greater plasticity. The process adopted
is the burning in a kiln of a quantity of the clay and grinding it to a
powder. This is mixed with an equal quantity of fresh clay and
allowed to weather in the open during the winter months. Then the
mixture is ground in the pugmill, and molded by hand in pattern
molds of the required shapes and sizes; then the bricks are burned in
open updraft kilns. The better bricks are made by substitution of
ground "grog" for the ground clay. The ground substance serves the
purpose of quartz sand; the oftener it is used the stronger it becomes.
The ground clay and the ground grog — two parts grog and one part
15 — BUL. 38
226 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATEKL\.LS OF CALIPORNL\.
clay — arc iiiixrd and used as a mortar for setting the firebrick in the
oil-burning fireboxes and rolling-mill arches. Tlic i)lant consists of a
pugmill and two u])draft open kilns, using wood fuel. The time
required for burning the bricks is 1G8 hours. The aggregate animal
cajiacity of the two kilns is 150,000 bricks.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
The large valleys of the San Benito and its tributaries in the northern
part of San Benito County, and their surrounding foothills, undoubt-
edly contain extensive deposits of clays, of which some might prove
valuable upon investigation. Deposits of very plastic clay are found
in one section of the San Juan hills, and probably over a much larger
area in those hills than as yet ascertained.
R. W. Chappell, Hollister, owns, in the southern part of the San Justo
ranch, in the eastern part of the San Juan hills, o miles south of
Hollister, 160 acres of tableland, upon which is a bed of clay, exposed
to a considerable depth in the several gulches. A well was sunk 80
feet without reaching the underlying rock. The clay is light gray in
color, very plastic, without any grit, burns to a cherry red, and tests
have proven it suitable for potter's ware.
In some places near the top of the deposit a horizontal bed of clay,
about one foot thick, of a light yellow color, due to iron oxide, more
indurated, somewhat gritty and only slightly plastic, crops out in the
slopes of the gulches, but is apparently not continuous over the entire
deposit.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
R. H. Atwood, Oro Grande, owns a clay deposit in T. 6 N., K. 4 W.,
S. B. M., aljout 4 miles east of Oro Grande. It consists of disconnected
bodies of kaolin, lying in a decomposed material. Through the kaolin
are found narrow seams of selenite. A drift of about 100 feet long has
been run in this de|)Osit, known as the Excello mine.
About 15 miles north of Barstow large clay deposits are reported; the
beds are said to contain several different varieties of clays. Have not
been utilized as yet.
C. F. Blackburn, Victorville, has located a clay deposit of a character
similar to that of the Atwood deposit, and about 2 miles E. N. E. there-
from, one mile west of the Snider wells, covering about five acres, and
claimed to be from 80 to 40 feet thick.
California Portland Cement Company, 401 Trust Building, Los Angeles,
owns an extensive clay deposit in Heebie Canon, southeast of Colton,
in Sec. 35, T. 1 N., R. 4 W., and Sec. 2, T. 1 S., R. 4 W., S. B. M. This
HIGH-GR^VDE CLAYS — SAN DIEGO, SAN JOAQUIN. 227
clay bed has a strike about N. 20° W., and dips about 30° northeasterly;
is exposed along the canon for a height of about 50 feet, and has a
width of about 100 feet. It is a rich clay, with few small pebbles; color
light gray, showing on the exposures in places efflorescence of alkalies,
and on the fracture planes a thin brownish coating of iron oxide, prob-
ably due to percolation from the surface soil. Intercalated in the clay
are some beds of a sandy material not over a couple of feet wide. The
clay was formerly used by the California Portland Cement Company in
the manufacture of cement at the Colton Cement Works, but is now
replaced by clay from Alberhill, Riverside County.
Neap Dag-gett a clay deposit is mentioned in the IXth Report of the
California State Mining Bureau, page 303. The material is described
as a soft, white, very plastic clay, containing a large percentage of
alumina, and claimed to be a pure kaolin, combined with aluminum
hydroxide.
J. B. Friend, Victorville, has covered by location a cla}^ deposit of 180
acres in T. 6 X., R. 3 W., S. B. M., 10 miles easterly of Victorville.
The clay is from 1 to 5 feet thick, partly of a bluish tint, partly white.
When burned it has a brownish tint. This clay is stated to have been
tested for the manufacture of firebrick, pressed brick, and tiles. Some
was shipped to Tropico, Los Angeles County, in former years. None
was shipped in 1904.
Near The Needles clay deposits are reported, but as yet have not been
developed.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
Very near the summit of El Cajon Mountains, about 25 miles east of
San Diego, there is a deposit of kaolin, claimed to be about 75 feet wide.
A shaft has been sunk through apparently pure kaolin.
Three miles northeast of Otay there is a deposit of montmorillonite
(mineral soap), a massive, clay-like variety of kaolin, containing a
great amount of combined water. (See IXth Report of the California
State Mining Bureau, p. 139.)
East of Warner there is a deposit of ochre, which as 3"et has only
been slightly prospected. F. L. Hahn, 1650 North Main street, Los
Angeles, owner.
SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY.
Carnegie Brick and Terra Cotta Pottery; Carnegie Brick and Pottery
Company, 328 Montgomer}' street, San Francisco, owner. This plant is
situated at Carnegie, in Corral Hollow, 4 miles below Tesla. In Novem-
ber, 1904, twelve 32-foot kilns were already completed in the brick
department, each kiln with a capacity of 110,000 bricks. The output of
228
STRICTLKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
the plant is 100,000 bricks jxr day. Inside drying tunnels use the waste
heat fi'oiu burned kilns, and season 100,000 bricks in ten hours. At
present the i»hint makes everything in tlie line of Itrieks exee])t common
brick, inchulin*:- faced, fire, paving, glazed, etc.; also lire blocks for
locoiuotives, etc. The terra cotta works are in course of construction.
Carnegie Shale Pit; Caruegii' Hrick and Pottery ('onii)any, 328 Mont-
gomer}' street, San Francisco, owner. Shale (juarried one half mile
from Carnegie, in a small canon on the east side of Corral Hollow, is
mixed with clay from the Tesla mine, and used in the manufacture of
the Carnegie paving brick. These hard clay shales are ])ermeated witli
ILL. No. 102. STKIi;E1{ TKUKA COTT.V AM) rolTKIiV COMI'A.XY'S I'LA.NT AT SOITU
SAN KKAXCISCO, SAX >L\Ti:o CorNTV.
manganese stains, and extend for over 200 yards into the hill, as is
shown by a development tunnel. It is claimed that these "pavers"
were subjected to a rattling test of 2000 revolutions with a loss of only
6.7 per cent, and a ci-ushing test of 8000 pounds per square inch. They
are to Ije used in paving San Pablo avenue, in front of the City Hall,
in Oakland.
SAN MATEO COUNTY.
Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Works; ofhees, 45 Mills Building,
San Francisco. Works are at South San Francisco, San Mateo County,
located on the bay sho)-e, so that shipments may l)e made l)y water as
well as by rail. This extensive plant, including yardage, covers eight
acres of gromid, and includes thi-ec l()-foot luullle kilns and seven brick
and sewer-))ipe kilns, ranging fi-oni '2') to •">() fec^t (inside diameters):
liKili-CiKAOE CLAYS — SAN :MATK0, SANTA CLARA.
229
three dry jiaiis; tliree wet
pans; two sewer-})ipe presses
(capable of making oO-ineh
l)il)e) ; two brick presses ; and
all the necessary machinery
for a complete plant. Steam
is used for power and oil for
fuel. The clay is mined in
their own pits in Amador
County (see page 210). The
comp any m a n u f a c t n r e s
everything in the line of
pottery and terra cotta wares.
Illustration No. 103 repre-
sents a two-thirds life size
terra cotta figure, entitled
"The California Poppy,"
now in the National Mu-
seum at Washington, D. C.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
Garden City Pottepy; T. C.
Barnett, South First street,
San Jose. At present (De-
cember, 1904) it is located
at the corner of Park avenue
and East streets, San Jose,
Init new Imildings and ma-
chinery are being erected
at the corner of Sixth and
Jackson streets. The pres-
ent small experimental plant
was installed merely to
prove up the clays to war-
rant further Imildings. The
clavs, from the l)anks of
Coyote Creek, have proven
suitable for the work desired,
and the larger ]>lant has been
started. Flower-pots, sewer
pipe, water-jars, etc., are
manufactured.
ILL. No. l(i;i. TKKKA COTTA W.\UK, BY STKKiKR
TKKKA COTTA AND I'OTTKKY WORKS, OK SAN
FRANCISCO.
230 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTUM Al ; .M ATKIU Al .S OF CALIFORNIA.
SHASTA COUNTY.
Holt & Gregg, Redding, have, in ISec. 34, T. 34 N., R. 5 W., INI. D. :\r..
on the road from the old limestone quarry to the old kilns on Backbone
Creek, a bank of clay used for fire-clay lining in the limekilns. It is
claimed to be equal to fire clay shipped in from other points.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
A. H. Denny, Etna, owns the coal mine in Sec. 26, T. 46 N., R. 6 W.,
M. D. M. Fire clay is found in the roof and on the floor. The clay in
the roof is generally about 5 feet thick. The thickness of that on the
floor is not known. This clay has been used in the boiler furnace at
the mine and has given good satisfaction. In the coal are two partings of
clay, from 1 to 4 inches thick. This clay has been used and found to
be good fire clay. The mine is at present idle, and the workings are
inaccessible.
Melvin Hovey, Gazelle, owner, in Sec. 8, T. 43 N., R. 6 W., has found a
body of yellowish clay about 16 feet wide, and traced for over half a
mile, which has been used as refractory material. Molded forms, baked
in fire, make very compact and consistent articles.
YUBA COUNTY.
Dupst Ranch Loam Deposit; D. P. Durst and R. H. Durst, Wheatland,
Yuba County, owners; in Sees. 10, 12, and 18, T. 14 X., R. 5 E., on
Bear River, half mile east of Wheatland. There are 400 acres of land
in the holding, 75 acres of which contain loam. Four acres have been
worked off since the beginning of the present production in 1896. The
material is a black clay loam, occupying a depth of 6 feet, overlaid by 18
inches of soil. The product shipped is the subsoil, which has a depth
of 3^ feet. The output is 375 tons annually, disposed of at $2 per ton,
and used for tempering various pottery clays at the Gladding-lNIcBean
pottery works, Lincoln, Placer County, a distance of 10 miles by rail.
BRICK AND TILE CLAYS. ETC.
231
LOW-GRADE CLAYS.
The low-grade clays include the adobe clays and the common red
brick and tile clays and shales.
ADOBE CLAYS.
Adobe clays of California are similar in many respects to the gumbo
clays of the Mississippi Valley. They are extremely strong, plastic clays
ILL. Xo. 104. ADOBE HOUSE, SHOWING USE OF ADOBE BRICKS.
SAX BKRXARDIXO COUXTY.
that slake readily when wet, to a very sticky, pasty mass and become
very hard on drying. They are used in the manufacture of sun-dried
bricks which were, in former times, generally used in the construction
of the pioneer homes. The bricks are made from 18 to 24 inches wide
and from 5 to 6 inches thick, but shrink on drying. Then, after the
walls are constructed, they are plastered over with clay.* Adobe bricks
form cool and comfortable l)uildings in warm climates, but can not
resist heavy rainfall or constant moisture.
*Geology and Industrial Resources of California, by Phil T. Tyson, Baltimore, 1851,
p. 41.
232 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTKIAU MATKKIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
RED BRICK AND TILE CLAYS AND INDUSTRY.
Tlie low-grade clays used in the manufacture of red brick and red
tile are .so abundant, and hence so cheap, that they can not profitably
be transported far, so that the brick and tile factories are located at the
clay deposits, and the two are considered together.
in the value per ton the l)rick clays rank among the lowest; in the
total or aggregate value they probably stand at the head of all the clay
industries. The statistics for the United States, as given by the U. S.
Geological Survey for the year 1902, show that of the $122,169,531, the
value of all the clay products, $24,127,453 represents the value of the
varied pottery industries, and $98,042,078 the value of the brick and
tile industries, of which $48,885,869, or 40 per cent of the total, rep-
resents the red brick and tile.
In the list of states California ranks eleventh in the value of its clay
products, with 89 firms operating and $2,253,096 the value oi the prod-
uct for 1902; and sixteenth in the value of the common brick and tile,
valued at $1,291,941. Thus the red-brick product in California has a
greater aggregate value than that of all the other clay products. It is
likewise more widely distributed over the State. The pottery industry
is limited to a very few counties, while the common-brick industry is
represented in nearly every county of the State.
The clays or materials used in making common red bricks consist of
a clay base, with a mixture of sand and other materials. There are so
many and such varied mixtures used for the manufacture of brick that
the impression is often gained that "anything will do to make brick."
But such is not the case. There is a wide range in the composition of
the materials from which good bricks may be manufactured, but there
is a limit beyond which the quality of the bricks rapidly deteriorates.
The following analyses show the average and the maximum and mini-
mum of the ingredients connnonly occurring in brick clays. A clay in
which the percentage of any one or more of the ingredients mentioned
is mu(!h above the maximum given or below the minimum will prove
an inferior, if not worthless, clay for even common brick.
Chemical Analyses of Common-Brick Clays.
Average. .Miiiiinuin. Miixiininii.
Silica (Si02),coml)ined--. 15.0% V2A>/„ 30.Uy„
Silica sand 5.5.0 20.0 (iO.O
AluiniiuMAUO;,) 14.11 11. ti 2.">.0
Water (If oO), coiiibined. .- 4.0 .'^.n it.O
Water nioi.st lire 2.0 d.n (i.d
Iron o.xide (Fc2*>;)) --- 4.0 2.5 s.o
Linu'(CaO) 1.5 0.r> 7.(i
Magnesia (MgO) 1.5 ti.;5 7.0
Alkalies (KoO, NaaO) :5.5 L'.d 7.0
Increase of sand decreases the shrinkage and facilitates the drying.
MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 233
Decrease of sand, with increase of alumina and water, increases the
shrinkage and generally increases the plasticity of the clay. The
iron gives the red color to the brick. The original clay before burning
may be blue, black, yellow, or gray, but in the burning the iron is
turned to the red or anhydrous oxide, one of the most durable forms of
iron to resist the action of the atmosphere. Lime and magnesia, in
large amounts, tend to form buff and cream colors with the iron.
As might be expected from the great range in composition, there is a.
wide range in plasticity and other properties. Those with a high per-
centage of coarse sand are very lean and difHcult to mold. Those with
less sand, or very fine sand, are generally highly plastic. The hydrous-
silicate of alumina is assumed to be the base in all cases.
The brick clays of California are the residual, alluvial, lacustrine, and
marine clays, with the second class greatly in excess.
An abundant supply of fairly good clay for red brick is found in all
parts of the State where it is needed. The two chief centers of the
industry are San Francisco and Los Angeles. Several varieties of clay
and shale are used at both places, as described later.
THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK.
Weathering the Clay. — When, as is often the case, the clay coming
directl}' from the bank slakes ver}- slowly upon being immersed in water^
time is saved and better bricks are manufactured if the clay is allowed
to weather before being used. Often, however, this is neglected, and the
clay is removed directly from the bank to the pugmill.
Soaking" and Mixing the Clay. — Tlie proportions of clay and water
required in the manufacture of brick vary with the different clays and
processes used. Clay soaked from twelve to forty-eight hours in a vat
should absorb sufficient water ^-o that no additions will l)e necessary
during pugging. This soaking before mixing is very beneficial and fre-
quently necessary, as there are very few clays that can absorb water
with such rapidity that it will be equally distributed throughout the
clay in the time that it passes from one end of the pugmill to the other.
Cla}-- is mixed by using a tempering wheel. After the clay has soaked
over night, a Avrought-iron wheel, consisting of one or two rims, turning
on a horizontal shaft, is revolved througli the mud, changing its position
every revolution. This mixing continues for al)i)at six hours, the time
re(iuired depending on the character of the clay. Sometimes the tem-
pering is done in upright pugmills.
Grinding the Clay. Shales are sometimes so hard that tliey have to-
be reduced in a reducer, crusher, disintegrator, pulverizer, dry pan or
wet pan, before they can Ije suitably tempered or soaked with water.
234
STRUCTIKAL AND 1XL)L'«TKIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
In some instances clay contains gravel or other nodular substances
that nuist !»(> rciuoviMl or ])ulverized before the clay is in condition for
manufacturing purposes.
Hand-made Brick is a liand-iuolded ))rick, generally sun-dried and
burned in open kilns. This primitive metliod of manufacture is now
only used in ])hices where a very limited and intermittent output can
]u' marketed.
Machine-molded Brick. — Nearly all tlie l)ricks now made in California
are machine-molded; the common red brick either by the soft-mud or
ILL. No. 105. POTTS I)ISIXTK( ; i;.\T( )i:.
1)V the stiff-mud ])rocess; and the hiuh-^rade front l)rick bv the drv-
process or the semi-dry process.
The soft-mud process is adapted to tiie highly siliceous clays that
can not be worked satisfactorily by the other methods, as well as to any
plastic clays that can be dried without cracking. The machines which
are commonly used in the soft-mud process have a capacity of from
15,000 to 40,000 bricks per d.iy. Tlie clay is ground and tempered in a
vertical pugmill, from which it is forced by a plunger into the molds.
The molds are taken away, emptied, and returned to the machine.
Tlic drying is usually started on a sand lloor in the ojicn air, when,
after partial drying, they aic removed to drying racks under cover, and
further dried by the aii-, or they are sometimes dried in artificially
heated drying-eliambers before being put in the kiln. Bricks made by
the soft-mud process, unless repressed, are a})t to be imperfect in shape
and irregular in size. Sometimes when drying in the yard they are
exposed to the action of a rainstorm and tlu' edges and corners washed
off and tlie bricks destroyed. If, liowever, the corners are uninjured
•A
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236
STRUCTL KAL AND IXDUttTKlAL MATERIALS UF CAl.lKOKMA,
and tlie surface merely si)otted with the rain, they lind a ready market
in some localities as "washed" or ''rain-marked" hrick, wiiich were
so iM)i)ular at times that they were prodneefl artificially liy sjjrinkling
the green 1> ricks
with water from a
^ hose.
^ If stock or face
p hriek is desired, the
> molded hrieks ai'e
r; alio w e d to par-
= tiallv drv out and
< then thev are i-e-
'- pressed in a hand
2 press, which I'l-
% moves the inecjual-
^ ities and produces
J a smooth surface
^ and sharj) corners.
^j The xii^'-riiiiil jira-
g cesfi requires a plas-
5 tic clay and one
'£ capable of drying
^ in a reasonable
~ time without crack-
S ing. In this process
£ the cla}' is tem-
Z pered with less
r water to a Stiff nnul
rj in a pugmill. and
^ is then fed into an
auger mac
hine-
or
L plunger machine.
■J. In the auger ma-
< chine the clav is
2 forced through the
,,. die to the cutting
^ ta])le in a contin-
c
^' uous bar (see 111.
£ !()()). which is cut
into brick size by
wires operated
either l)y hand or automatically. The wires are so arranged as to cut
any numl>ei' of bricks from two to twenty-four or more at once. By
using different dies the same machines can be so set as to eut the bricks
W
o
c5
'A
O
ISl
t— )
C
W
CO
H
O
>^
{2:-!7)
238
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
at the end, the side, or tlie edge. By ehanging the die, hollow bricks
may be made on the stift-miid machine. Sometimes two or more bars
of clay are delivered from the machine at the same time, and the
capacity thus doubled. In one type of the machine the bricks are
delivered on a board after cutting. In another, the bricks are delivered
on a moving belt, which carries the bricks from the machine. From
the belt they are removed by hand and then transferred to the driers,
either in the open air or in drying tunnels. The plunger machine differs
from the auger machine in forcing the clay through the die l)y a plunger
or piston, and hence the stream or bar of clay is not continuous. This
ILL. No. 109. SIX-MOLD BRICK PRESS. M.VDK HY THK CHISHOLM. BOYD c^- WHITE CO.
type of machine is passing out of use and giving way to the auger
machine. Bricks made by the stiff-mud process are liable to more or
less injury in the handling, so that when a better grade of brick is
desired they are repressed, as in the other processes.
The dry-press method can be used for quite a variety of clays, from
very fat, aluminous clays to very siliceous ones, if they are not too
coarsely sandy. In this method the clay, instead of being mixed into a
plastic mass with water, is molded dry, or with only suilicient moisture
to permit it to cohere when pressed together. The clay should be stored
several weeks or months before using. When ready for use it is pulver-
ized in a disintegrator, and screened to secure uniformity. It is tlien
pressed into molds and put in the kilns and burned witliout tlie prelim-
MANUFACTURE OP BUILDING BRICK.
239
inar}' drying necessary in the otlier method. It must be water-smoked
or heated at a low temperature for several days before burning at high
temperature. A special and valuable variety of the dry-press brick is
the hydraulic pressed brick, in which the pressure is applied by a pair
of hydraulic rams, which first give a pressure of 240 pounds to the square
inch, followed directly by a pressure of 3700 pounds, or about forty
tons to the brick. The enormous pressure greatly increases the hard-
ness and density. The hydraulic pressed brick is a patented product, and
the output in the United States is controlled by a single great corpora-
tion, with plants in different cities. The ordinary dry -press brick is
ILL. No. 110. FIELD BRICK KILN, SHOWING METHOD OF BURNING WITH OIL.
made in many localities. The advantages claimed for the dry-press brick
are smooth face, sharp edges, and freedom from defects. They generally
command a nuich better price than the common brick.
Drying. — The bricks molded by hand and by the soft-mud process
are commonly dried in the sun in open yards or in the pallet-driers,
which consist of covered frames for holding pallets or boards on which
the bricks are carried from the machine. Both these methods are
common in California.
The bricks from the stiff-mud machine are commonly dried in the
drying tunnel with artificial heat. The bricks are piled on iron or
steel cars, which are pushed slowly through the drying tunnel and
emerge at the opposite end. The tunnels are heated sometimes by
l'4()
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERL\LS OF CALIFORNL\.
steam and sometimes by hot-air flues. The cars from the drying tun-
nels are run into the kilns, where the liricks are staeked for ])nrning.
Burning. — There are several types of kilns in which bricks are burned.
Updraft Kilns. — The bricks at the small yards are almost invariably
burned in \ipdraft kilns of the stove tyi)e, connnonly called the open
kiln or field kiln. The bricks are set in rectangular masses, from 36 to
o4 bricks high, and l)uilt with a series of arches running through the
mass. After the bricks are set, they are surrounded l)y a wall of old
l)ricks, which is daubed with mud on the outside. After the burning
ILL. .\o. 111. INTKUIOK oK A ((iXTINnHS HKKK KILN (HOFIOLVX TVl'K).
tlie walls are torn down and the bricks removed from any part of the
kiln.
The permanent updraft kiln, or Dutch kiln, differs from the above in
having permanent side and l)ack walls; it is far more preferable and
l)roduces a better and more uniformly burned brick.
Doiondraft kilns. — In the downdraft kilns the heat enters through
openings in the walls near the top, and is carried down through the
bricks stacked in the kiln and out through one or more Hues at the
bottom, which arc connected with a chimney or chimneys on the ex-
terior. A much more uniform heat can be maintained in a downdraft
kiln than in an updraft kiln. There arc two common types of down-
draft kilns: the round and the square. In California the former type
is more generally in use.
CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK. 241
Cnntiiiiiniis /vV/z/n. — There are several kinds of continuous kilns, of
-which the most common is the Hoffman kiln (see 111. Ill), which con-
sists of an oval ring, surrounding a central space, the chimney. The
oval ring is divided into a series of chambers, with either permanent or
temporary walls. The bricks are stacked in some of these chambers
and the heat is led through several ahead before it reaches the chimney;
the fuel is fed through small apertures at the top, and the fire pro-
gresses from one part of the kiln to the other, creeping gradually ahead
as the fuel is fed farther and farther in front. The fire is never
allowed to go out, and there are sufficient chambers so that tlie brick
may lie ])urning in one, drying in another, and being taken out of a
third at the same time. There are a large number of these kilns in
California.
The face-l)rick and all the other high-grade bricks are Inirned in
either a downdraft kiln or in a muffie kiln.
CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK.
In the market the bricks are commonly classified as follows:
(1) Common In-icks are those used for all building purposes, except fine
fronts or facings. They are graded, mainly on the basis of the hardness
of V)urning, into salmon l)rick, which are the underlmrned ones from
the. top of an updraft or the bottom of a downdraft kiln, and are the
lowest grade of brick, being used for liacking or inside work, where not
exposed to the weather. Light red, medium red, dark red, hard red,
straight hard, and rough hard are the other grades.
(2) Stock hricki< are those more carefully made, having perfect
shapes and edges, and selected. They command a price two or three
times that of common bricks.
(8) Pressed hrirls, or face hricks, are a finer grade and command
higher prices.
(4) Roman hrich is the name of a special size now used extensively
all over the United States for front and face brick; 12 by 4 by 1\\
inches is a standard size for the roman brick. They are most com-
monly buff, gray, or spotted; rarely are they made of red color.
(o) Ornamental hrich is the name given to many shapes, colors, and
sizes that are used for decorative purposes.
(6) Enameled or glazed hricks are used largely in hallways, bath-
rooms, and subways, where a light-reflecting or sanitary lining is
needed.
(7) Huff and spotted hrirh:-i are used in large quantities. A clay that
will burn to a light color is used for the buff and light-colored bricks.
The colored and spotted bricks are produced by the use of pigment,
16-BUL. 38.
242 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERL^LS OF CALIFORNLV.
such as iron ore and manganese oxide. These bricks are made by at
least eight firms in California almost entirely by the dry-press process.
(8) Fire hricls. See chapter on high-grade clays.
(1>) ]'ifrifi('(J hrirks. See chapter on high-grade clays.
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Remillard Brick Company; E. U. Sinard, Pleasanton, vice-president
and superintendent; J. P. (lelinas, Second and Clay streets, Oakland,
secretary. The plant of this company is located in Livermore Valley,
on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1^ miles northeast of Pleasanton; it
includes two 16-compartment Hoffman kilns of 20,000 daily capacity
each. Coal is used as fuel. Only common bricks are made. They are
manufactured from a superficial deposit of sandy loam, 25 feet thick,
which is near the kilns. The company employs 100 men during the
summer, and 50 in winter.
BUTTE COUNTY.
T. Bordenheim, Doons. In Sec. 32, T. 24 N., K. 4 E. Burned 170,000
bricks in 1904.
Ophir Hardware Company, Oroville. Burned 500,000 bricks in 1904.
William Walker, Biggs. In Sec. 30, T. 18 N., R. 3 E. Idle since 1903.
COLUSA COUNTY.
George Smith, Colusa. The yards have been in operation since 1892,
producing 1,800,000 bricks, the most of which were used by the maker
in construction work. The clay employed at present is from a tract of
thirteen lots containing a sandy soil about 4 feet in deptli. The Quaker
brick machine and the common kilns are used.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.
Richmond Brick Company, olfice 126 Davis street, San Francisco.
The i)hint is located one mile west of the town of Riclimond. The
company has a patent kiln of its own design, with a capacity of 800,000
bricks. It averages about 30,000 bricks a day. Shipments are made
by rail.
FRESNO COUNTY.
C. J. Crayeroft & Son Brick Company. One plant is located al)out one
mile south of Fresno, where bricks were formerly burned in a 16-
compartment Hoffman kiln, but this yard was not worked during
1904. A second plant is located one quarter mile south, where the
In'icks are made in soft-mud machines, sun-dried, and burned in open
kilns, using oil as fuel. The j)lant is operated during the summer
months. lioth connnon and pressed In'icks are made.
BRICK CLAYS — GLENN, KINGS, LOS ANGELES. 243
Fresno Brick and Tile Company, Fred Prescott, manager, corner of H
and Mono streets, Fresno. This^ plant is located about 3 miles north
of the city. Both common and pressed bricks are manufactured and
burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
GLENN COUNTY.
Brick clays are abundant in Glenn County in T. 19 and 22, N., R. 3 W.
These clays are chiefly sandy loam. No bricks have been made in the
county in the past nine years. Previous to that time the local demand
required the operation of several yards.
HUMBOLDT COUNTY.
(See Supplement.)
KERN COUNTY.
(See Supplement.)
KINGS COUNTY.
W. D. Trewhitt Brickyard, S. P. Brownlee, manager, Hanford. This
plant is located one half mile west of Hanford, on the Southern Pacific
Railroad. The bricks are made in a stiff-mud machine, sun-dried, and
burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
The clay deposits within the limits of Los Angeles consist principally
of loam (clay in which there is a considerable proportion of sand)
which contains numerous inclusions of pebbles. In Chavez Cafion, in
the northern part of the city, a bank of shale over 100 feet high is used.
These shales occur in narrow beds dipping into the hill, some of which
are highly plastic, separated by narrow beds of sand, and make a very
workable material. In the northeastern part of the city the clays are
underlaid by sand. In the eastern part, on Boyle Heights, the clay
forms the upper stratum, from 5 to 10 feet thick, containing, however,
numerous inelosures of sandy material. It is underlaid by sand and
gravel. In the southeastern part, a bank of clay from 25 to 50 feet high,
running a little north of west, and inclosed on both sides by arkose
beds, is worked by the Southern California Brick Company. Near
Inglewood, southwest of the city, the clay is intermingled with lenses of
sand and some fine gravel, and is underlaid by coarse gravel. West
of Los Angeles, near Santa Monica, is found the best clay in this
vicinity. It is presumably underlaid by gravel.
Berg- & Oxby, 615 Lankershim Building, Los Angeles. Clay bank
covering 6 acres, at College and New Depot streets, Los Angeles. The
bricks are made in a stiff-mud, wire-cutting l)rick machine, dried in
244 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
steaiii-licntrd driers, imd Imi'iicd in (tjx'ii kilns, usiiii;- oil as fiud. The
yard is e(|uip}»(Ml with a GO-horsepowci' Ijoiler, a 40-liorsepo\ver engine,
and a hlowci'. JMiiploys .''O men.
Hubbard & Chamberlain, I!. M. Iluhhard, West Pico street, Los Ange-
les. Chiy liaid< cdveriiig 7 acres on Pico Heights, Los Angeles. The
clay is ground l>y a disintegrator. The hricks are made in a Potts soft-
mud brick machine, air-dried, and hurncil in open kilns, using oil as
fuel. The yard is equipi)ed with a 50-horsepower boiler and a30-horse-
]Miwor (Migin(\ ("a])acity, 40,000 l)ricks ])er day. Em]>loys ')0 men.
Independent Brick Company, "SI. Flint, })resident, 607^ South Broad-
way, Los Angeles. Clay bank at Inglewood, 12 miles southwest of Los
Angeles, on the Santa Fe Railway. The clay is from 10 to ID feet
deej), intermingled with bodies of sandy and sometimes gravelly mate-
rial. The clay is ground in a Raymond roller-crusher, and the bricks
are made in a Freese stiff-mud, wire-cutting l)rick machine, having a
capacity of 50,000 bricks per day. They are dried in a steam-heated
tunnel drier, with a capacity of 250,000 l)ricks, and are l)urned partly
in open kilns and })artly in dowmdraft kilns, having a diameter of 25
feet, with ten lieating Hues, using oil as fuel, and two sets, of two
flues each, under the floor, running to two outside stacks. The cai)acity
of each kiln is al)out 60,000 bricks. Employs about 30 men.
J. Jenson, Los Angeles. Clay l)ank covering 8 acres on Pico street,
Pico Heights, Los Angeles. The clay is ground in a disintegrator.
The bricks are made in a Potts soft-mud brick machine, air-dried, and
burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The yard is equipped with a
15-horsepower gasoline engine. Capacity, 40,000 bricks per daj'. Em-
ploj'S 20 men.
K. & K. Company — Keller <.*c Kubach, 409 Stimson Rlock, Los Angeles.
Clay bank covering 38 acres on Bishop street, Boyle Heights, Los
Angeles. Tlie l)ricks are made in a Raymond l)rick machine and Tate
W'ire-cutter, dried in a steam-heated drier, and burned in open kilns,
using oil as fuel. The yard is equipped with a 250-horse})ower boiler
and 200-horsepower engine. Capacity, 75,000 l)ricks per day. Em-
})loys .'M men.
Lordsburg Brick and Construction Company, .L D. McCoy, Lordsburg.
Los Angeles Brick Company, W. F. Botst\)rd, president, 301 Trust
Building, Los Angeles. This company lias five brickyards. One brick-
yard is on Mission avenue, near the County Hospital. The clay bank
is from 25 to 30 feet thick, underlaid by 5 or 6 feet of sand. The clay
is ground in a i)n:j,inill, and then passes through a roller-crusher. The
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(2-15)
246 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
bricks are made in a Potts soft-mud brick machine, driven liy electric
power; air-dried, and ])urned in a continnoiiH kiln — an ellipse, 175 feet
lonsf and 52 feet wide; the outside ring, 12 feet wide, and the chambers
(distance between the flues near the bottom to the smoke-room) 12 feet
long; the firing flues, 4 by 4 inches, are placed in rows 8^ feet interdis-
tant, five in a row. The fuel used is fine coal. The bricks can be
burned in from fifteen to seventeen days. Capacity, 25,000 to 30,000
bricks per day.
Three brickyards are in Chavez Canon. The clay used is the shale
forming the southwest bank of the canon, as above described (see page
243). This material is ground in a dry-pan grinder of special construc-
tion. The ground clay falls on a belt, which passes under the center of
the grinder and delivers it to another belt, which conveys it to the
brick machines. In this way the scrapers ordinarily used under the
grinder are omitted, reducing the amount of power required and the
cost of repairs in handling this rather stiff material. In one yard the
])ricks are made in a combined stiff-mud brick machine, having a 12-
foot pug and a 22-brick wire-cutter. In the other two yards the bricks
are made in Potts soft-mud brick machines. The bricks are dried in
steam-heated driers, and burned in three continuous kilns and in open
kilns. The motive power is furnished by steam. The coml)ined capa-
city of the three yards is 147,000 bricks per day. Tliey employ about
90 men.
The fifth yard is on Seventh street, near Boyle avenue. The clay is
obtained from the upper part of the Boyle Heights terrace formation.
(See general description, page 243.) Tlie bricks are made in a Potts
soft-mud In'ick machine, air-dried, and burned partly in a 150 by 50
feet continuous kiln and partly in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company, C. Frost, 105 South Broadway,
Los Angeles. The works at the brickyard at Santa JNIonica have been
recently erected, and are yet in course of completion. The territory
covers about 60 acres, of which about one acre has been excavated.
The clay bank is from 10 to 85 feet thick, dipping northwest, and
increasing in dc]ith in that direction, presumably underlaid by gravel.
The clay is of l)etter quality than most of the deposits in the vicinity
of Los Angeles; it makes a good, hard brick, being mixed in dry-pan
crusliers and a ll-foot pugmill. The bricks are made in a special (liant,
stiff-mud, 18-brick, wire-cutting brick machine. They are dried in
tunnel driers, heated by tlie exhaust heat from the downdraft kilns.
The blower is so located that in case this source be insullicient. steam
heat can l)e provided. The I)rifks are ))ui'iic(l in eight downdraft kilns,
of 30 feet diameter, with I'ight oi- ten liring flues, using oil as fuel;
also in open kilns. The downdraft kibis will burn eonimon bricks in
ILL. Xo. lU. PLANT OF THE LOS ANGELES PRESSED BRICK COMPANY AT SANTA
MONICA, LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
ILL. No. 11."). WIRK-Cl'TTINti AND PRESSED BRICK .MACinNl<:, LOS ANGELES
PRESSED BRICK COMPANY.
(247)
248
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATKRL\LS OF CALIFORNIA.
six (lays, liard ln-id^s in seven to ei<i']it days. Tli(> works manufacture
building l)rick. Iiard hriek ( viti'ilied), repressed l)rick, })aving bricks,
and ])aving l)locks. The yard is c(|uipped with oO()-horsc]»o\vcr boiler
and a •2oU-liorscpo\ver engine. Its (hiily capacity is 90,000 biieks.
R. Loynes, Long Beach. Clay bank east of the Anaheim road, north-
east (if the city limits, covering 10 acres. The l)rieks are Imi'iieil in
open kilns, using oil as fu(d.
Pomona Brick Company, McMullin it Gamble, West Ninth street,
Pomona.
n>L. No. llfi. SIMON'S liKK'K ( ( iM I'A .\ Y. I.os A N( . Kl.l'.S.
Simons Brick Company, K. ^^imons, 123 West Third street. Los Angeles.
This company jnannfactnres common building brick and jiressed brick,
and is operating three brickyai'ds, tlie combined eai)aeity of wliieh is
145,000 bricks jiei' day. l''i-om 175 to 200 men are emplDyed.
One yard is located at 28 South Boyle avenue, Los Angeles. The
clay bank forms the upper portion of the Boyle Heights terrace forma-
tion. (8ee general desciiption, page 24)>.) It is excavate(l by a steam
shovel. The bricks are made in stiff-mud and soft-mud Iti-iek machines,
air-dried, and burned in ojjcn kilns, using oil as fuel.
Another yard is on South Franklin avenue. Pasadena. 'I'he clay
bjiidc covers an area of 22 acri'S, of wliicb 12 ai'e \\tii'l<e(l out, .and is
from 10 to lo feet thick 18 feet at the deepest point undei'laid by
BRICK CLAYS— LOS ANGELES, MADERA, MARIN. 249
from 12 to 14 feet of sand nnd gravel; then come from 20 to 30 feet of
good elay, Init containing a great amount of iron, which causes con-
siderable shrinkage in the bricks when burned; this clay stratum is
underlaid by coarse gravel. The In-icks are made in a Potts soft-mud
brick machine, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
The yaril is equipped with a. 36-horsepower electrical engine. Capacity,
36,000 bricks per day. From 35 to 40 men are employed.
The third yard is near Inglewood, where the l)ricks are burned in a
continuous kiln.
The company is opening a new brick yard near Santa Monica.
Southern California Brick Company, J. H. Marks, 304 Hellman Build-
ing, Los Angeles. The clay bank covers 12 acres, on Stephenson avenue,
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles. The bricks are made in a soft-mud brick
machine, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel, and in
a continuous kiln.
Standard Brick Company, U. G. Simons, 101 and 102 Stimson Block,
Los Angeles. The yard is on Seventh street, Boyle Heights, Los
Angeles. The company manufactures common brick and repressed
brick. The clay is ground in a dry-pan crusher. The bricks are made
in a Potts soft-mud brick machine, air-dried, and burned in open kilns,
using oil as fuel. The yard is equipped with a 30-horsepower engine
and boiler. Capacity, 36,000 l)ricks per day. Employs 35 men.
MADERA COUNTY.
J. Dyer Brick Company (formerly the Dyer & Cray croft Company),
J. Dyer, Madera, owner. This plant is located half a mile south of the
depot at Madera. The bricks are made in molds by hand and burned
in open kilns, using oil as fuel. They are made for the local trade,
only a small number being shipped.
MARIN COUNTY.
McNear Brickyard, The McNear Brick Company, Builders' Exchange,
San Francisco, owner. This plant is situated on the bay shore at
McNear's Point, 3^ miles southeast of San Rafael. Both common and
pressed brick are made; the former are used locally as firebrick for
lining oil-burning fireboxes.
The clay banks are composed of a mixture of sandy shale, plastic
clay, and streaks of sandstone, and furnish an unlimited supply of brick-
making material. The plant includes two dry-pans, one stiff-mud
machine (capacity 100 bricks a minute), one 20-compartment Hoffman
kiln, burning coal screenings, and two 5-compartment downdraft
kilns, Ijurning oil. Power is furnished by a 100-horsepower motor.
The output of the plant is 10,000,000 bricks a year.
250 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
Patent Brick Company, 328 Montgomery street, San Francisco. The
plant is located -ii miles north of San Rafael, on the road to Petaluma.
It includes two soft-mud brick machines (capacity 40,000 bricks i)er
day each); a tunnel drier (capacity 100,000 bricks per day); three
16-compartment Hoffman kilns, with burning capacity of 25,000 Ijricks
])cr day each. At the present time (November, 1904), the company is
erecting a new jdant with a stiff-mud machine capable of making
100,000 bricks per day. Only common bricks are made. The material
used is a mixture of loam, clay, and disintegrated shales and sandstone,
and is obtained from the low hills in rear of plant. The output aver-
ages about 50,000 bricks per day, the bulk of it being shipped on
schooners loaded at the side of the kilns. The comi)any has operated
for thirty years.
Remillapd Brick Company, corner of Second and Clay streets, Oakland.
This company has a plant at (Treenbrae, on the California Northwest-
ern Railway, 2 miles south of San Rafael, on the San Quentin road.
Only common bricks are manufactured in soft-mud brick machines.
They are burned in a 16-compartment Hoffman kiln. The clay is
obtained from pits in rear of plant. The deposit of disintegrated shale
and sandstone is practically inexhaustible. The plant was idle during
1904, merely shipping In'ick from reserve. The schooners are loaded
directly in front of plant on the Corte Madera canal.
MERCED COUNTY.
Merced Brickyards, ^^^ H. McElroy, Merced, owner. This plant is
located about one quarter of a mile west of the Southern Pacitic Com-
pany's depot at Merced. The bricks are molded in a soft-mud brick
machine, sun-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil fuel. The
plant is operated intermittently as bricks are needed.
MONTEREY COUNTY.
S. Pierce, Main street, Salinas, owns a l)rickyard at the southern end
of Abbott Creek, near the cemetery. The l)ank shows 10 feet of clay,
of which the lower 4 feet is a rich plastic material. Tlie clay is mixed
in upright i)Ugmills, movcil by horse-power; the bricks are hand-made,
air-dried, and Imrned in open kilns, and are of good ([uality.
NEVADA COUNTY.
Brick clays are abundant in Nevada County. Two and a half miles
east of Grass Valley, on Union Hill, tliei-e is a l)rick clay from whii'li
William Walker of P.iggs, Butte County, made S(une 2,000,000 l)ricks
in the time of his ()]terations at (Irass N'alley. l>ut none have been
made in the past four vi'ars.
BRICK CIAYS — ORANGE COUNTY.
251
An ap})ar(.'iitly good ({uality of cltiy is uncovered by the Cement Hill
ditch, in Sec. 6, T. 16 N., R. 9 E., near the Reddik and Odin mines,
long ago al)andoned. It is yellowish white, plastic, and contains fine
grit. The locations and sections here named, and those under the
heading of "Kaolin," are worthy of the attention of prospectors for clays.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Near Capistrano brick was burned in former years.
On the ridge west of the Santa Ana River, south of Wintersburg, is
found a deposit of
good clay, which is
used for the manu-
facture of tiles, etc.;
this ridge is about
30 feet above the
lowlands, to the east
thereof, \vhich are
partly peat land,
partly a clay soil,
but principally a
sandy loam soil. The
clay in this ridge
has been opened up
in Sec. 35, T. 5 S.,
R. 11 W., S. B. M.,
on both sides of the
branch line of the
Southern Pacific
Railroad from New-
port to Smeltzer.
The clay is very
compact, of a dark
gray color, in places
tinted slightly red
l)y iron oxide. While
good for tiles, it re-
quires an admixture
of more sandy material to make l^rick. Two plants are working on
this material.
La Bolsa Tile Company, II. S. Hazeltine, president; E. R. Bradbury,
general manager, Santa Ana. The plant is in Sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 11 W.,
west of the above-mentioned l)rancli line of the Southern Pacific Railroad
to Smeltzer. This coni])aiiy iiiauufactures tiles from 3 to 16 inches in
^£ach s^ack proy/ded tvifh a
damper to regulate fhe heat
€/?0(//VO PLAN S/VOW/NG rii/£S
DO\A^/VD/?AFr KILN
ORANGE COUNTY TILE ^VORffS
^l^£l TZ£R, Of^mO£ CO.
ILL. No. 117.
252 STRUCTlKAl, AM) IXDISTKIAL .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
(liaiiictcr, liollow biiildinti' l)I(>cks, and Itricks. The capacity of its })]ant
is al»out 2"), ()()() linear fci't of tiles \)vr niDntli. Kini)loys S men.
The jtlant is (M[uiiii)<'(l with a (lO-horscpowi'i' cniiinc and a TOdinvse-
power l)oiler. The ehiy is ground in a di'3--i)an crusher; it is then eon-
veved by a vertical (devator into a liopper, which discharues it into a
sluni ]iua;nnlh froui winch it jiasscs into a lower pnuinill ])rovided with
an auu'er wldeli forces the (day 1 hroui^h tlic die upt)n the wire-cuttin<!;
table. The tiles uj) to S inches in diameter are cut to the length of l;>
inches; those of larger diainetei' to tliat of '27] inches. The drying
sheds are heated l)y hot air forced l)y a l)lower through Hues under the
floor. This hot air is obtained eitliei' from tlie exhaust of the kilns or
by forcing air through a coil stove heate(| by the exlnmst steam from
the boiler. These works are located a short distance from tlie ocean,
where drying without heat would re(|nire too long a time and s})oi! the
paste, while sun-drying would in sunnnei' l)e too sudden and crack the
tile. Till' smaller-sized tiles are dried in twenty-four hours or more:
the larger tiles require sixty hours. The ])lant is ef|ui})})ed witli two
downdraft kilns of 24 feet diameter, with six tires, using oil as fuel,
luiving one main Hut' and one stack.
Orange County Tile Works, J. B. Rain and A. Bailey, Post Route
No. 5, Santa Ana. in Sec. 35, T. 5 S., W. 11 W., 8. B. M., to the east of
the branch road of the Southern Pacific^ Railroad from Xewi)ort to
Smeltzer. The clay has l)een described above. These works make tiles,
hollow building Idocks, and bricks from this elay, and firebricks from
the clay ol)tained from tlie Tralnico hills, in Orange County. Tlie clay-
working machinery is very small and okl, but the installation of larger
and better machinery is under way. Theri' are two downdraft kilns,
one of which, of a new design, is under construction. (See 111. No. 117,
page 251.)
Santa Ana Brickyard, on Hickey street; V. (irouard, 6P2 Olive street,
Santa Ana, owner. The clay deposit covers about 11 acres, of which
3 to 4 acres are worked out. The clay is from 8 to 10 feet deep, and is
underlaid l)y gravel. It is used as excavated. The bricks are made in
a Quaker l)rick machine moved l)y horsepower, sun-dried, and burned
in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The yard is working about six months
of the year.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Hancock Brickyard, ('. P. Hancock. North Market street, Iviversidc.
owner. The clay deposit covers an area of (1 acres; thickness, about
5 feet. The ehi}' may be (dassed as loam. The l)ricks are made in a
Potts soft-nnid liricl< machine, air-dried, and burned in oi)en kilns, using
oil as fuel, 'idle yard is eiiuipped with an .SO-horsei)ower boiler and a
35-h()rsei>ower engine. Capacity, 36,500 l)rieks per day. Employs ."H)
men.
BRICK CliAYS — SACRAMENTO. SAN BERNARDINO. 253
Lewis Bpiekyapd, E. X. Lewis, Corona, owner. The elay deposit lies
in tlie northwestern part of Corona, and covers an area of 5 acres;
tliiekncss, about 8 feet. The niati'rial is a ricli clay, wliicli is mixed in
a Qnaker pugniill. The liricks ai-e hand-made, air-dried, and Inirned
in open kilns, using wood as fuel. Capacity, about 15,000 l)ricks per
day.
SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Sacramento Transpoptation Company, h^acramento County; princi])al
place of business, »^acramento; James O'Neil, superintendent of the
brickmaking department. This company is the sole maker of build-
ing bricks in the county and has been making bricks for twenty-two
years, other makers having abandoned the production a few years
ago. The present operations of this company are confined to one yard
6 miles south of Sacramento, on the east side of the Sacramento River.
In ordinary years the production of bricks by this company averages
16,000,000 per amium. In 1904 the output was reduced to 5,000,000,
owing to the Hooding of the yards by the heavy rains and overtlo^v of
the river in the early part of the year. The yard, including material
and i)lant, has an area of 182 acres; material from 10 acres has been
consumed in the manufacture of bricks. It is composed of three
strata: a dark soil overlying a strong giant clay, beneath which is a
deep bed of sharp river sand. The plant consists of a steam shovel for
cutting out the material; a railway train and locomotive for conveying
the material one fourth of a mile to the operating yards at the edge of the
river; pugmills; five soft-mud ^lonarch brickmaking machines; and
two continuous downdraft kilns. The material is cut out in the winter
and used in the following spring. The capacity of the plant is equal
to 18.000,000 bricks per annum. In the making season the machines
turn out 70,000 bricks per day, each kiln discharging and receiving
35,000 each day. The finished bricks are wheeled from the kilns to
the company's barges on the river, ready for direct transportation to
the principal market at San Francisco. Sacramento and other valley
towns also offer a market for bricks made 1)y this company. An average
of lOO men are employed.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Taylor Brothers Brick Company, J. Taylor, president, Room 12,
National Bank Kuilding, Redhmds. Owns two clay deposits. One is
in Redlands, on West Olive avenue, about one mile Avest of the
center of the town, and covers al)out 5 acres, of which about one acre
is worked out. Tiie clay has a depth of from 3 to 5 feet and is under-
laid by sand. Tlie material is a sandy loam. The bricks are made in
a Potts soft-mud brick machine, air-dried, and l)urned in open kilns,
254 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
using oil as fiu'l. The yard is eqiui)])i'(l with an 80-horsepower boiler
and a 35-horsepower engine. The capacity of the yard is 42,000 bricks
per day, employing 23 men.
The other deposit is in San Bernardino, (in (J street, south of the
Highlands branch of the Santa Fe Railway, and covers al)Out 30 acres.
The material is a sandy loam. The method of manufacturing the brick,
the equipment, and the capacity of the yard are similar to those of the
Redlands brickyard.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
Hapbour & Peterson operate a brickyard at Imperial.
Hubbard Brickyard, B. M. Hubbard, 1048 Fourth street, San Diego,
manufactures common red brick. The plant is equipped with a gaso-
line engine; crude oil is used as fuel for burning the bricks. Capacity,
20,000 bricks per day.
Rose Canon Brick Company, J. S. Ackerman, 1311 E street, San Diego.
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY.
Bay City Briek Company owns a yard on the Corbett road, opposite
the end of Tw^enty-fourth street. The clay is obtained at side of its
12-compartment kiln. Oil was used as fuel. The bricks were seasoned
in a 5-compartment drier. The plant is idle.
San Francisco Brick Company, Wells-Fargo Building, San Francisco.
This large plant is on State street, near Douglass. The bricks are made
in a stiff-mud machine, seasoned in steam-heated driers, and burned in
a 28-compartment Hoffman kiln.
Simons-Fout Briek Company, ])ox 153 Builders' Exchange, San Fran-
cisco. This i)lant is on the Corbett road, opposite the end of Twentieth
street. The bricks are made in a stiff-mud machine, which averages
30,000 per day. They are dried by live steam and burned in a 20-com-
partment Hoffman kiln, using coal as fuel. Only comnion l>ricks are
made.
SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY.
Roberts Island Brick Company, A. Kunz, manager, Stockton. The
plant is l)eing erected about (> miles southwest of Stockton, on
Roberts Island, one fourth of a mile inhiiid from the Stockton iirick
Company's kiln. The clay will l»e haiidl.Ml by a steam shovel. The
bricks will be made in a soft-mud machine, sun-dried, and liurned in
a 16-compartment Hoffman kiln.
BRICK CLAYS — SAN JOAQUIN, SAN LUIS OBISPO. 255
San Joaquin Brick Company, I. F. Stein, secretary, corner of Chan-
nel street and Weber Point, Stoclvton. The plant is located about 5^
miles west of south of Stockton, on the San Joaquin River, on the
east side of Roberts Island. The clay, is dug by means of a steam
shovel, and the bricks are made in a soft-mud machine with a
capacity of 40,000 per day. They are sun-dried and burned in a 16-
compartnuMit Hoffman kiln. The plant is operated five months during
the year, and the bricks are shipped on barges, which are loaded at side
of kiln.
Stockton Brick Company, E. Lanzoni, Stockton. The plant is located
about 6 miles west of south of Stockton, on the San Joaquin River, on
the east side of Roberts Island. The clay is a sort of sandy loam, a
bottom land deposit, and is kept dry enough to work by taking it from
the pits in a series of benches, and draining the water from the lowest
bench. A cable tramway takes the clay from the pits to the plant,
which includes one stiff-mud machine (a continuous cutter), with a
capacity of 40,000 bricks per day; two driers, with a capacity of 90,000
bricks per day each, using both live and exhaust steam; and one 16-
compartment Hoffman kiln. The plant is operated the year round, and
employs 26 men. The bricks are shipped on barges, which load at
side of plant.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
Ah Louis, San Luis Obispo, northwest of the city, on the road to
Bishop's Peak quarry. The clay is of good quality. The bricks are
hand-made, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, with wood as fuel.
P. Olohan, Arroyo Grande. Clay bank 6 to 7 feet thick, one mile
east of the town, underlaid by gravel. The bricks were hand-made,
air-dried, and burned in open kilns, with wood as fuel. Idle for the
last four years.
P. S. Pickering, Paso Robles. A clay bank in Wells Addition, north-
ern part of Paso Robles, in the Salinas River bottom; about 6 feet of
fairly good clay, underlaid by sand and gravel. The bricks were hand-
made, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, with wood as fuel. Idle
since 1900.
SAN MATEO COUNTY.
Baden Brick Company, Mr. Weaver, superintendent ; ofhces, 106 Jessie
street and 927 Market street, San Francisco. The plant is located about
1^ miles east of South San Francisco, on the bay shore, in a little inlet
known as "Snug Harl>or." The l)ricks are made from a light yellow
clay whicli has consideral)le grit. It is elevated Ijv a tramway from
the clay pit to the bins. The bricks are made in a stiff-nnid machine
(continuous cutter), with a capacity of 75,000 bricks per day. W^aste
256 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ALXTKKIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
and live steam ar<' usc(l in tlic driers, wliidi average al)out 25,000 In-icks
per day. lioth connnon and repressed l)rieks are made, and oeeasion-
ally some liollow 1)riek. At present one ir)-e(impartnient Hoffman kiln
is used, and another is being erected. Tlie bricks are shi})i)ed on
schooners, which load almost at side of kiln.
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
The valley of the lower })art of the Santa Ynez River, in the neigli-
borhood of Lompoc, is covered with a bed of clay about 12 feet tlnck,
underlaid by (|uieksand. This clay is used, where needed, for l)urning
brick, produeing a very fair quality, it is claimed tliat ]»otter's clay
has been found here.
T. Connor, Santa Maria, is making i>rt'parations to again start up
the brick kilns at Santa Maria.
Grant Brothers, Santa Barbara, operate a brickyard on land belong-
ing to J. C. Mahon, at the west end of Montecito street. The (day is
excavated to a depth of 5 feet, over an area of about one acre. It is of
fairly good quality. The bricks are hand-made, air-dried, and burned
in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
Martin Kelseh, Santa Barbara, has a briekyard at Haley and Miljjitas
streets, in the eastern part of the town. The clay bank varies from
4 to 10 feet in thickness, in places containing considerable gravel, under-
laid by sand. The bricks are made in a horse-power Damon macliine,
air-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
(See Supplement.)
SHASTA COUNTY.
The Sacramento River Valley bottom l)elo\v the mountains contains
extensive clay banks, and on the higher tablelands debris accumulation
has in places formed clay deposits.
In the southern ])art of the county, in the Sacramento \'alley, a niunber
of deposits of siliceous white clay are found; apparently a pottery clay,
but nnxed with too much silica to allow its use in the manufacturi' of
pottery. (See IXth Annual Report of California State Mining Bureau,
pp. 287 et seq.)
Alta Lime and Brick Company, Redding, owns the elay bank in Uloek
29, Redding (Jrant, about U miles south of Redding, in the Sacramento
River bottom, formerly known as the (\>lcmaii i^' Hill Brickyard. The
clay is tawny-colored, and from a to 6 feet thick. The ui)per 4 feet is a
plastic clay, which grades into and rests \\\h)\) a \)cd of sand, underlaid
in tin-n by gravel. In former years a great many l)ricks of fairly good
quality were l>urned in this yard.
BRICK CLAYS — SHASTA, SISKIYOU. 257
In Sec. 24. T. 34 N., R. 5 W., the same company has superficially
opened a clay l>ank just al)ove its limekiln, but has not performed
enough work to prove its extent. This clay is of a bright red color,
and most probably is a remnant of an old deposit in the Sacramento
River Canon.
Holt & Gregg", Redding, own a brickyard about a mile south of Red-
ding, on both sides of the railroad, containing similar clay to that in
the old Coleman i.^' Hill pit. Several years ago they abandoned this
vard, and concentrated all their brick kilns near Anderson.
The same company owns an extensive clay bank 2 miles north of
Anderson, very near the railroad, also in the Sacramento River bottom,
on which two pits are worked in proximity to each other. The
clay bed in the northern pit is from 12 to 15 feet thick, and of slightly
different quality from that of the southern pit, where the bank is 8 feet
high and contains a little more sand. The clay is brought in carts
from the pit to the dump, and thence conveyed on a belt to the crusher,
which feeds the Potts soft-mud brick machine. The bricks are sun-
dried in about four days, and burned in open kilns. The plant employs
about 40 men, and has a capacity of 36,400 bricks per twenty-four hours.
In Sec. 19, T. 32 N., R. 4 W., owned by the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company, is a bed of clay outcropping on both sides of a low hill
topped with gravel. This clay bed probably underlies the entire knoll,
covering a surface of about 40 acres.
In the Reading Homestead, owned by R. L. Reading, directly east of
Cottonwood, on the Sacramento River, is an extensive clay deposit,
about one mile long and one-quarter mile wide. The clay is about 30
feet thick, and is capped l.)y from 5 to 15 feet of gravel. It has not
been developed.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
T. T. Gapvey, Yreka. In Sec. 27, T. 45 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M., are
large banks of clay of a reddish color, containing some minute quartz
pebbles. A good quality of brick, used in Yreka, is manufactured.
T. Hamilton, Fort Jones. In Sec. 2, T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M.
Formerly brick was burned here from the surface clay.
T. A. Reynolds, Fort Jones. In Sec. 11, T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M.
An old liriek kiln, wliich used surface clay.
Peter Smith, Etna. In Sec. 21, T. 42 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., is a bank
of clay of good quality, apparently 4 feet thick, from which bricks were
burned and used in buildings at Etna.
17— BUL. 38
258 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
J. Walker, Greenview. In Sec. 32, T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., is a
deposit of grayish-colored clay of good quality, from which formerly a
good grade of brick was burned.
SOLANO COUNTY.
Clav shales occur in Solano County along the San Pablo Bay shore
at Vallejo and Benicia, and between those points. This material was
seyeral years ago employed in the manufacture of bricks; it was also
used, in connection with other purer clays, in the manufacture of terra
cotta ware and pottery. No bricks or other clay goods have been
made at Vallejo or Benicia for several years, owing to the competition
of large operators in other counties.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Callfopnia Pottepy and Brick Company; T. T. Mangle, manager, Glen
Ellen. The plant is located in the northern portion of Glen Ellen, on
Sonoma Creek. A soft, white, plastic clay occurs in a bed about 8 feet
thick and overlies a bed of sandy clay, with which it is mixed by load-
ing onto a belt conveyor in proper proportions. A 200-foot belt con-
veyor takes the clay from the pit direct to the bins. The bricks are
made in a four-cut, stiff-mud machine and seasoned in a drier, with a
capacity of 20,000 bricks per day. They are bvirned in field kilns, using
oil as fuel. At present only common bricks are manufactured for
the trade.
Healdsbupg Bpiek Company; W. Burgett, Healdsburg, owner. This
plant is situated in the northern portion of Healdsburg. The bricks
are made in hand molds and burned in a Stewart kiln, with wood as
fuel. The kiln capacity is 30,000 bricks. The output of the plant is
about 175,000 bricks a year. The clay is obtained from an 8 to 9 foot
bank of sandy loam and clay mixture.
Hilton Bpiekyapd; T. P. Brown, Hilton, owner. This yard is located
at Hilton station, 19 miles northwest from Santa Rosa. Mr. Brown
manufactures both common and pressed brick, and burns them in a
kiln of liis own design.
Sonoma Bpiek Company.— This company's plant is located on the east
bank of the Sonoma Creek, at Glen Ellen. The bricks are molded in a
Martin soft-mud machine, and burned in field kilns, using wood as fuel.
TEHAMA COUNTY.
There are undoubtedly several clay deposits in the Sacramento River
bottom lands of Tehama County, l)ut very few have been used for the
manufacture of brick.
BRICK CLAYS — TULARE, VENTURA, YOLO, YUBA. 259
O'Connor Bpotheps, Red Bluff, own a clay deposit in the Reed tract in
See. 29, T. 27 N., R. 3 W. The deposit covers an area of over 19 acres.
About a couple of acres have been worked by pits, showing a good
quality of brick clay for a depth of from 8 to 11 feet, underlaid by
gravel. The bricks are made in a soft-mud machine worked bv horse-
power. They are sun-dried, and burned in open kilns. When running
full capacity the brickyard can produce about 16,000 bricks per day,
employing 14 men. The bricks are mostly used locally.
TULARE COUNTY.
Pioneep Brick Company; B. Heberling, secretary, Heberling Planing
Mill, Visalia. The plant is located on Center street, Visalia, near the
eastern city limits. The bricks are made in a soft-mud machine, sea-
soned in racks, and burned in field kilns, using oil as fuel. Most of
the output consists of the common red brick, but a few pressed bricks
are made each year.
VENTURA COUNTY.
Bpunson & Carter, Santa Paula. Hand-made bricks, burned in open
kilns.
F. Joehueh, Montalvo. Hand-made bricks, burned in open kilns.
People's Lumbep Company; D. T. Perkins, president, Ventura. Hand-
made bricks, burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
Ventupa Mill and Lumbep Company; H. A. Giddings, president, Ven-
tura. Bricks are made in a Damon soft-mud brick machine moved by
horse-power, and are burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel.
YOLO COUNTY.
Bricks have been made in Yolo County, chiefly at Woodland and
Winters (as recorded in Xth Report of California State Mining Bureau,
1890, p. 791), of good quality of clay and clayey loam, principally by
hand methods and open kilns; but the demand was limited.
YUBA COUNTY.
Bricks are made in Yuba County only at Marysville. The supply of
brick clays is not limited nor confined to the Marysville district, but
the small demand does not justify their exploitation. Until a few years
ago the manufacture of bricks had been a thriving industry at Marys-
ville for nearly fifty years, being conducted by J. B. McDonald, a
pioneer brickmaker. Since the introduction of wooden houses and
concrete sidewalk paving, the industry has declined from an output of
from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 per year \o a demand for about 400,000
bricks annuallv.
PART IV.
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.
Antimony. Macadam, Rihhle, i:t< .
A.sBESTOS. Magnesitk.
Bakytes. Manganese.
Bai'xite. Mica.
Calcareot's Tufa. Minerai, Paint.
Chromite. Onyx.
Concrete Rock (see ^racaduiu). Paving 15i,ni ks.
Fuller's Earth. Platinum.
Glass-Making Materials. Pyrites.
Graphite. Rubble (see Macadam).
Gypsum. Quartz-Crystals.
Infusorial or Diatomaceois Earth. Soapstone — Talc.
Iron Ore. Sulphur.
Jasper. Tungsten.
LiTHiA. Zinc
ANTIMONY.
Inyo, Kern, and Ivivorside comities, see Supplement.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
The antimony deposits are situated on the main ridge of the Mount
Dial)Io range, in the extreme northeastern corner of tlie county, slightly
extending into Merced County. The mineral-bearing zone is about 8
miles long north and south, and from 2 to 3 miles wide, containing princi-
pally antimony and quicksilver. Tlie developed deposits of antimony
cover, however, an area not over 3 miles long and 1 mile wide.
Tlie dei)Osits are in altered slate, and they have a quartzose gangue.
(Jn the west slope stibnite (sulphide of antimony) prevails, while on
the east slope cinnabar is the predominant mineral, with stibnite as an
accessory.
In former years these antimony mines were worked, and a furnace
was erected in Sec. 8, T. 12 8., R. 7 E., M. 1). M. This furnace is now
abandoned, and the Avorkings are all caved in. The ])rineii)al mines
were the Ambrose and the A]>peal,in Sec. 30, T. 11 S., R. 7 E., M. 1). M.;
tlie Gleason, in Sec. (i, T. 12 S., R. 7 E.; the Schriver, in Sec. 31, T. 11 S.,
R. 7 E.; and the Eureka and the Star, one fourth mile from the Schriver.
The territory covered })y these mines is now owned by T. H. French, in
Sec. ;U, T 11 S., 1{. 7 E.; J. C41eason, in See. (1, T. 12 S.. R. 7 E.; and
the Stayton Mining Conii)aiiy, all of Lone Tree 1*. (). {f>vr also\'lIIth
Rei)ort of California State Mining Bureau, ]». 48-"); Xth ihid., p. .")1."): and
Xlth ihhl., p. 371.)
(JCd)
ASBESTOS— AMADOR, BUTTE. 261
^1
"' ASBESTOS
Two distinct niinerals are known in the markets as asbestos. One is
a variety of aetintilite. or treniolite, which are varieties of liornl>lende.
It is a silicate oi linie, magnesia, and iron [Ca(MgFe)3, (Si04)3],and
has fine, soft, flexiljle libers like cotton. Most of the commercial asl:)estos,
liowever, is a variety of serpentine, called chrysotile or amianthus, a
hydrous silicate of magnesia (3 MgO, 2 SiOg, 2 HgO), and contains about
14 per cent of water. Although in many respects the two varieties are
similar in physical properties, the chrysotile variety is superior in l)oth
strength and elasticity to any amphibole asbestos, while the heat-resisting
properties of both varieties are about equal. Consequently, for all pur-
poses in which non-conductivity of heat and not strength of fiber is the
important factor, as in fireproof paint, wall plaster, boiler covering, fire-
proof packing of safes, etc., both varieties can be used. Infusorial
earth, talc, and mica are, however, strong competitors of asbestos in
these lines of manufacture.
Where strength of fiber is essential, as well as non-conductivity, as in
the manufacture of cloth, rope, felt boards, tubes, washers, and blocks
of various shapes, only the chrysotile variety can be used. The fibers
of chrysotile are seldom over 2^ inches long, and usually from ^ to H
inches in length.
The mill fiber, a paper stock, is the minute tillers of asbestos which
have become broken and are not capable of being used for weaving.
Asbestic is the final waste material, which contains a small amount
of minute fibers and a considerable amount of the crushed serpentine
rock. (See Bureau of Census, Mines and Quarries, 1902, p. 973.)
Nearly all the high-grade asbestos used in the United States is
imported, most of it from Canada.
AMADOR COUNTY.
F. Mace, 2^ miles east of lone, on Sutter Creek. Some veins and
stringers of the chrysotile asbestos in a dark green serpentine along the
contact with l)lack slates. Formerly several small openings were made
on this asbestos, ])ut tliey are all caved in.
BUTTE COUNTY.
A wide belt of serpentine runs from the southwestern corner of Sier^-a
County, through Yuba, into Butte. A number of surface expo-
sures of asbestos are found in this belt, but no asbestos of commercial
262 ■ STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
value has, as yet, been developed in this region. The most prominent
surface indications are located in:
.Sec. 14, T. 19 N., R. 5 E. Mrs. L. M. Power, Oroville.
Sec. 7, T. 21 N., R. 6 E. Edw. Martin, Brush Creek.
Sec. 3, T. 21 N., R. 5 E. John A. Clark, Berry Creek.
Sec. 34, T. 21 N., R. 4 E. United Gold and Copper Company, Cherokee.
Sec. 7, T. 21 N., R. 4 E.
The south half of T. 23 N., R. 4 E.
In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from
Forbestown, Oroville, and Red Hill.
EL DORADO COUNTY.
El Dopado Coppep Mining Company; W. E. Everson, manager, F. W.
Blodgett, secretary, 204 Bacon Block, Oakland. Mine near Georgetown.
Shipped 10 tons of asbestos in 1904.
FRESNO COUNTY.
Hogue & Phillips Claim, R. L. Hogue of Fresno and Mr. Phillips of
Letcher, owners. This deposit lies about 12 miles north of Sanger, in
T. 13 S., R. 23 E. They are sinking on a small ledge, and find that the
asbestos becomes less siliceous and of longer fiber as they get farther
down. It is merely a prospect.
In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen of asbestos from near
Coalinga.
In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from
Inyo County; Madera County, from Fine Gold Gulch and from near
Fresno Flats; and Mariposa County, from two localities near Bear
Valley.
PLACER COUNTY.
Washington Consolidated Mine, S. M. Sprague & Co., Newcastle, own-
ers; in Sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 10 E., Iowa Hill district. Ten carloads of
asbestos were shipped to San Francisco from this mine, at $35 per ton,
delivered at the railway at Colfax, 9 miles west. The mine has been
idle for three years, but the company contemplates resuming operations.
The asl)estos was quarried out with soapstone, which lies east of a
quartz ledge that has serpentine for the west wall.
Surface indications are found in:
. Sec. 36, T. 14 N., R. 10 E., near Forest Hill.
Sec. 29, T. 14 N., \{. 11 K., in Lady's Canon.
Sec. 13, T. 13 N., II. 9 Iv, in Gas Canon.
ASBESTOS— RIVERSIDE, SAN BERNARDINO, ETC. " 263
RIVERSIDE COUNTY..
Asbestos is reported from:
East of Indio. (See Xlth Report of the California State Mining
Bureau, p. 383.)
Near Palm Springs, in the San Jacinto Mountains. (See Xlth
Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 383.)
F. A. Stephens, 3 miles south of Winchester. (See Xlllth Report of
the California State Mining Bureau, p. 642.)
Up to the present time none of these deposits have, however, pro-
duced a material of commercial value.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Fire-Proof Mine, J. B. Friend, Victorville, locator. This mine is situ-
ated about 4 miles west of Cottonwood, a station on the Santa Fe Rail-
way, probably in the southern part of T. 9 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M. The
asbestos is stated to occur in a seam in a shale country rock, from 5 to
6 feet wide. A small portion of the asbestos is claimed to be of rather
good quality. None has been shipped. This is probably the same
mine as mentioned under the name of Scorpion in the IXth Report of
the California State Mining Bureau, p. 236.
In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen of asbestos from near
Barstow.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
Within 3 miles of the Hot Sulphur Springs, in the northeastern part
of Warner's Valley, some asbestos has been found. (See IXth Report
of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 148.)
In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from near
Elsinore and from the San .Jacinto Mountains.
In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen of asbestos from Hazel
Creek, Shasta County.
SIERRA COUNTY.
Casserly Mine, Lee Craft, Forest City, owner; in Sec. 32, T. 20 N.,
R. 10 E., on west bank of Goodyear Creek, 1^ miles north of Goodyear
Bar. Asbestos, in serpentine, from 6 to 10 inches wide, was encoun-
tered by a mine tunnel 128 feet long, about 25 feet below the surface.
The asbestos follows the course of the serpentine north and south, near
its contact with slate.
America Excelsior Cons. Mine, Goodyear Bar. In the Mining Bureau
Museum is a specimen from the above mine, donated by Mr. Robert
Stuart. The vein is said to be 2 feet wide at a depth of 20 feet, where
the sample was taken.
264 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
While many prospects of asl)estos are reported, none of commercial
quality has as yet been found. In the Mining Bureau Museum is a
sample from near Sisson.
TRINITY COUNTY.
It is claimed that near the head of the Blythe ditch, in Sec. 28,
T. 88 N., R. () W., M. D. M., when it was excavated over twenty years
ago, a promising deposit of asbestos was uncovered, but at pres-
ent only very insigniticant indications of it can l)e found. Tlie ditch
has lieen largely filled up with de1)ris.
YOLO COUNTY.
In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from tlie
Keys tunnel in the California mine.
YUBA COUNTY.
There are some surface exposures of asbestos in the belt of serpentine,
already mentioned (see Asbestos, Butte County, page 261). but no
asbestos of commercial value has, as yet, been developed in this region.
The most prominent surface indications are located in:
Sec. 35, T. 19 N., R. 8 E. W. S. Godfrey, Camptonville.
Sec. 32, T. 19 N., R. 7 E.
Sec. 8, T. 19 N., R. 7 E. Mount Hope mine; Mrs. Blake, Woodleaf.
Sec. 29, T. 20 N., R. 8 E.
BARYTES.
Barytes are used in the paint industry; in the manufacture of paper
and rope; as barium hydroxide in the sugar industry, and in tanneries.
The vahie of crude barytes at the mines vai'ies from .$."> to -$•") per ton.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Pinkston Mine, William Pinkston of Yankee Hill, and J. Eiclu-r of
Oroville, owners; in Sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 4 E. Heavy spar was found
in ])unches and boulders, accompanied by (lays and sonu' talc, of the
mineral paint varieties, and small bunches of fuller's earth, in this
mine, when it was worked for its gold values.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Barytes occur, in conjunction with co})per and lead ore, on the prop-
erty of George Shephard, 8 miles northwest of Barstow.
BAUXITE; CALCAREOUS TUFA. 265
BAUXITE.
Four principal substances are prepared from bauxite, viz: (1) Alumi-
num sulphate, oominonly known as ''concentrated alum," extensively
used in dyeing, paper industry, etc.; (2) Alum, also used in dyeing,.
paper-making, etc.; (3) Artificial emery; (4) Aluminum hydroxide^
from which the metal aluminum is manufactured. Value of bauxite,
alunit $;> })er ton.
YUBA COUNTY.
Dempsey Ranch Mine, .J. M. Dempsey, Mooney Flat, owner; in Sec. 3,
T. 15 X.. R. 6 E., M. D. M., 2 miles southeast' of Smartsville. Three
occurrences of white bauxite, indicating a considerable quantity, were
encountered at respective distances of 120, 180, and 210 feet by a mine
tunnel driven 200 feet below the surface. The bauxite occurs within a
casing of clay gouge overhanging the ledge matter carrying copper.
Neither the ledge matter nor the bauxite has been further developed.
Red bauxite occurs in association with ochre about 1000 feet distant
from the above described workings.
CALCAREOUS TUFA.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
Mrs. O'Leapy, Creston. In Sec. 20, T. 28 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M., east
of south of Creston, a considerable area of calcareous tufa, having a
great thickness, has been exposed by several gulches cutting through
the tableland. In the w'estern part the beds lie nearly horizontal with
vertical joint planes, so the material can be excavated in nearly square
blocks. The tufa is massive, white and light. The deposit can be
traced for a considerable distance in a north and south direction.
About 200 yards east of its prominent western rim a dike of silicitied
shales, al)out 10 feet wide, crops out, running in a northwesterly direc-
tion, dipping northeasterly about 30 degrees, which can be readily
traced for over a mile. East of this dike comes again the tufa; but a&
its surface has not been carved out by gulches, as is the case on the
western rim, little can be said regarding its extension. This calcareous-
tufa is very refractory. It has been used in fireplaces, etc.; also in
dental furnaces, where it withstands perfectly a heat of over 2000° F.
It is also a very strong non-conductor of heat.
266 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
CHROMITE.
Chroinite is a bhu'k ore with a subnietallic luster, and in a}»pearaiice
resembles some of the iron ores. It occurs in small octahedral crystals
and granular masses in serpentine rock, and consists, when pure, of 68
per cent of chromium oxide (CraOg) and 32 per cent of iron oxide (Fe-iOs) ;
frequently ferric oxide or alumina replaces part of the chromium. Tlie
■commercial ores commonly run about 50 per cent of chromium oxide, and
are generally so\d on a 50 per cent basis.
Chromite is the source of the chromium salts of commerce, Avhich are
used extensively in several different industries. It likewise enters into
the manufacture of chrome steel, now used largely in making armor
plate and heavy projectiles. Another important use of chromium is in
the basic bricks for lining furnace-hearths, in steel-making, and in
copper-smelting. Both of the last two uses require large quantities of
ore, and probably will require still larger quantities in the future, thus
giving interest to the California deposits, wdiich are the most extensive
in the United States.
Chromite occurs in several of the Eastern States, and was formerly
mined in Pennsylvania and Maryland, but in later years, according to
the Government statistics, the total domestic production comes from
California. The greater part of the ore used in the eastern United
States since 1895 is imported, as by the removal of the tariff chromite
■can be imported from Europe cheaper than it can be shipped from Cali-
fornia. Hence the chromite industry in this State has been materially
lessened during the last ten years, but it only awaits favorable trade
conditions to be revived, as the ore deposits have not been exhausted.
Chromite occurs in California in several counties, which have nearly
all been producers of ore in the past.
The following figures, taken from the rt'cords of the California State
Mining Bureau, show the fluctuations of the industry:
Year. Tons. Value.
1887 ....3,00(J .i;4(),(HHl
1888 ...1,500 120,000
1889 2,000 30,000
1890 3,599 53,985
1891 1,372 20,580
1892 1,500 22,500'
1893 3,319 49,785
1894 3,680 39,980
1895 1,740 16,795
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Douglas Mine, Douglas Mendenhall, Livermore, owner; in N. E. i of
Sec. 26, T. 4 S., R. '.] E., ll miles southeast of Livermore. About fifty
tons of chromic iron ore arc on tlic (lunij). Have only done assessment
work since 1903.
Year.
Tans.
Value.
1896
78G
.$7,775
1897-9..
None.
1900
140
1.400
1901
130
1,950
1902....
315
4,725
1903....
.1.50
2,2.50
1904
123
since 1887...
1,845
Total,
1313,570
CHROMITE — BUTTE, CAIAV'ERAS, DEL NORTE. 267
The Jones Chrome Outcrop, in Sec. 6, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., 20 miles south-
east of Livernioro, on the Arroyo Mocho road. Three and one-half foot
outcrop of chroniite in serpentine. About twenty tons of ore have been
taken from a 10-foot development shaft. No shipments have been made,
and no development work has been done, since 1900.
Mendenhall Mine, A. Mendenhall, Livermore, owner; in Sec. 26,
T. 4 S., R. 3 E., 15 miles southeast of Livermore. There are several
tons of ore on the dump which averages about 55 per cent without con-
centrating other than sledging and hand-picking. Nothing more than
assessment work has been done of late years. The ore deposits are
variable in thickness and dip, and occur apparently in crushed and
broken portions of the serpentine. Previous to 1894, about $20,000
Avorth of ore was shipped to Philadelphia, where it was used for color-
ing pigments in woolen mills.
BUTTE COUNTY.
M. E. Strauss, Forbestown, in Sec. 7, T. 19 N., R. 7 E., owns a deposit
of chromic iron, occurring in the form of a large kidney, from 10 to 100
feet wide, in serpentine. The claim has been prospected, but no ship-
ments were made, owing to the distance (26 miles) from the railway at
Oroville.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
Chromic iron occurs 10 miles northeast of Milton, on the ranch of
Capt. John Wright, in Salt Spring Valley, in the serpentine belt which
skirts the western base of Bear Mountains. A similar deposit is found
on the Tower ranch, near the Angels stage road, 9 miles east of Milton.
Very little work has been done on either of these deposits. (Xlllth
Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 48.)
Big Pine Chrome Mine, Penn Chemical Works of Campo Seco, owner;
in Sec. 20, T. 4 N., R. 11 E. The entire output of this mine is used
by the owners in lining the reverberatory furnaces at their smelter
at Campo Seco.
Big Trees Mining Company, Murphy. In Sec. 2, T. 3 N., R. 14 E. A
block of hematite and chromic iron. Idle.
DEL NORTE COUNTY.
Large deposits of chromite are found in Rattlesnake Mountains, from
Bald Hill to the Klamath River, embedded in the serpentine country
rock. They are not located, as the cost of transportation is too gi-eat
to make their working profitable at present.
2(38 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
French Hill (Tyson) Mines, Tyson Mining Company, Baltimore, owner;
in Sees. 5 and (1, T. 16 N., R. 1 K., II. >[., 3 miles south of Gasquet.
Kidneys of ohromite embedded in serpentine. Idle.
Low Divide (Tyson) Mine, same owner; in Sees. 33, 34, and 35, T. IS N.,
R. 2 Iv, II. M., 8 miles east of Smith River P. 0. Idle.
FRESNO COUNTY,
Toll House. — Chromite oceurs in a ser})entine belt 6 miles southwest
of Toll House, near Sentinel, in T. 11 S.. R. 23 E. Some prospecting
and developing were done, but the ore })roved to be low grade. Con-
siderable ore was shipped from this vicinity by the Copper King Mines
Company for its own use.
GLENN COUNTY.
Black Diamond Mine, in Sec. 25, T. 22 N., R. 7 W.; Guy M. and .John
Luce, Newville P. 0., owners. Chrome ore has been prolitably mined.
Up to 1893, there were 3319 tons nuned and shipped 20 miles l)y wagon
road to the railroad station at Fruto. The property has been idle for
several years. At the time of the active work on this property, a nund)er
of other deposits Avere discovered in the vicinity. These deposits of
chrome ore occur in the serpentine belt following the eastern slope of
the Coast Range. The Black Diamond mine was worked by an open
cut and tunnel. The workings have the form of an irregular-sha})ed
quarry, exposing a face from 25 to 35 feet high, from 30 to 40 feet wide.
and a tloor depth of about 70 feet. The highest line of the ore exposure
is about 10 feet l^elow the apex of the serpentine.
MENDOCINO COUNTY.
Chromite of good (juality is foun<l in si'veral places in tlic liills west
of Russian River \'alley. The individual deposits are not large, but
there are (juite a nunilx'r of tlieni. In 1895 efforts were made to
develop the mines. (Xllltli Iveport of the California State Mining
Bureau, ]). 49.)
PLACER COUNTY.
Some surface deposits of chrome ore were worked in 1890 and 1891,
and the i)roduet shipped to the Eastern market. These surface deposits
were found in a belt running nearly north from Lady's Canon, in Sec.
29, T. 14 N., R. 11 E., M. I). M., to Rattlesnake Den, near Dutch Flat,
on Little Bear River, in the southeastern part of T. 16 N.. R. 1*> E.,
M. 1). M.
Some detached surface dejmsits are found near Cape Horn, in Sees.
35 and .".C, T. 15 X., i{. 10 Iv. M. D. M.. and near Weimar, in S.'c. 21.
T. 14 X., i;. 9 E., M. I). M.
CIIROMITE — SAN BENITO, SAN LUIS OBISPO. 269
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
Tom Ingalls, Eniniett P. O., about fifteen yeai's ago perfonned some
development work on a dcjjosit of chromite, in Bee. 36, T. 14 S., R. 7 E.,
and it is claimed found a (^[uantity of good ore. Since that time no
further work has been done.
Near New Idria, on the divide between San Carlos Creek and Clear
Creek, surface boulders of chromite were found in the early fifties, and
in fact were the cause of prospecting which resulted in the discovery of
the New Idria quicksilver mines. The chromite contains narrow green
seams of rodochrome.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
Years ago large quantities of chromite were shipped from San Luis
Obispo to Baltimore and Philadelphia. The Goldtree Brothers were
the principal shippers, and most of the ore passed through their hands.
The shipments were greatest, it is said, from twenty to twenty-five years'
ago, and continued up to about seven years ago, when they ceased,
owing to removal of the tariff. A concentrating mill was erected in
San Luis Obispo about the time the industry ceased, which now stands
idle.
The ore occurs in irregular pockets and stringers in serpentine, which
is deeply disintegrated in most places. Much of the ore was obtained
from the disintegrated material.
Owing to the mode of occurrence of the ore, the mining w^as mostly
surface work, and there were a great number of pits scattered over the
area. The principal mines are about 8 or 9 miles north of the town of
San Luis Obispo, in the serpentine hills of the Santa Lucia Mountains,
but there are other mines west and southwest of the city in the Los
Osos Mountains. In the northwestern part of the county, on the west
slope of Pine Mountain, chromite occurs under similar conditions.
The ore being found in relatively small pockets disseminated through
the serpentine, the cost of mining was rather high — about $5.50 per
ton, laid down at San Luis.
In 1890, Myron Angel, field assistant of the California State Mining
Bureau, estimated that over 11,000 tons of chromite had been shipped
from San Luis Obispo. (See Xth Report of the California State Min-
ing Bureau, p. 582.)
J. A. Chanslop, San Luis Obispo. The Castor mine, in Sec. 29, T. 29 S.,
R. 12 E.. M. I). :\[.
Charles Goetz, 735 Ellis street, San Francisco. The El Devisadero,
El Salto, Priniera, and La Trinidad mines, in Sec. 33, T. 29 S., R. 12 E.,
M. I). M.
270
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
Goldtree Brothers, 124 Sansonie street, San Francisco. The London,
and Pick and Shovel mines, in Sec. 33, T. 29 S., K. 12 E., M. D. M.
C. T. Greenfield, San Luis Obispo. A mine in Sec. 3, T. 31 S., R. 12 E.,
M. D. M., very near the city limits.
T. Steele, Arroyo Grande. On the Rancho Santa Manuela, about 6
miles up the Arroyo Grande Creek from Arroyo Grande, some work has
been done, showing some chromite ore of a good quality. A small
amount was shipped from this point about fifteen years ago.
G. Urben, San Luis Obispo. The Jasper mine, in the southwestern
part of the Rancho Laguna, in the Los Osos Mountains, about 3 miles
southwest of San Luis Obispo.
Several small outcrops have been found in the Los Osos Mountains
on lands belonging to several parties.
On the west side of Pine Mountain lies a wide belt of serpentine,
wherein are found boulders of chromite, which were mined in former
years and shipped via San Simeon. These mines are located in Sees. 3
and 10, T. 26 S., R. 8 E., M. D. M.
^ Fork
14:
Chromite Mine
Pnmd Dougherty
23
7:3Z/V./^.6l^.
ILL. No. US. SKETCH A, SHASTA COUNTY.
SHASTA COUNTY.
F. P. Prim, Redding, and C. Dougherty, Hazel Creek, own three
chromite claims in Sees. 13 and 24, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., near Sims. A
belt of chromite of very good quality has been opened up over a length
of about 1000 feet. Tiie country rock is serpentine. The ore is lustrous
black, carries higli in chromic oxide and relatively low in iron oxide.
Seams of a talcose serpentine cut through the ore bodies. At the sur-
face the ore has the tawny, earthy appearance of the streak of chromite.
The ore generally lies against more or less polished surfaces of the
serpentine. No gangue or clay seam occurs on the contact. So far as
CHROMITE — SHASTA, SIERRA. 271
developed, the chroniite occurs in lenses, connected by narrow seams,
with dips reversing occasionally within a fcAV feet. All the present
workings are very near the surface.
The chromite is shipped as far as Arizona, Colorado, and Montana,
and is used for furnace bottoms at the Bully Hill and Keswick copper
furnaces.
The workings as indicated in Sketch A are: (a) Lens about 25 feet
diameter and 15 feet deep, out of which 600 tons were taken. Ore has
been left in the bottom, to be reached
by tunnel c. Shaft 30^ J^
{})) A similar, but smaller lens, out
of which 300 tons were taken. Here
the dip of the ore body is northwest,
while in r, not 50 feet distant, the dip is
southeast.
(c) The original discovery— a large "^-^^i^ ^\^fhm ore S^cfn
lens on the north side of the creek,
out of which 1500 tons were taken, con-
..1 -.i ,1 ILL. No. 119. Detail of e and r/, Sketch
nectmg by a narrow seam with another ^_ gj^^^^^^ county.
but smaller body lying to the southeast
and lower. (See section over XY in sketch A.) The latter body dips
under tunnel d.
[d) A tunnel run to cut the ore below c, h, and a. About 50 feet
from the entrance, a vertical shaft about 30 feet deep was sunk, cutting
the ore coming from c. It is claimed that there are 8 feet of ore in the
bottom of the shaft. The tunnel has not yet reached either c or a.
{e) To the south of Shotgun Creek, a short tunnel has developed a
small body of ore, having the form of a half-moon, out of which were
taken 200 tons of very good ore. This opening lies apparently a little
west of the belt in which the preceding works are located.
(/) An ore body in the line of this belt, higher up the hillside than
e, from which 200 tons of ore were taken.
Messrs. Prim and Doug-herty own another claim, in Sec. 22, T. 37 N.,
R. 5 \V., on which very little develojiinent work has been done and from
which no ore has been shipped.
E. Holden, J. Gibson, and others, of Lamoine, own eight claims in
Sec. 22, T. 37 X., R. 5 W., l)ut sufticient Avork has not been done to
judge about their prospective value.
SIERRA COUNTY.
Brandy City.— Sec. 1, T. 19 N., R. 8 E. A deposit of chromic iron.
Luse & Co.'s Mine, in Sec. 1, T. 19 N., R. 8 E.; D. E. Luse & Co.,
Camptonville, Yuba County, owners. A deposit of magno chromite (a
magnesia variety of chromite), from which a considerable tonnage has
272 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
been shipped by wugoii to tlic raih'oacl at Nevada City. This material
is used more especially for furnace lining. There is a large body of ore
in siy;ht.
'!r'
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
Considerable float of chromite is found near the top of the Forest
Mountains, in the eastern part of Sec. 13, T. 44 N., R. 8 W., Southern
Pacific Railroad Company, owner; and in the western part of Sec. 18,
T. 44 N., R. 7 W., Wm." Ramus and Carl Hill, Yreka, owners. The
country rock is serpentine; the chromite is found in relatively small
pieces. No development work has been done.
Float of chromite is reported in the vicinity of the Dewey mine, about
10 miles southwest of Gazelle.
TEHAMA COUNTY.
A belt of serpentine having a general nortii and south trend runs
through the southwestern part of Tehama County and the northwestern
part of Glenn County. This belt is on the lower eastern slope of the
Coast Range, called the Yallo Balloo Mountains. In this serpentine
float of chromite is found in a great number of places. In Tehama
County mining operations have, however, only been conducted on the
north fork of Elder Creek.
J. A. Heslewood, 469 East Eleventh street, Oakland, and P. C. Cpumbo,
Red Bluff, own deposits of chromite in Sec. 16, T. 24 N., R. 7 W. Tliey
were formerly w^orked by the Tehama Consolidated Chrome Company
of Red Bluff. (See Xth Report of the California State Mining Bureau,
p. 692 ; Xllth ibid., p. 88; Xlllth ibid., p. 50.) This company mined the
deposit in three places. Its last shipment was made about 1898. The
ore was shipped on a basis of 47 per cent of chromium oxide (Cr-iOj) as a
minimum. It is claimed that much of the ore went considerably higher.
The ore was paid for at the rate of $9 per ton delivered at Red Bluff.
The last shipments were made to .lohn Rosenfeld's Sons, of San Fran-
cisco. The cost of hauling to Red Bluff may l)e placed at $5.50 i)er ton.
All the ore taken out was practically from the surface. No work was
done to determine whether the ore persisted in depth.
TRINITY COUNTY.
It is claimed that fair chromite is found on the north fork of the east
fork of Trinity River, a few miles al)ove the point where the road from
Trinity Center to Cinnabar crosses the creek, whicdi would locate it in
thf northwest part of T. 38 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M. It is also claimed
that a large deposit has been developed near Hayfork.
pulijEr's earth— analyses, production, etc.
273
FULLER^S EARTH.
Fuller's earth is a soft, friable rock that is used in fulling wool and
deodorizing and clarifying oils, fats, greases, and other fluids. It differs
from other earths in its texture, which makes it so valuable in the
industries. The essential properties of fuller's earth are that it falls to
pov^'der easily in water, and removes with avidity grease from cloth and
coloring matter from oils. The latter appears to be the essential and
characteristic quality that distinguishes fuller's earth from all others.
As yet, no distinguishing definite mineralogical composition has been
recognized, and just what gives it the unique filtering and absorbent
properties is not clearly known.
The following analyses show the composition of several of the best
known of the fuller's earths on the market:
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FULLER'S EARTH.
SiO,
AI2O3 Fe^Os
CaO
MgO
Alka-
lies.
Loss on
Ignition.
English
y! v.,
fuller's earth. (Min. Ind.
Vol. X, p. 273) 5-4.20
English fuller's earth. ^Jour. Frank.
Inst.. Vol. CL, p. 220) 59.37
Gadsden Co., Florida. (Jour. Frank.
Inst.. Vol. CL, p. 220) 62.83
Ocala. Florida. (Jour. Frank. Inst.,
Vol CL.p. 220) 36.73
Fairburn. South Dakota. (Jour.
Frank. Inst., Vol. CL, p. 220) 60.16
Decatur County, Georgia. (Jour.
Frank. Inst.. V'ol. CL, p. 220) 67.46
Bakerstield. Kern County. California.
(^rin. Ind. X. Y., Vol.'X, p. 273)..- 54.32
England. (Geikie, 1893, p. 133) 44.00
14.30
6.30
i
1.25
11.82
6.27
6.17
10.35
2.45
2.43
27.78
3.21
.81
10.38
14.87
4.96
10.08
2.49
3.14
18.88
11.00
6.50
10.00
1.00
5; (.10
1
72
,09
12
64
72
09
22
00
3.79
.98
.94
.42
4.21
5.00
17.44
13.19
7.72
12.14
7.20
5.61
11.86
One of the most striking features concerning the analyses is the varia-
tion in the composition. The value of a fuller's earth is a function of
the physical texture, not of the chemical composition.
Ppoduction of Fuller's Eapth in the United States.— During the past
four years the production has been as follows:
Tons. Value.
1901 14,112 $96,835
1902 14,100 109,980
1903 20,693 190,277
1904 29,480 168,500
The imports of fuller's eartii for 1902 were lo,51o tons, valued at
$102, .580.
The production of fuller's earth in the United States began in the
year 1893 by accidental discovery at Quincy, Florida. Other deposits
18— iu-l". 38
274 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
were found later in other parts of Florida, Virginia, North Carolina,
Georgia, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Soutli Dakota, New York,
and California. The market supply in the East continues to come
from Florida, and in the West from California.
The American fuller's earth, it is said,* is used for filtering mineral
oils, while the Englisli earths are preferred for cottonseed and lard oils.
Ppeparation. — In America the earth is ground fine enough to go
through a 60-mesh sieve, when it is ready for use. With the mineral
oils the earth is })ut in long cylinders, through wliich the crude oil is
allowed to slowly percolate. The first oil tliat comes through is clear,
thinner and lighter than that which follows. With the vegetable oils,
the oil is heated above the boiling point of water and the earth added,
and tlie mixture stirred vigorously for some time, and then filtered
through bag filters, when the coloring matter remains with the earth.
Refepences. — 1. Occurrence of fuller's earth in the United States;
characteristics, uses, distribution, etc., by David T. Day. Journal of
Franklin Institute, Vol. CL (Sept., 1900), p. 214.
2. Fuller's earth of Florida and Georgia, by T. W. Vaughan. U. ,S.
Geological Survey, Bulletin 213, p. 392.
3. Fuller's earth of South Dakota. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng.,
Vol. XXVII (1898), p. 333.
4. Mineral Industry, Vol. VII, p. 271.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Fuller's earth is found in three distinct and separate sections of the
county, l)ut in each case observed it appears to be an intrusion into
the clays and of inferior quality:
In Sec. 8, T. 24 N., R. 4 E.; Diamond Match Company, owner.
In Sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 4 E.; the barytes mine, J. C. Eicher, Oroville,
OAvner.
In Sec. 13, T. 21 N., R. 3 E.; A. M. Smith, Oroville.
KERN COUNTY.
California Fuller's Eaptli Company; H. L. Packard, Bakersfield, man-
ager. In Sec. 14, T. 27 S., R. 28 E., 18 miles nortli of Bakersfield, is a
large deposit of fuller's earth, said to vary from lo to 50 feet in di ptli,
and many acres in extent. The fuller's earth is overlaid by a tliin
layer of soil, which is first removed, and then tlie earth is taken out in
open i)its. It is hauled in wagons 18 miles to Bakersfield, where it is
ground and shi])ped ])rinci])ally to Kansas City and other Eastern i)oints
for refining animal antl vegetable oils. This tleposit was first opened
in 1898, and it has produced since then.
»Davifl T. Day, .Tournal Franklin Inst., Vol. CL. p. 214. (September, 1900.)
fuller's earth— kern, san Bernardino.
275
The analysis of tlir earth shows:
Per Cent.
Silica (8iO.) 54.32
Alumina (AUO3) --- 18.88
Iron oxi(lo(Fe,03) 6-50
Liine(CaO)...^ 1-*^
>[agnesia(MgO) 3-2^
Loss on ignition 11.86
Alkalies (by difference) 4.21
A t'oiuparative test of this earth with the English fuller's earth showed
that 10 pounds of it equaled 9.75 pounds of the English earth. The
ILL. No. 120. QUARRY OP FULLER'S EARTH, KERX COUNTY.
tests were made on cottonseed oil, with 5 and 10 per cent quantities of
earth at 100° C. for forty-five minutes.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTYo
J. Reed, 428 Court street, San Bernardino, owns a deposit containing
fuller's earth and claimed to be of considerable extent, about 12 miles
north of Barstow. The fuller's earth occurs in sandstone and con-
glomerate. It has gray, red, and brown colors.
W. E. VanSlyke, 716 Fifth street, Sau Bernardino, has located a dejjosit
of fuller's earth, claimed to be of considerable extent, in the northern
part of T. 9 N., R. 22 E., S. B. M., on the north side of the Sacramento
Wash, opposite Java, a station on the Santa Fe Railway. About four
years ago some work was done on this deposit, showing a face over a
length of about SO feet.
276 STRUCTLUAL AND INDUSTKIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
THE GLASS INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA.
The glass industry is almost in its infancy in California. A few
factories arc in operation, making the lower grades of glass, l)ut not
enough is manufactured to supi)ly the local demand, and very little is
shipped from the State.
The Materials. — The chief materials used in l»ulkin glass-making are
lime, silica, and soda, with snniller quantities of other materials, such
as potash, lead, and ahnnina. Glass consists of an acid like silicic acid
or horacic acid, combined with an alkaline earth, as lime, barium, or
strontium, and an alkaline metal, as soda or potash. Of these mate-
rials, silica and lime are cheaper than any of the others, hence are
commonly used in ordinary glass, and soda more connnonly than
potash.
Lime occurs pretty widely distributed over the State, and there is
little diflUculty in ol)taining it in sufficient quantities at a moderate
price. Silica occurs in large quantities in the form of sand, sandstone,
iind (juartz veins. Many sand deposits contain, besides the (juartz
granules, grains of other minerals, such as feldspar, mica, tourmaline,
etc., which hold in combination too many impurities for good glass-sand.
INIost of the sand deposits in California are of this nature. There is a
large sand deposit at Monterey of sufficient purity to make good glass,
and it is used for that purpose to the extent of about 5000 tons per
year. At Tesla, in Alameda County, is another large deposit of sand
that is used for glass-making. So far as could be ascertained there is
no sandstone used in this State for the manufacture of glass.
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
At Tesla, Corral Hollow, in Sec. 32, T. 3 S., 11. 1 E.; San Francisco and
San .Joacpiin Coal Company, Safe Deposit Building, 328 Montgomery
street, San Francisco, owner. The sand occurs in a 20-foot l)ed above
the coal vein and between a bed of gray clay (used for building brick)
on the hanging wall and a bed of fire (day on the foot wall. The bed
dips N. 70" W., at an angle of 60°. The outcroi)pings are })lainly visil)le
across the hills in a general east and west direction. Sand was first
shipped to Stockton in 1901. The sand was originally taken from out-
croppings, but is now worked from a 500-foot tunntd. It is a fine
quartz sand, and is washed by long sluice-boxes onto tables to free it
from particles of light clay. It is then sacked at a siding and shi})ped
to the glass factories. About 600 tons are shipped in a season.
GLASS INDUSTRY — LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
277
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
(^lartz vi'iiis of sufficient size and purity for glass material are
worked in nortlu'vn Los Angeles (bounty, and no doul)t could be opened
elsewhere.
C. E. Joslin, 900 Braly Building, Los Angeles, owns a quartz vein 6
miles northwest of Acton which has been opened during the present
year. The vein is reported to be 30 feet thick. Analyses of two speci-
mens gave for one 98.0 per cent of silica and L3 per cent of iron and
ahnnina. and for the other 99.43 per cent of silica.*
ILL. Xo. Vn. PLANT OF SOUTHWESTERN GLASS MANUFACTURING CO., LOS ANGELES.
Several miles out from Lancaster, Los Angeles County, is a deposit
from which quartz is obtained for the glass works at Los Angeles. The
quartz is hauled by wagon from the quarry to Lancaster, from which it
is shipped by rail to the glass works. It is a white, milky quartz, c^uite
free from impurities.
Southwestern Glass Manufacturing Company, G. E. J^ittinger, j)resi-
dent, 301 North Avenue 19, Los Angeles, successor to the Los Angeles
Glass Company; began operations in February, 1904. The company
obtains its lime from Colton and its quartz from Lancaster. Bottles,
Mason jars, and packing jars are manufactured. The Mason jars are
* Analyses furnished the Bureau by Mr. Joslin.
278 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
made by macliinc. but tlic bottles and small jars arc l)lown in molds.
The Ljlass is free from iron color, but has a smoky tint that slightly mars
its beauty. Located as it is in the midst of one of the greatest fruit
districts in the Avorld, this factory should have an extensive local trade
in fruit jars and bottles.
MONTEREY COUNTY.
Carmel Development Company, Mr. Devendorf, secretary. Carmel-
on-the-8ea has a dei)Osit of sand claimed to be similar to that of Lake
IMajella and to run 95 per cent silica.
Pacific Improvement Company, Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Com-
pany, agent. Deposit at Lake Majella, near Pacific Grove, in south-
eastern part of T. 15 S., R. 1 W. The sand is arkose. The grains
of quartz and feldspar are mostly angular, but mixed with rounded
quartz granules. The biotite and hornblende granules occur in limited
quantity. The sand is shipped in bulk to the glass factories in San
Francisco and Stockton. About one fourth of the output is shipped
in sacks — about 50,000, weighing from 80 to 100 pounds each.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Glass sand is found in Sec. 31, T. 7 S., R. 7 W., S. B. U.; R. Egan,
Capistrano, owner; about one mile northeast of town, in a canon
entering the Trabuco at Capistrano. On the west side of the creek a
bed of sand is exposed over 50 to 60 feet, from 8 to 10 feet high, over-
laid by recent clays. Close by, on the east side of the canon, a similar
deposit is exposed over a couple of hundred feet, having a thickness of
25 to 30 feet. This material consists of very minute, angular quartz
granules and very fine scales of biotite, sometimes muscovite.
PLACER COUNTY.
Roseville Deposits, in Sec. 8, T. 11 N., R. 7 E.; Thomas Thomas, Rose-
ville, owner. This deposit of glass sand was prospected by G. M.
Hanisch, who made borings in this material to a depth of 90 feet. The
sand is overlaid by 15 feet of gold-bearing gravel, and lies in a basin
formed by lava on the north, black slate on the south, and granite on
the east.
Lincoln Deposits, in Sees. 9 and 10, T. 12 N., R. 6 E.; Tallant Bank-
ing Coni})any, owner. This deposit was also prospected by Mr. Hanisch ;
the glass sand was found at an average depth of 25 feet. (See Xth
Report of the California State Mining Bureau, i)p. 20, 413.) More
recent borings were made on a town lot in Lincoln, owned by Frank
Elder. Several tons were extracted at a depth of 30 feet.
GLASS INDUSTRY; GRAPHITE. 279
SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY,
Pacific Window Glass Company; C. J. Hurrle, manager. It is located
about one mile south of Stockton, was started in 1902, and manufac-
tures only window glass, using the cylinder window-glass process. The
equipment includes one continuous melting tank, with a capacity of
eighteen pots (thus accommodating eighteen blowers); two flattening
ovens, and a cutting, sizing, and shipping department. The crew of
skilled labor includes 18 blowers, 18 tender boys, 4 flatteners, and 4
cutters, and the balance is common labor. Ninety men are employed
in the factory. Oil is used as fuel. The glass sand is shipped from
Monterey County. The management claims that the glass is as good
as any Eastern product, and can be furnished in any sizes ranging from
7 by 9 inches up to 50 by 80 inches.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
Glass sand is reported in large quantities and of a very good quality
in the mountains about 40 miles east of Arroyo Grande, by J. F.
Beckett, Arroyo Grande.
Glass sand is also claimed to be found in the northern part of
T. 32 S., R. 13 E., M. D. M., near the Southern Pacific Railroad, 3 to 4
miles south of Edna, in the bituminous rock formation on the Rancho
Corral de Piedra. (See also Xth Report of the California State Mining
Bureau, p. 573.)
GRAPHITE,
Graphite is sometimes called " plumbago" or " black lead." It is a
form of carbon, and occurs in two varieties, crystalline and amorphous.
Crystalline graphite is usually found in a compact foliated or granular
mass. Graphite is infusible and resists the corrosive action of many
chemicals and molten metals, which properties render the crystalline
variety with its flake-like form of great value in the manufacture of
graphite crucibles. Crystalline graphite is a good conductor of heat
and electricity, which renders it of special value in the manufacture of
electrical appliances. Graphite is also used for stove polish, foundry
facings, paint, and lead pencils; as a lubricant, and in poAvder glazing,
electrotyping, steam packing, etc. (See Bureau of Census, Mines and
Quarries, 1902, p. 1017.)
280 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
FRESNO COUNTY.
A largr body oi gi-a})liite is found in Drum N'allcy, 6 inilcs north of
Auckland, Tulare County, on the land of William Kincaid, of Dunlap,
and another l)ody on tlie Reeves ranch, oi miles west of Dunlap. (8ee
Xlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 642.) These
deposits have not been operated on a commercial scale as yet.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
D. 0. Helman, 2029 New Jersey street, Los Angeles, owns a deposit of
crystalline graphite in T. 7 N., R. 15 W., S. B. M., near Elizabeth Lake.
It has, however, not been sufficiently developed to prove its conniiercial
value.
In Sec. 4, T. 1 N., R. 13 W., S. B. .M., in Verdugo Canon, 12 miles
northeast of Los Angeles, an extensive deposit of graphite is found in
a granite country rock. It is amorphous and soft, which renders its
separation more difficult and expensive. The soft graphite can only
l)e used for ])aint. (See IXth Report of the California State Mining
Bureau, p. 207.)
Graphite Mine; George A. Skinner and Charles Woodin, both of Kern
County, owners. It is located in the northern portion of Los Angeles
County, near Savigus. The property is at present undeveloped. It is
reported that there are two veins, 4 and 6 feet wide. It has been held
by the present owners for about two years.
MENDOCINO COUNTY.
Western Graphite Company, Crossley Building, San Francisco, owns
a deposit of gra})hite in Sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 15 W., about 15 miles east
of Point Arena. The graphite occurs in a blanket formation; it is
mined l)y quarrying, then washed and puddled to free it from (juartz
inclusions, and later refined in San Francisco. It is marketed as a
paint, a lubricant, and for foundry facings.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
W. E. Van Slyke, 716 Fifth street, San Bernardino. A deposit of
graphite, stated to he near the head of the Santa Ana River, in the San
Bernardino Mountains, about 15 miles from East Highlands, a station
on the Santa Fe Railway. The material is claimed to carry about 50
per cent of graphite, which is ap})arently of the soft, amorphous variety.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
A ledge of grapliite is reported in the Siskiyou Mountains, very near
the top of the ridge on the north slope, op})Osite the head of the eastern
branch of Seiad Creek, about in Sees. 4 and 9, T. 47 N., R. 11 \V.
GRAPHITE: GYPSUM. 281
SONOMA COUNTY.
Healdsbupg Paint Company. In cxcavatiiiii for tlie foundation of a
mill at the Healdsburg Paint Company's mine, 10 miles south of Healds-
Inirg, a deposit of graphite was exposed. It was overlooked and cov-
ered hy a waste dump. The material is apparently very similar to
that at the Skinner graphite mine, and to samples from Mendocino
County. Small particles of (piartz occur throughout the graphite.
Skinner Graphite Mine, E. Leach (care of F. A. Leach, U. S. Mint,
San Francisco), owner; in Sec. 14, T. 4 X., R. 7 W., 4 miles south of
Petahnna. on the San Rafael road. It was opened about 1894, and has
produced $9000 worth of mineral paint. The development works are
at present inaccessible, and there is no outcropping of graphite. Mr.
Skinner states ''that the graphite occurs as a 40-foot bed, dipping to
the north at an angle of about 45 degrees, and that 8 feet of the best
material — the upper portion of the bed — averages 90 per cent." Stringers
of (juartz are distributed throughout the deposit. The ore was merelj''
screened at the mine to remove the quartz, and shipped to San Fran-
cisco to be milled and bolted for paint.
TUOLUMNE COUNTY.
Morgan Graphite Mine; R. H. Morgan, Columbia, owner; in Sec. 9^
T. 2 X.. R. 14 E., about 3 miles west of Columbia. The graphite is said
to contain some silica. A few years ago a shipment was made to Eng-
land, but nothing could be learned of the returns. The works are closed
and inaccessible.
GYPSUM.
Gypsum is a hydrous calcium sulphate (CaS04, 2 HgO), which, pro-
portioned by weight, contains 20.9 per cent of water, 32.5 per cent of
lime, and 46.6 per cent of sulphur trioxide. The color is usually' white
when pure, l:>ut sometimes it is gray, yellow, red, brown, or black. It
occurs massive, granular, fil)rous, and crystallized, in large solid crys-
tals, or in lamellar or seal}' crystal masses and sheets. The fine fibrous
forms are called sdfiu spar, from its satin-like luster, and the trans-
parent crystal forms are called selenite. A compact, granular, translu-
cent variety of gypsum is called alabaster, and is used for ornamental
purposes.
Calcium sul})hate occurs in nature without the water of crystalliza-
tion in the mineral anhydrite (CaS04). It occurs associated with lime-
282 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
stone and other rocks, sometimes witli Ix'ds of rock salt, but is not so
common or abundant as gypsum.
Calcium sulphate occurs in large quantities in solution in many
springs and streams, and in still larger quantities in sea-water.
Uses of Gypsum. — Gypsum has a large nundjer of varied uses in the
industries. It is used in the form of plaster of paris. It replaces (piick-
lime in wall plaster, and is frequently used for the hard finish on lime
plaster. It is used for making plaster boards and for the smooth finish
jnit on the surface. Large quantities enter into the manufacture of
fertilizers, although less than formerly. It is used as a retarding ingre-
dient in Portland cement. It is further used in the paper, the glass, the
dyeing, and in many other industries; also as an adulterant for food
products.
The researches of Professor Hilgard of the University of California
have shown that gypsum is one of the most valuable materials for
reclaiming the black alkali lands of central California. There are a
number of small gypsum quarries where the product is used locally for
this purpose.
The increased demand for gypsum along the different lines is in
excess of the supply in California, and a considerable portion of that
used is shipped in from other states. The large cement works, pot-
teries, and plaster works in the vicinity of San Francisco obtain
gypsum from Nevada.
Methods of Manufacture of Plaster or Plaster of Paris. — In the
manufacture of plaster, the gypsum is heated or cooked in large kettles
up to a temperature of 177'\ when it is withdrawn from the fire. If all
the water is driven off, the plaster becomes " dead burned " and refuses
to set. If the gypsum is properly burned and ground, when water is
added to it a hard, compact material is formed. With the pure gypsum
this process takes place quite rapidly — in six to eight minutes.
In its use as wall plaster and for some other purposes it is desirable
to have the plaster set slowly. This object is commonly attained by
mixing with it some substance which has the property of delaying the
final set. Such substances are called retarders and are of different
materials, such as sawdust, pulp, fiber, lime, slag, sugar, alkalies, acids,
glue, and glycerine.
Sometimes it is desirable to hasten the time and have the plaster set
as quickly as possible, which is accomplished by adding what is called
an accelerator. Alum or borax is frequently used for this purpose.
It is possible, by adding certain chemicals to the plaster, to make a
harder product. Even the natural gypsum rock may be hardened
artificially.
GYPSUM— BUTTE, COLUSA, FRESNO. 283
DistFibution. — Gypsum occurs Avidely distributed in nearly all locali-
ties where the Tertiary rocks occur; that is, in the Coast Ranges, in the
Great Valley, and in southern California; but only in few locali-
ties does it occur in beds of suthcient size or purity and convenient to
transportation to be worked profitably.
The only counties reporting to the Mining Bureau in 190.'> were:
Kern, 1000 tons, and Los Angeles, 5914 tons, all valued at $46,441.
There was probably a considerable production from small quarries for
local use which was not reported.
References on Gypsum Deposits. — 1. The Vlllth, Xth, and Xllth
Reports of the State Mineralogist of California.
2. Bulletin Xo. 223, U. S. Geological Survey. Gypsum deposits in
the United States.
3. Bulletin Xo. 11, Vol. Ill, 1893, X. Y. State Museum.
4. Iowa Geological Survey, Vol. XII, 1901.
5. University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. V.
6. Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. V, Pt. II, 1893.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Gypsum occurs in Butte County in the St. Clair hydraulic mine
(long ago abandoned), in Sec. 19, T. 21 X., R. 4 E. It is exposed in the
face of the workings in small horizontal ledges or layers, from 3 to 5
feet apart, and extending for about 100 feet across the face.
COLUSA COUNTY.
Gypsum occurs in various sections in the western side of Colusa
County, but none has been developed in commercial quantity. It is
reported in the Sulphur Creek district, in Sec. 31, T. 17 X., R. 7 W.,
and in the Ruby King copper mines.
FRESNO COUNTY.
About 9 miles north of Coalinga, in Fresno County, is a gypsum
deposit, which occurs in two beds interstratified with clays and shales
which dip 20 degrees to the southeast. The product was used for fer-
tilizer in Tulare and Fresno counties.
Paoli Mine. — Professor Hilgard gives a description of this deposit
in the Xllth Report of the State Mineralogist, 1894, p. 323. It is
located in the ridge bordering the Avest side of the Great Valley,
about 18 miles southwest from Mendota. The gypsum crops out along
the crest of several ridges, with a gentle dip toward the valley. The
deposit on the crest of the main ridge, where most work has been done,
284 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
shows a thickness of at hwst 30 feet, 1>ut its lower liniil lias not heen
exposed. The deposit is a very hirge one, sutticient to supi)ly tlif needs
of the San .Ton(|uin Valley for a lonu' tiin(> to come.
tSani])les eoUeeted fi'oin ero]>i)inus hy Professor lliliiard show the
material to he very nearly uniform from top to hottom; a yellowish-
white chalky mass, easily crumbled, and therefore readily put in shai)e
for farmers' use. Eight samples were selected to represent the outcro})s
in several places. The analyses of four gave the following results:
Sand, Moisture,
and Carbonate
<;ypsum. Clay, of Lime, etc.
N.I. J, froiu suinmit of main ridge !>r).24% 1.98% 2.78%
No. ."), from second spur, middle of crest 94.74 1.52 .3.74
No. 6, from third sjiur, in canon 1)2.90 2.60 4.50
No. 7, from fourtli spur, near road 82.2U 8.21 9.59
KERN COUNTY,
California Gypsum and Mineral Company; J. M. Anderson, Tulare.
The deposit is located near McKittrick.
Cottonwood Creek, 5 miles north of Pampa, and 8 miles from Wade,
on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Tlie gypsum is stated to occur l»oth
as surface crust and in interstratified beds. The material is shipped fi-om
Wade, and used for fertilizing purposes. (See Bulletin No. 220, V. S.
Geological Survey, p. 121.)
Western Petroleum Company; Mclvittrick. Sec. 20, T. 30 S., H. 22 E.,
M. D. M.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Alpine Plaster Company; main office, 720 East Colorado street, Pasa-
dena; branch office, 302 Douglas Building, Los Angeles; David Lang,
manager at the works at Palmdale. The gypsum occurs in large quan-
tities in the low foothills about half a mile to the south, and is manu-
factured into plaster at the factory, which is located near Palmdale, a
station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. At ]n-esent tlu' material is
transported in wagons from the quarries to the mill.
The gypsum outcrops for several miles east and west in the low foot-
hills along the south side of the great Antelojie Valley, interstratified
with conglomerate, sandstone, and shales. The general dip of the
strata is to the south. So far as known, the total thickness of the gyp-
sum beds has not yet been ascertained, but there is sufficient showing
on the outcrop to furnish a supply for many years to come. Part of
the gvjjsum occurs in fibrous layers one eightii toon(> half of an inch or
more thick, alternating with thin layers of clay and shale. The 1)anded
layers are in places rather sharply folded, and in places faulted. (See
GYPSUM— LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
285
111. 122.) In other places along the outcrop the gypsum is more massive,
shows little crystallization, and contains more or less white and yellow
€lay diffused through the mass.
The l)etter grades of the gypsum now being (juarried, it is stated, run
over 80 per cent in calcium sulphate. The workable beds vary in thick-
ness from 2 to 30 feet or more. The present quarry (July, 1904) con-
tains from 4 to 5 feet of commercial product, with almost no stripping.
All of the quarrying so far has been on the outcrop along the brow of
the low hill. A dozen or more small quarry openings have been made.
The mill has been in operation three years, manufacturing two grades
II. I.. -No. 122. (.VPSUM IJUARRY OF THE ALPLXE PLASTER COMPANY AT P.VLMHALE,
LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Light bands are gypsum.
of ])laster — No. 1, white for finishing; and No. 2, wall plaster. The
I)roduct is principally used in Los Angeles and Pasadena, and the
demand is stated to be steadily increasing. There are two pots in
operation, witli a capacity of 40 tons of plaster per day, using oil as
fuel.
(8ee Xlth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 248;
Xllth ihifl, p. 324; Xlllth ibid, p. 504.)
Fire Pulp Plastic Company, 750 South Alameda street, Los Angeles,
owns a gyi)sum deposit at the head of San Francis([uito Creek, about
13 miles from Castaic. The gypsum is of good quality; it occurs, how-
ever, in relatively small pockets and layers within the inclosing country
rock.
286 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CiVl,IFORNlA.
About tAvo miles north of Lang, a station on the Southern Pacific
Raih-oad, in 8cc. 30, T. 5 N., K. 14 W., S. B. M., there is a deposit of
gypsum, nearly 8 feet wide, almost iK'rpondicular. (See IXtli Report
of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 195.)
ORANGE COUNTY.
In Gj'psum Canon, Orange County, on the west sloi)e of the Santa
Ana range, is a deposit of white crystalline gypsum, said to be from
8 to 10 feet in thickness. It occurs in sandstone strata, thought to be
of Cretaceous age. (See Bulletin No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey,
p. 121.)
RJVERSDDE COUNTY.
Adams-Blakely Deposit; H. R. Adams and T. A. Blakely, Braly
Building, Los Angeles, owners; in T. 3 S., R. 18 E., S. B. M., in the
Old Ironwood Mining District, a deposit dipping at an angle of 45 degrees,
reported as about 2 miles long and 1 mile wide. The greater part is
granulated gypsum, and runs from 96 to 99 per cent pure. Stone gyp-
sum or alabaster occurs intermediary in dikes. At present the deposit
is too distant from the railroad to be worked commercially, but the new
Santa Fe cutoff from Parker to Bengal will make it accessible.
Banning- Station, near the Southern Pacific Railroad. (See Bulletin
No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 120.)
George W. Lord, Corona. In Sees. 14 and 15, T. 4 S., R. 7 W.,
S. B. ^I. The gypsum occurs in a brown ferruginous shale, partly as
crystals, partly as fibrous gypsum, and partly as thin flakes crystal-
lized in the seams of the rock. It has been worked by the Standard
Fertilizing Company, which took out 250 tons of gypsum in 1901, and
about 150 tons before that date; but has not been worked since then.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
In Bitterwater Creek Cahou a number of (k'tached gy])sum dci^osits
are found, running from Lewis Creek, in Sec. 5, T. 19 S., R. 10 E.,M. D. M.,
to Sec. 17 or 18, T. 18 S., R. 9 E. The quality of the gypsum differs
materially in the various exposures. (See also Bulletin No. 223, U. S.
Geological Survey, p. 120.)
F. Q. Alvarez, Bitterwater P. O. In Sec. 5, T. 19 S., R. 10 E., and Sec.
32, T. 18 S., R. 10 E., on the east side of the Lower Bitterwater. The
gypsum lies in, or in close contact with, a belt of serpentine whicli runs
along the east rim of liitterwater Valley. It is mixed with clay and
often of a grayish color; some bouMcrs of white gypsum are, however,
GYPSUM — SAN BENITO, SAN BERNARDINO. 287
found on the surface. Sevtn-al years ago some was excavated and liauled
to San Francisco, l)ut in later years the deposit has been idle.
Mrs. S. Chambers, Bitterwater P. O. In Sec. 15, T. 18 S., U. 9 E., on
the west side of Bitterwater Valley, some gypsum boulders were exca-
vated some years ago. In a well dug near the house a bed of gypsum
al>out 3 feet thick was passed through.
Three hundred yards northeast of the house some open cuts have
exposed two beds of a fair quality of gypsum. The country rock is
shale, but the gypsum is accompanied by a light gray sandstone con-
taining inclusions of gypsum.
J. F. Dunn, Hollister. On the Topo ranch, in Sec. 17 or 18, T. 18 S.,
R. 9 E., on the divide Avest of Bitterwater Valley, a deposit of gypsum
lying in a horizontal bed, 3 to 4 feet thick, has been opened for about 100
feet. It has only a soil overburden of 2^ to 3 feet, and is underlaid by
shale. The gypsum is of fairly good quality. . The deposit is 12 miles
from railroad. (See Xlllth Report of the California State Mining
Bureau, p. 504.)
J. C. Tully, Bitterwater P. O. In Sec. 32, T. 18 S., R. 10 E. (See
Alvarez deposit, of which it forms part.)
R. R. Tully, Bitterwater P. 0. In Sec. 11, T. 18 S., R. 10 E. Some
detached l)odies of grayish-colored gypsum, somewhat mixed with clay.
Estate of T. Williams (deceased), 1003 First street, San Jose. In the
southwestern part of T. 19 S., R. 12 E., and the northwestern part of
T. 17 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M., on Silver Creek, indications of gypsum
have been found.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
San Bernardino County contains gypsum beds of promise in many
places on the desert, especially in the eastern part, in Amboy sink.
They are associated with salt beds and overlaid by a thin layer of clay.
They have not been developed.
Near Camp Cady, a gypsum deposit has been located by Willam Hale^
310 D street, San Bernardino, and F. Deming and J. Ackerman,
Daggett, one mile from the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake
Railroad, in the northern part of T. 10 N., R. 5 E., S. B. M. The
deposit is stated to be uncovered along a low ridge about 300 feet long,
and 100 feet high at the highest point. Very little work has been done
on the de})Osit.
Beds of Selenite (gypsum) also occur associated with salt beds at
Danby dry lake, 32 miles southeast of Danby, on the Santa Fe Railway.
2S8 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
White and .tiray gypsum occur in in-c.milar, huiicliy veins on Alamo
Creek. 1() miles fi-om Santa Maria, l»ut very little of it lias been used.
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
Charles D. Fox, Room 21, Curtaz lUiilding, Sau Francisco. An
extensive deposit in Santa Barbara Canon, in T. 8 and 9 N., R. 25 W.,
S. B. ]\I., aliout 5 or 6 miles south of Quartel P. O., in the Cuyama
Valley. It is claimed to contain a very fair grade of gypsum, also
alabaster. (See Bulletin No. 228, U. S. Geological Survey, y>. 123.)
This deposit can be reached l)y wagon from Santa Maria and from
Bakersfield.
Stevenson & Marshall, Casmalia P. 0., own a gypsum deposit near
Point Sal, on the coast of Santa Barbara County. It has produced
considerable gypsum in the past, but has l)een idle for a numl)er of
years, with no prospect of producing again. The gypsum was hauled
to Point Sal landing for shipment by water. There are said to be two
beds of gypsum occurring in black clay, all dipping down at a high
angle. Six different openings were made, and the most accessible part
of the deposit has apparently been exhausted. (See also Vlllth
Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 58o; Xth iJtid., p. 601;
Bulletin No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 122.)
Selenite is found among the surface debris near Santa Barl»ara, but
no regular de})Osit has as yet l)een discovered.
TULARE COUNTY.
California Gypsum and Mineral Company; .]. M. Anderson, Tulare;
works at McKittrick. In Sec. 21, T. 30 S.. R. 22 E., M. D. M.
Specially for fertilizer, etc.
Dudley Mine; M. Dickson, McKittrick, Kern County, owner. Idle
for several years.
VENTURA COUNTY.
J. F. Dennison, Nordhoff. On the Dennison ranch, about 3 miles
east of Nordhoff, a little to the south of the main road to Santa Paula,
a gypsum deposit was worked to a small extent more than ten years
ago. Imt not since. (See Bulletin No. 223, U. S. (ieological Survey,
p. 122.)
INFUSORIAL EARTH— ANALYSES, ETC.
289
INFUSORIAL EARTH,
Infusorial earth or diatomaceous earth, sometimes known as tripoli
or tripolite, the German kieselguhr, consists of siliceous material secreted
by microscopic plants called diatoms. When pure it is generally white
or nearly white in color, and consists essentially of opal or colloidal
silica and water, but frequently contains as impurity a small percentage
of other constituents such as alumina, iron oxide, lime, and magnesia,
as shown by the following analyses:
ANALYSES OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH.
n
Water....
Iron Oxide
>
B
5'
so
3
so
TO
3
cn
Alkalies
0
White Lake, New York
Richmoiul, Virginia
Morri>; Coiintv \e\v York
86.52
75.85
80.66
81.53
81.08
80.49
1.20
79.00
95.34
84.15
91.43
86.90
12.12
8.37
14.01
3.47
18.44
13.33
10.00
12.00
.03
10.40
3.80
5.99
.37
2.92
"3.33'
.45
9.88
3.84
3.43
.12
.29
.58
2.61
"iVes
99.58
98.95
99.09
Pope's Creek, Maryland
Storev C'oiintv. Nevada
5.63
--
100.00
99.52
Pollet Lake, Canada -
.95
""s'.oo"
3.
.70
.66
1.26
3.15
2.00
5.00
65
1.40
2.89
4.09
.34
.28
--
98.54
Auversne
99.20
Tuscany - -
99.00
Aberdeen
99.02
Hanover -
1.75
.36
.14
1.10
.25
.51
""95'
1.18
99.50
Little Truckee River, Xevada..
Fossil Hill. Xevada.- .-. .. ..
100.34
100.07
The diatom plants are exceedingly minute; there are a great many
kinds and varieties, some of which inhabit fresh water and some salt
water. The marine forms are very widely distributed; in places they
make up the bulk of the ooze of the deep sea, where it is called diatom-
ooze. The diatoms are very abundant in many fresh waters; they
accumulate in great quantities in some of the fresh-water lakes. (See
further. Mineral Resources, 1901, p. 798.) Probably the largest deposits
in the Avorld occur in California.
The Eleventh Census Report, Mineral Industry, page 707, states that
the first development of infusorial earth in California was made in 1889,
near Calistoga, Napa County.
Infusorial earth is not soluble in acids, but is soluble in alkalies and
has great absorptive powers. Its specific gravity is about 0.25; when
saturated it has a density of 1.24. After calcining, the specific gravity
is increased about 50 per cent. This excessive porosity, together with
the hardness of the constituent particles, gives the earth its economic
value. It is used as an absorbent for nitro-glycerine in the manu-
facture of dynamite. It is one of the best non-conductors, and is used
19— HiL. 38
290
STiU.CTLKA). AXI) INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
extensively for packing boilers and steanipipes; also in llic luanufat'ture
of fire-proofing and l)uildingand refractory brick, wiiich are used where
lightness is important. It is further used extensively as a polishing
powder, and in the manufacture of scouring soaps. It is a superior
filtering material for many purposes, ])ecause of its porosit}'. A new
% K ^
W0
ILL. No. 123. DIATOMACEOrS EARTH FROM LOMPOC. HIGHLY MA(;Nn-MKD. THE
MICROSCOPE SHOWS ITS REMARKABLE PIRITV .\XI) POROSITY.
use introduced in Germany is for cleaning and scouring wool by forcing
it through the wool by air blast.
The })roduction of diatouLaccous earth in the United States is as
follows:
Tons. Value
1H98 1.392 111,002*
1899 3,000 30,400*
1900 3,«15 24.207t
1901 4,020 52,950t
li)02 5,655 59,808
1903 9,219 76,273
*Min. IikL. Vol. VI L ).. (iOT. + Min. Res., p. 799.
INFUSORIAL EARTH — l.OS ANGELES COUNTY,
291
The product in California in 1902 was 422 tons, valued $2,532; in
1903, 2703 tons, valued at $16,010 ; in 1904, 6950 tons, valued at $112,282.
The Eleventh Census Report, Mineral Industry, page 707, gives the
value of the diatomaceous earth in the United States for 1889 as
$23,372, distributed as follows: California, $8,000; Connecticut, $422;
Maryland, $10,700; New Hampshire, $2,750; and New Jersey, $1,500.
References. — 1. Mineral Industry, N. Y., Vol. VII, p. 606.
2. American Jour, of Sci., 1854, Vol. XVII, p. 179. J. W. Bailey.
3. American Jour, of Sci., 1891, Vol. XLII, p. 369. A. M. Edwards.
ILL. No. 124. PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF DIATOM FROM THE LOMPOC
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. ENLARGED 235 DIAMETERS.
4. Eighth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 532.
5. Tenth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 583.
6. Thirteenth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 643.
7. Bulletin No. 28, California State Mining Bureau.
8. Bulletin Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 1, 1887, pp. 8-11.
W. W. Finch.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Banning Company, 593 Pacific P]lectric Building, Los Angeles, owns a
deposit of infusorial earth on Santa Catalina Island, from which con-
siderable amounts have been shipped. (See Xllth Report of the Cali-
fornia State Mining Bureau, p. 406; Xlllth ibid., p. 643.)
J. Bixby, Currier Building, Los Angeles. On the Los Palos Verdes
ranch, San Pedro Mountains, are several exposures of infusorial earth
292 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
of a very chalky character. None, however, has been developed to any
extent.
At Point Duma, northwest of Santa Monica, there is a large deposit
of infusorial earth. (See IXth Report of the California State Mining
Bureau, p. 208.
MONTEREY COUNTY.
A belt of infusorial earth runs along the eastern foothills of the Santa
Lucia range, from the southern boundary of the county, in T. 24 S.,
R. 10 E., in a northwesterly direction to the Arroyo Seco, in T. 19 S.,
R. 6 E., and then shows again, in the same general direction, in Sees.
36 and 26, T. 15 S., R. 2 E. West of Bradley, in the northern portion
of T. 24 S., R. 10 E., some work has been done on this belt.
B. J. Riewepts, Bradley. Sec. 4, T. 24 S., R. 10 E. The infusorial
earth shows along the slope of the cailon, running in an east and west
direction; it has been opened over a length of 300 feet, showing a
thickness of from 10 to 15 feet, but is probably thicker. The infusorial
earth is very light, white or very light gray, and is cut by seams of
silicified clays. It forms a very refractory material. Three carloads
were shipped in 1904 — one to the Yeso Manufacturing Company, San
Francisco.
This deposit continues in Section 9, same township, on land belong-
ing Mr. Leprosy, San Francisco; and in Section 10, on land belonging
to 0. P. Spencer, Bradley.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Around Alisos Creek, south of El Toro, a great amount of infusorial
earth is found scattered among the surface debris and clays. As far as
could be observed, it is not very pure. No efforts have been made to
open up any of these deposits.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
A. Leonard, San Benito. In Sees. 20 and 28, T. 16 S., R. 8 E., between
Bear Valley and the San Benito, deposits of infusorial earth are claimed
to l)e found.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
A small deposit of infusorial earth is claimed to occur in tlie northern
part of T. 2 N., R. 9 E., S. B. M., about 12 miles from Twenty-nine
Palms, and 40 miles from Palm Station. It is stated to be about 2 feet
thick. Unappropriated Government land.
INFUSORIAL EARTH — SAN LUIS OBISPO, SANTA BARBARA. 293
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
The belt of infusorial earth running through the southern part of
Monterey County continues into San Luis Obispo County, showing in
detached exposures along a general southeastern direction from T. 25 S.,
R. 10 E., to T. 28 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M. Some deposits of infusorial
earth are also found in the belt of bituminous rock south of San Luis.
J. F. Beckett, Arroyo Grande. North of the town, close to the Pacific
Coast Railroad, is an undeveloped deposit of infusorial earth.
Frank Silva, Verde. In Verde Canon, about 3 miles north of Arroyo
Grande, is an exposure of very white infusorial earth.
J. Tognizi, Edna. West and close to the Southern Pacific Railroad,
opposite Edna, infusorial earth shows for a couple of hundred feet in a
slide on the hillside, about 35 feet above the railroad track.
In Sec. 23, T. 26 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M., in the Rancho Corral delosMulos,
an exposure of infusorial earth is found in a gulch, near the road from
Oak Flat to Adelaide. (See also Xth Report of the California State
Mining Bureau, p. 583, where its analysis is given as follows: SiOa,
70.23 per cent; Al.Os, 16.55 per cent; CaO, 1.06 per cent; MgO, 0.59 per
cent; KjO, 11.32 per cent.)
In Sec. 11, T. 25 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M., another small exposure of
infusorial earth is found.
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
The Lompoc infusorial earth is undoubtedly the best quality found
as yet in the State.
Balaam Mine; Balaam Brothers, Lompoc, owners; H. F. Kidwell,
Lompoc, superintendent. In an eastern side caiion of the San Miguel-
ito, about 2 miles south of Lompoc; elevation, 575 feet. A very light
(26 pounds per cubic foot), flaky and white infusorial earth. The strata
dip south about 30 degrees, conformable with the underlying shales, and
show on both sides of the caiion to a thickness of about a couple of
hundred feet. The deposit consists of very thin, regularly bedded
layers of the material, with occasional narrow, conformable seams, from
1 to 2 inches wide, of a dark brown siliceous shale. The face of the
quarry is about 30 feet high.
This material is used as a boiler and pipe covering; as furnace lining,
by adding some gypsum as a hardening ingredient; in the beet-sugar
factories, replacing limestone; and more especially in the manufacture
of fireproof plaster at the Fireproof Plaster Works at Emeryville,
Umthard Brothers, 514 Twelfth street, Oakland.
]LL. Nu. V2r>. (^lAltliV OF INFfSORIAL EARTH .VV LOM P()( , SANTA RAKHAKA (OIXTY.
ILL. No. 121-.. orTCKol' (IK INFISORIAL KARTII ori'OSlTK 1!.\I,A.\.M IlKos.' gl WKKV
l.d.MI'OC, SANTA BAKHARA COUNTY.
(•Jill)
INFUSORIAL EARTH— SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
295
Bank of Lompoe. — On tlie Santa Rita ranch, on the north bank of the
Santa Ynez Kiver, about 5 miles in an air line east of Lompoe, is
an undeveloped deposit of infusorial earth of considerable size. This
ILL. No. 127. BALAAM BROS.' QIARRY OF INFLSORL\L EARTH. LOMPOC.
SAXTA BARBARA COUNTY.
ILL. No. 12.S. "MAGNE SILICA IHARRY," INFISORIAL EARTH. NEAR LOMl'OC,
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY.
deposit is cut l)y the Santa Ynez River; the portion south of the river
lies in the Salsipuedes Ranch (see below). It lies evidently in the
trough of the underlying shales.
296 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ^LVTERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA.
Dimock Mine, ^Tagne Silica Company (TTarriman & Haniniore), Los
Angeles, owner. It is at the head of an eastern side canon of the San
Miguelito, about three fourths of a mile south of Lompoc; elevation,
1)00 feet. A very large body of infusorial earth, in very thin layers,
but somewhat more compact than in the Balaam mine; and in })laces
light gray. The beds are nearly horizontal. A tunnel about 150 feet
is run into the hill; near its breast a raise over 100 feet high runs
through the material to the surface. The earth is sacked for ship-
ment and used by the company in its works at Los Angeles.
The same company also owns part of the Moody property, adjoining
the Balaam mine to the south, on which it is claimed an extensive
de])osit of infusorial earth is found, as yet undeveloped.
Salsipuedes Ranch, Hollister Estate, Santa Barbara, owner. (See
Bank nf L()in[)()C, above.)
Sunnyside Mine, M. M. Telford; owner. In a side cation of the San
Miguelito, betw^een the Dimock and Balaam mines. Idle for the last
few years.
Along the south slope of the Santa Ynez Mountains, in the vicinity
of Santa Barl)ara, are a number of patches of more or less impure infu-
sorial earth.
SHASTA COUNTY.
In the northeastern part oi the county, but more especially along
both banks of Pit River, near the mouth of Hat Creek, and up that
creek for about 5 miles, several exposures of infusorial earth, locally
called chalk, are found in beds of varying thickness. Only a relatively
small part of these beds is pure, the greater portion being mixed witli
sand. The pure beds are seldom over 10 feet thick, and are interbedded
with tuffs and basaltic debris.
T. W. Brown and Mrs. E. Ray, Carbon, owners. In Sees. 7 and 18,
T. 36 X., R. 4 E., M. 1). M., along Hat Creek.
Mrs. E. Ray and W. Tyrrel, Carbon, owners. In Sec. 7, T. 36 N., R. 4 E.,
M. D. M., along the north bank of Pit River.
Above the Farmers' bridge a ridge of infusorial earth shows, both
north and south of Pit River, in Section 17.
Another ridge shows also on l)oth sides of the river in Section 16.
The exposure south of the river is the largest in this region — the so-
called chalk-slide, on the Winters road. It is at least 100 feet high,
but the infusorial earth is not of as good a quality as that in Hat Creek,
and is interljedded with sandstone.
TEHAMA COUNTY.
Near Lassen Butte, in the northeastern paii of the county, consider-
able deposits of infusorial earth are said to be found.
IRON— BUTTE, CALAVERAS, Eli DORADO, LOS ANGELES. 297
IRON.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Diamond Match Company, Chico, owner. Sec. 5, T. 25 N., R. 4 E.,
M. D. M. The iron occurs chiefly in the form of float, on a plateau, at
an altitude of about 6000 feet. An open cut 12 feet deep was made
several years ago, cross-cutting the supposed ledge.
Heavy iron float is also found in Sees. 7 and 27, T. 23 N., R. 4 E.,
belonging to the same company.
John MoFPison, Sec. 30, T. 25 N., R. 5 E., M. D. M. Heavy iron float.
J. F. Nash, Stirling, and J. C. Bupden. Sees. 5 and 8, T. 25 N., R. 4 E.,
M. D. M. Locations.
J. H. Rempel. Sees. 5 and 8, T. 25 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. Locations.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
Big- Trees Iron Mine, Willard Sperry, Gridley, Butte County, owner.
In Sec. 32, T. 4 N., R. 14 E., M. D. M., about U miles north of Murphys.
It has been idle for several years, but considerable work was done years
ago in the nature of open cuts, drifts, and some shafts. The iron
(limonite) forms a capping of the entire hill.
Detert Iron Mine, Mr. Detert, Jackson, Amador County, owner. In
Sec. 11, T. 4 X., R. 10 E., M. D. M., U miles north of Valley Springs,
at the head of Skunk Hollow. Only assessment work has been under-
taken.
EL DORADO COUNTY.
Reliance Mines, Reliance Mining and Smelting Company, owner;
L. W. Simmons, president, 2695 Howard street, San Francisco. In
Sec. 18, T. 10 X., R. 9 E., M. D. M., 8 miles northeast of Folsom. The
ore is stated to be a magnetite, occurring in two 4|-foot veins, cropping
out over a considerable distance, with a decomposed hanging and a
granite foot wall. Developed by three shafts, 50, 218, and 312 feet
deep, respectively.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
John Carroll, Fourth and Junipero streets. Long Beach, and J. D.
Rivard, 2915 Downey avenue, Los Angeles. A deposit of magnetite
within 200 yards of the Southern Pacific Railroad, at Russ Station
(Soledad Canon). Only a little development work has been done.
Some years ago a small furnace, using oil as fuel, was erected at the
deposit, but proved a failure.
298 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
The Iron Mack, H. Reblick, Acton, and E. L. Baker, 713 West First
street, Lof< Angeles, owners. In Sec. 36, T. 6 N., R. 14 W., S. B. "Si., at
the head of Mint Canon, about 10 miles northwest of Acton. A deposit
of low-grade material, containing some small pockets of magnetite,
accompanied by some manganese ore. From a pit less than 10 feet
deep, some ore was shipped a few years ago.
MADERA COUNTY.
Minaret Iron Mines. — In the eastern jjortion of Madera County, near
the Mono County line, on the south slope of the Minaret Mountains,
about twenty-nine locations were made on the belt of iron ore, which
extends for about 2 miles in a general northwest and southeast course,
with an exposure of ore averaging 300 feet in width. Some prospecting
Avas carried on during 1891-92, but since then they have l)een idle. The
ores are hematite and magnetite.
Mount Raymond Ipon Mines, T. ii. Hart, 1924 Tulare street, Fresno, in
charge. In Sees. 9, 10, 14, 15, 22, and 23, T. 5 S., R. 22 E., on the west
slope of Mount Raymond and about 33 miles east of Raymond Station,
a little development work has been done on some large bodies of mag-
netite and hematite ore. Large quantities of limestone are close at
hand, but, as in other California iron mines, the question of fuel is the
hindrance to development.
NEVADA COUNTY.
There are two distinct exposures of iron croppings in this county,
indicating an iron belt extending from T. 15 N., R. 7 E., to T. 14 N.,
R. 8 E. No ])ersistent prospecting of Nevada County iron has been done.
Indian Springs Deposit, M. C. Taylor, San Francisco, owner. In Sec.
I, T. 15 N., R. 7 E. A tunnel has been driven on this ])roperty about
half a mile east of the heavy croppings, which stand 300 feet high by
150 feet long and 100 feet wide. The outer or upper cropping is a heavy
gossan. The main body is hemetite.
Niekerson Ranch Deposits, J. li. Nickerson, Wolf P. ()., owner. In
Sees. 33 and 34, T. 15 N., R. 7 E., and in Sec. 7, T. 14 N., II. 8 E., are
indications of iron ore.
PLACER COUNTY.
Hotaling Iron Mines. — Iron in eommereial (quantity and quality was
mined and smelted in I'lacer County several years ago, in Sec. 15, T. 13 N.,
\\. 8 E., at Hotaling, by the PhoMiix Iron and Lime Company. Several
thousand tons of hematite iron are still on the dump, and the remains of
the smelting fui'naee and hnildings are on the ground.
IRON— PLUMAS, SAN BENITO, SAN BERNxVRDINO. 299
Weimep Deposits. — In Sec. 21, T. 14 X.. R. 9 E., near New England
jNIills (or ^^'einlel■), iron cropping^ are visible and are traceal)le in a
northwest course to Bear River. Very little prospecting has l)een done,
and these iron deposits have only been operated in former years by the
Phoenix Iron and Lime Company.
PLUMAS COUNTY.
Iron (magnetite), said to be of fair quality, occurs in T. 22 X., R. 9 E.;
undeveloped.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
Quilty Iron Mine, -J. S. Hawkins, Hollister, owner. In Sec. 6, T. 1.5 S.,
R. 6 E., M. D. M. Has been idle for many years. (See also Ylllth
Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 490.)
Estate of T. Williams (deceased), 1003 First street, San .Jose. In
T. 17 S.. R. 12 E., M. D. M., on Silver Creek. Indications of iron ore
are found on this property. (See Vlllth Report of the California
State Mining Bureau, p. 490.)
Numerous surface indications of iron ore are found on the Mount
Hamilton range of mountains, in the northwestern part of the county,
between Stayton and the Panoche Pass, but no iron ore in place has
as yet been discovered.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
Alarm Iron Mine, The California Industrial Company, owner; S. T.
Merrill, secretary, East Fourth street, Los Angeles. In Sec, 1, T. 5 N.,
R. 4 E., S. B. M., 16 to 20 miles from railroad. A deposit of Bessemer
ore. This mine forms a part of two groups, known as the San Bernar-
dino iron mines.
Cave Canon Group, owned by Eastern parties. In Sees. 12 and 13,
T. 11 N.. R. 7 E., S. B. M.; patented. Located very near the Salt Lake
Railroad. Reported to be an extensive deposit of Bessemer iron ore.
Iron Age Mine, A. R. Rhea et al., owners, 545 East Third street, Los
Angeles. Three patented claims in Sec. 29, T. 1 S., R. 13 E., S. B. M.,
near Dale. The ore is claimed to average 67 per cent of iron, carrjdng
gome phosphorus, but no sulphur.
Iron Mountain Group, Colorado Ful4 and Iron Company, Denver,
Colo., owner. In Sees. 11, 12, 13, and 14, T. 15 N., R. 6 E., S. B. M.
Reported to be a large deposit of Bessemer iron ore.
Iron Mountain, in Sees. 27 and 28, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., S. B. M.; Mrs.
Phoebe Owens, 1225 San Bruno avenue, San Francisco, and E. S. Lake,
Los Angeles, owners. Contains two well-defined parallel veins of iron
300
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
ore, course about N. 20*^ E., and (li})ping 30*^ northwesterly. Tlic Tip
Ttip is the most northerly vein, from 30 to 150 feet wide. The ore is
botli hematite and magnetite. The hanging wall is a dolomite, l>()unded
on the north by granitic rocks. The foot wall is a body of syenite,
about 150 feet wide, wliich forms the hanging wall of the Dick Turpin
vein, containing very pure magnetite ore. In the same vicinity is the
Bessemer vein, course north and south, reported free from phosphorus
and suli)luir.
Four miles southeasterly is another body of magnetite ore, varying
in width from 20 to 100 feet, course north and south.
ILL. No. I'i'.i. IRON' VELN, SAX U'lS OHISI'O COUN'TV.
Kingston Mountain and Resting Spring's are also reported to contain
magnetic iron ore. (See J. H. Crosman, IXtli Re]iort of the California
State Mining Bureau, jip. 2.)5 and 236; also Xlth ihid., p. 349.)
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
•
A littl.' nortli of tlie Gold King mine, a))()ut in Sec. 10, T. 13 S.. \l. 4 E.,
S. B. M.. a bch of iron-ore boulders is fonnd. (See IXtli Report of
the California State Mining Bureau, ]). 144.)
In Eagle Peak ("anon, near the south corner of Sees. 34 and 35,
T. 13 S., K. 2 E., S. H. M., a vein of liematite iron ore is found. A.
Juch, .Julian. (See IXtli Kej^ort of the Califoinia State Mining Ihireau,
pp. 144 and 154.)
IRON — SAN LUIS OBISPO^ SHASTA. 301
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
H. B. Pepfumo, 8a u Jaus Obispo, owns an extensive deposit of iron
ore in Sec. 1, T. 31 S., U. 11 E., and Sec. 6, T. 31 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M.
The vein has been traced by its outcrop about li miles, in a direction
S. 73° E. The creek crosses the vein at nearly right angles, and the
ore is exposed on the creek bank and on the hills on each side. In
many places the vein stands out prominently 2 or 3 feet above the sur-
face. The ore consists of limonite and hematite, and the surfaces of
the numerous cracks are frequently covered with a blue-black coating
suggestive of manganese. The ore is banded and intersected by many
cleavage planes, so that a large block is shattered by a heavy blow
with a hammer into many fragments, which generally have either a
rhombohedral or hexagonal outline.
SHASTA COUNTY.
The most prominent deposits of iron ore in Shasta County are found
in close proximity to the McCloud Carboniferous limestones on both
sides of the Pit River.
North of Pit River and east of the McCloud River there are extensive
surface indications of iron ore bodies, and in Sec. 26, T. 34 N., R. 4 W.,
M. D. M., a great number of openings, distributed over a considerable
area, have been made on the surface croppings, but in no place has enough
work been done to furnish sufficient data regarding the importance and
continuity in depth of these deposits. (See also J. S. Diller, Bulletin U. S.
Geological Survey, No. 213, pp. 130 and 219.) A great many claims
have been located on this section, the ownership of which is indicated
on the detail sketch. (See Sketch B, page 302.)
In places d, Sketch B, inclusions of the iron ore in the limestone are
found. A tunnel running under the iron ore exposure at d has proven
that it did not persist in depth.
A little southwest of d a tunnel has been driven in hypersthene and
diorite country rock. Evidently the hypersthene was mistaken for iron
ore by the parties running this tunnel.
South of c, on the south side of Potter Creek, in the northeast corner
of Section 26, there is a large lump of iron ore (a), mostly limonite.
The country rock is here very much altered. Along the west side of the
limestone knoll, in the northwest quarter of Section 26, a number of
shallow openings between a and h show similar iron ore.
A continuous ore cropping, having a northeasterly direction and
running on the south side of the same knoll, can be traced for a con-
siderable distance. On this deposit is the largest opening on this section
(6), which is about 40 feet wide and 15 feet deep. The opening is entirely
in ore, principally magnetite. To the northwest lies the limestone
302
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
knoll; to the southeast the altered igneous rocks (nietarhyolite) of the
Bully Hill copper belt. The beds lie dome-like, and apparently the
iron ore is a replacement product.
At / the magnetite is to a certain extent in a state of magnetic
.T^rr.-7-.r po^'^i'ity, forming
loadstone. Thedis-
'■'')-/■•• -I tance from / to b is
M about 250 feet, and
/is about 140 feet
■^^J:vi:;:-0M above />. Thecrop-
m'^^-^U^WM P^"g^ between these
''li two points are con-
:J^: 5?;- u7j tinuous, but noth-
■ I ing as yet devel-
oped would justify
! the assumption
that at / the ore
body would have a
, Sec.^S] depth of 140 feet.
Northeast of /, be-
tween/ and e, and
southwest of h, for
about 800 feet iron
ore croppings are
found, but they do
not follow the lime-
stone exposures.
At g, not far from
the center of the
south line of Sec-
tion 26, near Pit
River, on the road
to Copper City, iron
ore is exposed over
a distance of about
100 feet. Several
hundred tons of
this ore were used
as a Hux in the
Bully Hill copper
furnaces. This deposit is entirely in the igneous rock, and no lime-
stone exposure is found in its vicinity. There are strong indications
of sulphur in the water flowing out of the excavation, which is the
more noteworthy as not over 600 feet west, and at a lower elevation
Lime.
Igneous, Metarhyollte
Baison Radcliff.
Shasta Iron Co.
Calif. Cons. Iron Mine.
T. L. Bass, Baird.
Copper.
Iron.
ILL. No. 130. SKETCH B, IRON DEPOSIT NEAR BAIKD,
SHASTA COUNTY.
IRON — SHASTA COUNTY.
303
GREY ROCKS
near the river, Mr. T. L. Bass has run a tunnel wherein he found iron ore
carrying considerable sulphide of iron. This would lead to the supposi-
tion that the deposits of iron oxides, uncovered, are only superficial and
will in depth change into sulphides.
At /) are a number of shallow cuts on another iron ore body, which
lies in line with the j-b deposit, and may be its continuation.
While the ores so far uncovered are principally oxides, limonite,
hematite, and magnetite, the association of sulphur with the deposit gf,
the occasional presence of sulphides, as also the character of the deposits
in the vicinity of the Grey Rocks, would tend to lead to the supposition
that the original ores were sulphides. Mr. J. S. Diller is of the opinion
that the ore bodies are a contact phenomenon of the McCloud limestone
with dioritic and diabasic masses which cut the limestone. (Bulletin
U. S. Geological Survey, No. 225, p. 178.) While this is possible, even
probable, the occurrences as above described do not absolutely establish
the fact.
To the south of Pit River, on the north and west side of Grey Rocks,
in the N. i of Sec. 8, T. 83 N., R. 4 W., R. H. Roseman, Bayha P. 0.,
has opened up iron ore bodies
on the contact of the limestone.
On the north side of the Grey
Rocks the iron ore dips nearly
vertical. It is from 10 to 15 feet
wide. The ore is a magnetite
and contains bunches of copper
ore, carbonates and sulphides.
Adjoining the iron ore are also
bodies of copper ore. The west
wall of these ore deposits is
nearly everyAvhere eroded, or
covered by debris, but in one
place a remnant shows it to be
the metarhyolite, almost vertically bedded. The east wall is limestone.
On the west side of the Grey Rocks, in the same north half of Section
8, the same owner has opened up a body of iron ore by a small cut and
tunnel. The iron ore is partly solid iron sulphide, partly iron oxide. It
lies nearly horizontal and rests on metarhyolite, approximately hori-
zontally bedded. Strong sulphur efflorescence occurs in the opening,
which is in the neighborhood of basic igneous dikes, mentioned in the
description of the limestone at this point. (See Shasta County lime-
stone, page 88.)
It must be noted that while on the north side copper sulphides are
found with the iron oxide ores, on the west side no copper ore has as yet
been found, but iron sulphide is found with the iron oxide.
*<r
3£CT/OA/ O/V NO/fTH SIDC Of^ rH£ CH£Y ROCKS
ILL. No. 131.
304 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Southwest of this a belt of limonite croppings, at least 1000 feet away
from the limestone, can be followed over a considerable distance in Sec-
tion 3, having a northwesterly strike and from 10 to 15 feet wide. It
has been opened up in several places, but has proven not to persist in
depth.
In Sees. 2 and 3, T. 33 N., R. 4 W., the Black Diamond mine, Northern
California Investment Company, George Bayha, vice-president, Bayha
P. 0., has large bodies of pyritic iron ore, containing some copper, also
in contact with the limestone.
On the northeast slope of the Hirtz Mountain, in Sees. G, 7, and 8,
T. 35 N., R. 3 W., are very superficially developed exposures of iron ore,
in the shale lying to the east of the limestone. These openings are
found on a series of claims, mostly located on Section 7, by J. J. Jen-
nings, of Portland, Oregon. The section belongs to the Southern Pacific
Railroad.
SIERRA COUNTY.
Sierra Iron Company, Downieville, owner. In Sees. 11 and 14, T. 21 N.,
R. 11 E., a large deposit of magnetite at an elevation of 7000 feet. The
location precludes present commercial development.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
In Sec. 10, T. 46 N., R. 10 W., on the north side of the divide between
Buckhorn Creek and the Klamath River, float of iron ore is found,
partly limonite, having the structure of the schistose country rock,
partly iron ore and chromite mixed. These pieces have a massive
structure, and show garnets on the contact with the schist.
SONOMA COUNTY.
risk's Mill. — Three miles inland, on the Lancaster ranch, a body of
iron ore has been slightly exploited. It is a part of an ore body run-
ning west and south along the coast for miles.
Fort Ross. — Six miles east of Fort Ross is a body of iron ore of con-
siderable extent. It is mostly hematite, and courses north.
Noble's. — Five miles north of Mr. Noble's ranch, near the west fork of
the Gualala River, is a large bodj' of hematite.
TEHAMA COUNTY.
J. A. Heslewood, 469 East Eleventli street, Oakland. In Sees. 15, 16,
21, and 22, T. 29 N., R. 8 W., M. D. M., in the vicinity of the Bee-
gum. Important indications of iron deposits are claimed to be found.
JASPER — LOS ANGELES COINTY
305
TRINITY COUNTY.
Iron ore deposits are reported
in several places in the county, but
none of merit have as yet been
opened up.
It is claimed that some iron ore
is found at the head of Democrat
Gulch.
On the northwest side of Chan-
chelulla Peak, in Sees. 4, 5, 9 and 10,
T. 30 X., R. 10 W., M. D. M.,
stringers of iron ore are reported
to be found lying in contact with
large bodies of hypersthene, and
the superficial resemblance of the
latter material to iron ore may
have caused the claim of large out-
crops of iron ore in that vicinity.
JASPER.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
J. Stewart, 1417 East Twenty-
first street, Los Angeles. In See. 18,
T. 5 X., R. 12 W., S. B. M., 3 miles
northeast of Acton, on the Southern
Pacific Railroad. The jasper forms
the crest of a ridge for over a
quarter of a mile, for a height of
from 25 to 30 feet and from 30 to
40 feet wide. (See 111. No. 132.)
The jasper has various colors —
some deep red, others bluish, others
red, mottled with white. It takes a
very fine polish. Only surface rock
has as yet been taken out. This
can be used for ornamental build-
ing purposes; it contains, however,
vuggs and geodes, which may pre-
vent its use in large slal)s, unless
they be filled.
20— BUL. 38
z
o
o
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ai
306 STRrCTURAL AXn IXnrSTRIAT. ilATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
TRINITY COUNTY.
A very ])roinincnt belt of jasper is reported on the Backbone, the
divide between the North Fork of Trinity River and the East Fork of
the North Fork, showing especially in Sees. 5 and 8, T. 35 N., R. 11 W.,
M. D. M.
Another large l)elt of jasper is reported on Red Mountain, situated at
the head of Red Mountain and Prospect Creek, in the southwest corner
of T. 29 N., and the northwest corner of T. 28 N., R. 11 W., M. D. M.
LITHIA.
Lithia occurs in nature in several different minerals, the i)rincipal
ones of which are lepidolite, amblygonite, and spodumene. The tirst
two occur in commercial quantities in San Diego County, California.
A quite rare variety of spodumene, called kunzite,* occurs at the same
locality as a gem-stone, but not as a source of lithia.
The chief use of lithia in the market is in the form of the carbonate,
in effervescing lithia tablets, and in the preparation of mineral waters.
Some of it is used as the nitrate in making red fire. The production of
lithia mineralsf in the United States for 1902 amounted to 1245 tons,
valued at 125,750. In 1903 the production was 1155 tons, valued at
$23,425. The greater part of this production is from San Diego County,
California. Some spodumene is mined in the Black Hills region. The
California lepidolite has been mined and utilized as a source of lithia
for several j^ears, but the amblygonite was first found there in 1901.
The occurrence of the lithia minerals in large quantities and of good
quality at Pala, and its comparative scarcity elsewhere in the United
States, is likely to make this a valuable deposit.
THE LITHIA MINERALS.
Amblygonite, which is now an important source of lithia, consists of
a Huoi)hosphate of lithia and aluminum (AlPOXiF), containing 10
per cent of lithia. The mineral crystallizes in large, coarse crystals in
the triclinic system. The hardness is 6, or the same as that of feldspar,
and the specific gravity is 3.01 to 3.09. The color is wliite to j^ah^-
greenish, l)luish, yellowish, or l)rownish white. The California product
is almost entirely white. It fuses easily in the llame, with bubbling,
and it tinges the fiame red.
*Soe Bulletin No. 37, State Mining Buroau.
t -Mineral liesources of the rnited States, 1903.
LITHIA.
307
The mineral closely resembles some of the feldspars, many of the
specimens being difhcult to distinguish by the eye from feldspar. The
hardness and cleavage are much the same. With the blowpipe, they
are readily distinguished by the red color and the easy fusibility of the
amblygonite.
As it is only recently that this mineral has been discovered in Cali-
fornia, it has not had such an extended use as the lepidolite and spodu-
mene, but promises to be more valuable than either, as it contains a
ILL. No. l:«. ENTRANCE TO LEPIDOLITE MINE AT PALA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY—
LEPIDOLITE AND RUBELLITE.
higher percentage of lithia, and the phosphoric acid is a valuable
by-product.
Lepidolite, the lithia mica, commonly occurs in scaly, granular masses,
sometimes in aggregates of short six-sided prisms. The cleavage is
basal, luster pearly, and color rose-red, violet-gray, yellowish, grayish
white to white. It has a hardness of 2.5 to 4, and a specific gravity of
2.8 to 2.9. It fuses easily to a gray or white glass and colors the flame
red. It can be distinguished from the other micas by the red flame, its
ready fusion, and the reaction of fluorine.
Lepidolite has quite a complex composition. Dana gives a general
formula as KLi[Al(OH, F)..]Al(Si03)3. Analyses of a number of speci-
mens from different localities show the percentage of lithia to range
from 3.87 to 5.88.
308
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
Spodumene, anotlier lithiuiu mineral, occurs in California, Ijut not as
a connnercial source for lithia. It occurs in prismatic crystals, often flat-
tened, crystallizing in tlie monoclinic system. It has a perfect cleavage,
a lamellar structure, uneven fracture, and glassy luster. In color it
may be greenish white, grayish white, green, yellow, amethyst purple
or violet. Spodumene is a lithia-alumina silicate (LiaO, AI2O3. 4Si02),
having 8.4 percent of lithia, 27.4 per cent of alumina, and 64.5 per cent
of silica.
ANALYSES OF LITHIA MINERALS.
Amblygo-
nite,
Pala, CaL
Lepidolite, Spodumene.
Pala, Cat , *^X^/^".
Spodumene,' Leoidolitp
l^ram^^ville, ^p\P\tMe'.*
Lithia (Li, 0) . . ... ..
Per cent.
8.26
1.99
45.47
33.09
trace
Per cent.
4.91
48.61
Per cent.
6.89
63.27
Per cent.
7.62
64.25
Per cent.
4.20
Silica (SiO'o) - -
.■sn.fts
Phosplioric acid (P2O5)
Alumina (AUOj)
Iron oxide (FoO)
22.36
23.73
L17
1.45
.99
.36
27.20
.20
24.99
.23
Potash (K,0) ..
16.16
..38
11.38
Soda (Xa,6) . -
.39
.24
2.11
Loss on ignition, water, etc.
6.28
3.56
1.35
l.flfi
T'ndcterinined . .
Lime (CaO)
.64
.11
2.02
Magnesia (MgO) .. .
Fluorine
2.05
6.29
SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
American Lithia Company, Wni. X. Crane, president, 206 Broadway,
New York; L. A. Wright, superintendent, San Diego. In Sec. 23,
T. 9 S., R. 2 W., S. B. M., a little over a mile north of Pala. The first
mine that produced lithia on a commercial scale in the State. It
is reported that the deposit was discovered and located by Mr. John
Stewart twenty-three years ago; it was opened in 1891, and the flrst
ore shipped for commercial use in 1900.
The lit Ilia, in the form of the minerals lepidolite and amblygonite,
occurs in a large pegmatite vein which forms the top of the narrow
ridge. The lepidolite lies mostly under the pegmatite and the amblyg-
onite in tlu' lower ])ortion of it. From each side of the hill a tunnel
has been run, and the two are connected by a winze. Nearly all the
lepidolite has been taken out from the east end and tlie amblygonite
from the west end of the tunnel.
The amblygonite occurs mostly west of the middk' of the hill and in
the lower part of the pegmatite overlying the lepidolite. In i)laces, the
lepidolite projects into the amblygonite, and in a few places small
masses are inclosed in it. The amblygonite is closely associated with a
shattered ferruginous quartz, which occurs in large and small masses,
both inclosing and inclosed in the amblygonite. The amblygonite
occurs in (piite irregular masses, which in some places are several feet
LITHIA — SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
309
thick and elsewhere only a few
inches. Part of the mineral has
bright, reflecting cleavage-faces,
and in some the faces are dull
and earthy, although the inte-
rior is hard and tirm. It is
accompanied by a clay-like sub-
stance that apparently comes in
part at least from decomposed
amblygonite.
The pegmatite vein which caps
the lithia deposits is 50 feet or
more in thickness at this point,
and dips toward the west. It
forms a bold, projecting ledge on
the hillside north of the lithia
mine, extending N. 7° E. It
consists of coarsely crystalline
orthoclase and quartz, with large
quantities of black tourmaline
and some red tourmaline (rubel-
lite), with a few crystals clear
enough for gem-stones. Some of
the black tourmalines are quite
large, from 4 to 5 inches in
diameter, and from 2 to 3 feet
long. The tourmalines are pre-
vailingly black where they occur
in the compact orthoclase, but
where they project into the clay
pockets they are red or green,
and sometimes clear. There are
scattered patches of lepidolite in
the pegmatite and in the amblyg-
onite, but the principal occur-
rence is at the mouth of the
tunnel. Rubellite is scattered
irregularly through the lepido-
lite mass.
Other minerals in small quan-
tities occur in the pegmatite,
but none have apparently any
influence on the lithia deposits.
The red and clear tourmalines are, however, nearly always
with albite.
O
ft
(-1
ft
ft
■<
t/3
O
o
o
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I— I
a
a
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o
S5
associated
310 STRUCTURx\.L AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
About a quarter of a mile north of the lithia mine of the American
Lithia Company, another company, Mr. Markle, manager, is tunneling
in theliillside to strike the same ledge on which the present company
is working. At the present time (June, 1904) they are still passing
through the country rock underlying the ledge. Several other claims
have been staked out in the vicinity of the lithia mine, but no others
have proved productive up to the present.
Caterina Mine, Heriart & Sickler, owners, Pala.
Ed Fletehep Mine, near Pala; Ed Fletcher, San Diego, owner. Pro-
duced in 1903.
Heriart Mine, near Pala; F. M. and M. M. Sickler, owners.
San Pedro Mine, Peiletch & Heriart, owners.
In Bulletin No. 37 of the California State Mining Bureau, " Gems,
Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California," a detailed
description of all the lithia mines in San Diego County is given.
At first the Pala lithia mine was worked for the lepidolite, from
which lithia salts were manufactured. Since the discovery of amblyg-
onite, that alone is worked, because it contains a larger percentage of
lithia, is more easily changed to the carbonate, and the by-products are
more valuable. An estimate made by the chemist of the American
Lithia Company, previous to the recent development, indicates the
products and possible profits of the industry.
Products Derived from 5000 Pounds of Amblygonite per Day, using 7000
Pounds of Caustic Soda in Reduction.
Pounds.
Lithia carbonate 800
Tri-sodiuiu phoj^phate .- .5,000
Sulphate of alunununi _.. 8,000
Phosphate salt... 1,000
Caustic soda (recovered at half cost) 3,000
MACADAM, ETC.— ALAMEDA COUNTY.
311
MACADAM, RUBBLE, AND CONCRETE.
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Berkeley Rock Company's Quarry; Berkeley Rock Co., J. T. Cochran,
manager. Bacon Block, Oakland. This quarry is one quarter of a mile
beyond the end of Broadway, Oakland, and is reached by College avenue.
The deposit is a much altered trap-rock, and is used for concrete, mac-
adam, and gutter rock. The company produces about 250 yards a day.
ILL. Xo.. 135 BLAIR QUARRY No. 1 (MACADAM ROCK), OAKLAND, ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Blair Quarries; The Realty Syndicate, 1160 Broadway, Oakland,
owner. On Moraga road, just east of Mountain View Cemetery, and
about 4 miles from the city hall. The main quarry is located near the
summit of the hill, about 100 yards up the slope north of the road. It
was opened in 1901. The rock is a chert (phthanite), mostly red, some
yellowish, and is extensively used as road-dressing in Piedmont dis-
trict and in the cemetery. The company is opening a " blue rock "
quarry, of metamorphosed sandstone, on the south side of the road, and
is tunneling in quest of rock for a quarry 50 yards west of and below
the larger Blair quarry. Twenty men are at work.
312
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
Blake & Bilg-er Company's Quarry (formerly the Oakland PaviiTg
Company's quarry); F. W. Bilger, secretary and treasurer, Central Bank
Building, Fourteenth and Broadway, Oakland. Located on McAdam
street, just off Broadway. It was opened about 1870, and has been
operated almost constantly since. It is the largest quarry in Alameda
County. The rock is typical " blue rock," as termed by the trade, and
is a metamorphosed sandstone, with lime carbonate in seams. It is used
for macadam, concrete, and gutter rock. Two Gates crushers handle
all the rock. Two steam percussion drills are in operation. From 60
to 80 quarrymen are employed.
ILL. No. 136. liLAKK it BILGER QUARRY (FORMERLY OAKLAND PAVING CO.),
McADAM STREET, OAKLAND.
Broadway Quarry, on both sides of Broadway, near Hudson street,
Oakland. The rock is a soft, frial)le, buff-colored sandstone, inter-
bedded with soft, slate-colored shales. Idle in October, 1904.
Crusher Quarry; K. B. & A. L. Stone Company, 900 Broadway, Oak-
land. Near their crushing plant on Laundry Farm; opened about
1899. Reddish, decayed rock is hauled from face without crushing, and
used for sidewalks, etc.
Curran Quarry; .John Curran, School street, owner. This was for-
merly the O'Brien Quarry, and is on Maple avenue, Frnitvale District.
The rock is termed " red cement gravel," and is a very much altered rock,
recemented l)y a red clay. Used as a top dressing for roads and walks.
MACADAM, ETC.— ALAMEDA COUNTY. 313
Diamond Canon Quappy (Hevland Quarry); Hutchinson Company,
401 Fourteenth street, Oakhmd, owner. Four miles from Lake Merritt,
on Diamond Canon road, East Oakland. There are two quarries; in
the upper one the rock is a hard, medium-grained, gray sandstone; in
the lower quarry face in the canon, 100 yards helow the road, is a
flinty, dark-colored, metamorphosed sandstone. The crushing plant is
abandoned and badly out of repair.
Easton & Wilson Quappy; Clark Avery, at quarry, owner. On Lin-
coln avenue, 1 mile from Diamond P. O. It was opened about 1899
and worked intermittently for two years. The rock, a blue metamor-
phosed sandstone, occurs in boulders. Large quantities of soft sand-
stone and slaty shales made so much waste that it was unprofitable to
work at the time. Two other small openings show similar characteristics.
Eliot Gpavel Pit; Southern Pacific Railroad Compan}^, owner. One
and three fourths miles east of Pleasanton. The pit is half a mile long
and about 300 yards wide, and is operated as gravel is needed for ballast
or concrete. The cars are loaded by steam shovel.
Estudillo Quappy; .J. H. Ravekas, owner; at present under lease to the
E. B. & A. L. Stone Company, who are preparing to reopen it. Three
fourths of a mile from center of San Leandro, at southeast corner of
Estudillo and Grand avenues. The stone is an altered basaltic rock,
much fractured and with serpentine in seams.
Fpuitvale White Gpavel Mine (Packard Quarr}-); George Mack, in
charge. A small quarr}^ at the end of Maple avenue, Fruitvale District.
A disintegrated quartz rock, with a clay cementing material in seams;
used as a top dressing for roads and walks.
Hays School Quappy, near Hays school, in Brooklyn Township. It is
a small quarry, the product of Avhich is used locally for roads. The rock
is much altered and contains considerable lime. It is idle at present.
Leona Heights Quappy; E. B. & A. L. Stone Company, 900 Broadway,
Oakland, owner; G. H. Luchs, superintendent. It was formerly the
California Improvement Company's quarry. It is on Laundry Farm,
on the summit of a prominent ridge, one mile north of Mills College.
The rock is a fine-grained basalt, and is used for macadam and concrete.
The quarry face is about 125 feet high. Two gravity trams, one 2500
feet long and the other 1200 feet, take the rock from the quarry to the
crusher at the termini of the railroads, both narrow and broad gauge.
About 300 yards a day are crushed by two Gates crushers. Electricity
is used for power. Thirty-five men are at Avork in the quarry.
Mills College Quappy; same owner. Near the college grounds; opened
about 1892. The rock is a red gravel and clay mixture, and is used as
top dressing for garden and side walks, without crushing. Electric
314 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
trains, both broad and narrow gauge, enter this and the "Crusher
Quarry."
Mission District Quarry; A. S. Escobar, owner, and operated by the
county. On iSunol road, one mile above its intersection with Mission
San Jose-Niles road. The rock is a black shale, recenientcd by lime and
gypsum.
Newark Road Quarry; Realty Syndicate, owner, and operated l)y the
county. In Sec. o4, T. 4 S., 11. 2 W. The quarry was opened twcnty-
Ihh. iNo. 137. ONE FACE OF PIEDMONT PAVING COMPANY'S QrARKV, OAKLAND.
three years ago. The rock is a hard, flinty, red jasper, interbedded with
soft seams of red clay. This (juarry furnishes all the niacadani for
Newark road district.
Pacific Land and Investment Company's Quarry. In Sec. 10, T. 5 S.,
R. 2 W. Tlie (juarry fonucrly furnished a large amount of ballast for
the Southern Pacific Railroad, l)ut is idle at present. The north end
of the quarry shows beds of red flinty chert, some siliceous shale, and
red clay; the south end, some soft sandstone and shales; also small
outcrops of manganese ore.
Piedmont Paving Company's Quarry; C. D. Bates, Jr., secretary,
Macdonough Building, Fourteenth street and Broadway, Oakland.
About three fourths of a mile above the head of Lake Merritt and one
MACADAM, ETC.— ALAMEDA COUNTY. 315
fourth of a mile from ^Mldwood avenue. It was opened in 1878 by the
Alameda Macadamizing Company, and reopened by the present
management about 1892. The rock is a grained, metamorphosed sand-
stone, bluish in color, locally termed "blue rock." It is used chiefly
for macadam, but some is utilized for rubble and ballast.
Ransome Constpuetion Company's Quappy; office, 473 Fourteenth street,
Oakland. This quarry is on the Old Fish Ranch road, about 5^ miles
from the Oakland City Hall. It was opened in April, 1904. A tram-
way 600 feet long carries rock from the quarry face to the crusher at
side of road. The rock is a fine-grained basalt, and is used for macadam
and concrete. Some gutter rocks are sorted out. The rock is hauled
to Oakland and Berkeley by wagon. Eighteen quarrymen were at
work in October, 1904.
San Leandpo Quappy; E. B. & A. L. Stone Co., 900 Broadway, Oakland,
owner. South and across the canon from the dam at foot of Lake
Chabot, and about 2 miles east of San Leandro. It was opened in 1886
by the present owner. The rock is a regular "l)lue rock" — a metamor-
phosed sandstone. At present the overburden, a red rock (jasper),
covers the face of the old quarry by an immense slide. The original
quarry is abandoned, only the jasper rock from the talus slope being
used as a sidewalk material.
Spring Constpuetion Company's Quappy; J. E. Porter, superintendent;
office. University Savings Bank, Berkeley. Located on Greenwood
Terrace, about one half mile east of the reservoir in North Berkeley.
The company is driving a 250-foot two-compartment tunnel, to connect
l»y an upraise with the present floor of the old quarry. The rock will
be broken down in the quarry and transported through the tunnel to the
crushing plant on the hillside lielow. A Gates crusher is driven by
electric power. The rock in the main quarry face varies, in a short
distance, from hard, siliceous shale to a highly metamorphosed rock of
coarse, sandy texture. It is to be used for macadam and concrete work.
Twenty-five men are emplo^'^ed.
Sunol Road Quappy, 2| miles from Mission San Jose, and 3| miles
from Sunol, on west side of road. The rock is a hard, shaly, buff-
colored sandstone. The quarry is idle.
Syndicate Quappy; The Realty Syndicate, 1160 Broadway, Oakland,
owner. Located on south side of Buckeye avenue, half a mile north-
east of the Catholic cemetery. It was opened about 1901, and has been
worked intermittently. The rock is a jasper (phthanite), similar to
that in the Blair quarry.
316
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OK CALIFORNIA.
COLUSA COUNTY.
Tilt' Colusa Sandstone Company ciusIk's iind delivers the sandstone
niaeadani on l)oard tlie cars of the C'ohisa and Lake Narrow Gauge
Raih'oad at the nominal price of $1 ]n'v ton. The county of Colusa
could ])rol)ahly secure the stone for the ])ricc of haulage and do its own
crushing. For railway hallast the "huff" or croppings, as well as the
hroken ledge material, may he used, l>ut for wagon roads the hrokeii
ledge material is i)referahle; it weighs 166 pounds to the cuhic foot, and
crushes with uneven fracture adapted to road huilding.
The MeGilvpay Stone Company produces similar material.
ILL. No. 138. STEGE QUAKKV, CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. HUTCHINSON ^t CO , OF
OAKLAND, OWNER.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY.
Antioeh Quarry. — A small quarry is located ahout one mile south of
the .Southern Pacific Railroad depot at Antioeh, in a bank of loosely
cemented gravel, which is easily quarried and furnishes a very good
macadauL It is worked intermittently as macadam is needed for the
roads.
Christen Quarry (formerly the Avery Ranch); Joseph M. Christen,
owner. This small quarry lies one quarter of a mile west of Pacheco.
The rock is a soft, friable sandstone, formerly used for macadamizing
MACADAM, ETC. — CONTRA COSTA, LOS ANGELES. 317
the roads about Paeheco. The quarry has been practically idle of late
years, because the rock is too soft to make a good road material.
Fitzgerald Quarry, on Haven street, Martinez. The rock is a soft, fri-
able sandstone and sandy shale, and is sold by the load for macadam
purposes.
Port Costa Cut. — The Southern Pacific Railroad Company is oper-
ating a steam shovel at the foot of the steep hillside at the side of its
tracks at Port Costa. The material is used for ballast. It is a friable
clay shale and shaly sandstone.
Slater Quarry; A. E. Slater, owner. This quarry lies about one
quarter of a mile south of Paeheco. The rock is a very soft, friable
sandstone, used for macadam.
Stege Quarry; Hutchinson & Co., corner of Fourteenth and Franklin
streets, Oakland, owner. It is 8 miles north of Oakland. A gravity
tram, 5290 feet long, brings the rock from the quarry face to the
crusher. The rock is a metamorphosed sandstone, and is used for
macadam and concrete purposes.
Ss^ ■5ro£
ILL. Xo. 139. SAN PEDRO BREAKWATER.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Home Teaming and Transfer Company, Arroyo Seco, foot of Avenue
22. Los Angeles. Crushes stone used for concrete work. The plant is
equipped with a rock-crusher, using steam power, and oil as fuel.
Capacity of crusher, 100 tons per day.
Parson Macadam Plant, Arroyo Seco, foot of Avenue 20, Los Angeles.
A 20-horsepower gasoline engine is in use.
The San Pedro Breakwater is being constructed by the California Con-
struction Company, 842 East Market street, Los Angeles, for the Federal
Government, under supervision of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. The
breakwater is to be 9000 feet long; the greatest depth l)elow mean lower
low water is 52 feet. The top of the breakwater, 20 feet wide, is 14 feet
318 STRUCTL'KAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
above mean lower low water. The accompanying sketch gives a cross-
section of till' structure. The sandstone for the substructure is obtained
from the Chats worth Park quarry, Los Angeles County. The granite
for the substructui-c and the superstructure is obtained from the Deelez
quarry, San Bernardino County, and the Casa Blanca quarry, River-
side County. It is estimated that about 2,370,000 tons of rock will be
refjuired to make the breakwater. Under the terms of the contract
25,000 tons per month must be deposited in December, January, and
February, and 35,000 tons a month during the rest of the year. The
work will probably be completed in 1907. The end of the superstructure
is to be of concrete blocks 40 feet square and 20 feet high, founded 3 feet
ILL No. HO. VIEW OF HARBOR SIDE OF SAN' PEDRO BREAKWATKR.
Granite l)lock.s (over 600U yjouiids each) from Casd Bliinca ijiuirries. RivorsitU' Comity.
below mean lower low water. (See 111. No. 139.) (By courtesy of C. H.
McKinstry, Captain, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.)
MARIN COUNTY.
Bull Quarry; F>ull & Gossard, Parrott Building, San Francisco, owners.
Situated on the bay shore, on San Pedro Point, 4 miles east of San
Rafael. The quarry was opened in August, 1904. The rock is a
metamorphosed, dark-gray sandstone, extensively fractured and broken.
It is loaded into three-ton skips, which are placed on barges by a 50-
foot derrick. At present (October, 1904) they are shipping about 450
tons per day, to .Tersf^v Island, in tlie Sacramento River, where it is
used as rul)ble in Iniilding levees. Twenty-tive men were at work in
the quarry.
Forbes Quarry; E. Schwiesan, San Rafael, owner. On the hillside, in
the nortiiwest portion of San Rafael. The rock is a hard, red chert, and
was used for concrete and macadam purposes. A small jaw crusher
MACADAM, ETC. — LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 319
was used. The quarry has been extensively worked, hut is idle at
present.
Hoffman Quarry; B. H. Hoffman, owner. A small quarry 3 miles
north of San Rafael, on the Petaluma road. The rock is a siliceous
shale, and is used for nuicadam.
Hotaling- Quarry; A. P. Hotaling, San Rafael, owner. Situated at
the end of Clark street, San Rafael. The rock is a hard, compact, blue
sandstone, and is used for macadam and concrete. It is not worked
regularly.
Marin Quarry; Gray Brothers, Mills Building, San Francisco, owners.
Located on McNear's Point. The rock is a highly metamorphosed blue
sandstone. It is used for rubble in seaw^all construction; at present
being used by the State in the construction of the new mail dock, and
large quantities were also used in the Santa Fe fill in China Basin.
The rock is handled in skips, holding about 2^ yards each, which are
passed by four 60-foot derricks onto barges and towed to various points
on the bay. Two Burleigh drills are used in the quarry. Sixty men
are at work.
Mount Tamalpais Cemetery Quarry, in the upper end of the cemetery,
l-g miles northeast of San Rafael. The rock is a hard, blue-colored,
metamorphosed sandstone, comparatively free from fractures. It is
used, rough dressed, in building fronts and curbings in the cemetery;
it is also crushed for macadam and concrete. At the present time it is
only worked as the rock is needed in the cemetery.
San Franeiseo Bay Improvement Company's Quarry (formerly the Jor-
dan Quarry). This large quarr}' is on the bay shore at Point San Pedro,
5 miles east of San Rafael. It was opened in 1884. The rock is a
grayish-blue, metamorphosed sandstone, and is used for rubble. Large
quantities were used in the Santa Fe fill in China Basin. It is loaded
at the quarry face into skips, which are placed on small cars and drawn
out onto the wharf to be loaded on barges. The company owns five
barges, each of 5000 tons capacity. The output averages 700 tons
daily. Sixty-five men are employed.
Steffini-Bartini Company's Quarry, in the southwest portion of San
Rafael, on Greenwood street, just above the brewery. It is a small
quarry of hard, blue, metamorphosed sandstone, containing considerable
lime in fractures. The rock is used, rough dressed, for foundation walls
in San Rafael, and also crushed for macadam and concrete.
Tiburon Point Quarry. — The California Northwestern Railway Com-
pany operates a quarry in rear of the ferry sli]) at Tiburon, as it
needs the rock for ballast.
320 STRL'CTrRAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
NAPA COUNTY.
Herrington Quarry, one-half iiiik' t'ust of Napa, on tlie property
adjoining the eenietery. The rock is a brecciated tuff, and for many
j'ears has been used for macadamizing the streets of Napa.
J. F. ZoUner Quarry. (See Paving Blocks, page 842.) Mr. Errington,
of Napa, hauls this stone to Napa and crushes it for macadam.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Fairmount Hill Quarry and City Crusher Plant; Superintendent of
Streets of the City of Riverside, in charge. In Sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 5 W.,
S. B. M. The rock mass is quite varied in character, and consists of a
dark-gray biotite granite, associated with gneiss, mica schist, and lime-
stone. The rocks are all too deeply weathered to be valuable for build-
ing stone, and are used as crushed stone for macadam and concrete.
SACRAMENTO COUNTY.
Folsom State Prison Quarry; State of California, owner. In Sec. 25,
T. 10 N., R. 7 E. (See also Granite, page 47.) Besides the rubble
quarried with the dimension stone, there is a quarry in diorite. In 1904
the production was (>>,021 tons, a small ])art of which was used by the
prison.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
Granite Rock Company; A. R. Wilson, Watsonville, manager. The
quarry is in the northwest corner of tlic Rancho Las Aromitas y Agua
Caliente, on the Pajaro River, at Logan, a station on the Southern
Pacific Railroad. The granite is rather disintegrated, and lies in narrow
beds. It is used for macadam, etc.
SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY.
Blue Rock Quarry, at coriuT of Twenty-sixth and Douglass streets. The
stone is a hard, ])lue-grained, metamorphic sandstone, with a flinty
fracture. All machinery has been removed, and the (piarry is idle. It
was formerly worked by Gray Brothers.
County Jail Quarry, on Ocean aveiuie, l)et\veen the jail and Ingleside
Park. The rock is a hard, gray sandstone, and is used for macadam.
It is \voikc(l intci'inittcntly by the pi-isonei's.
Gray Brothers Quarry, at Tliirtictli and Castro streets. Admission to
<|Uarrv was refused.
MACADAM, ETC.— SAN FRANCISCO COL'NTV. 321
Lately Street Quarry. — A small quarry face at the corner of Castro and
Lately streets. The rock is a hard, siliceous red and yellow chert. Idle
when visited.
Lewis & Biggio Quarry; R. Biggio and Mr. Lewis, of Colma, owners.
On San Jose avenue, just north of Ocean View. The rock, a blue meta-
morphosed sandstone, is crushed by a jaw crusher at the quarry and is
used for concrete purposes. The quarry is worked intermittently.
Maloney Quarry. — Mr. Ed. Maloney, Builders' Exchange, operates a
small quarry on Twin Peaks, at the corner of Seventeenth and Ashbury
streets. The rock is a red jasper, and is used for macadam purposes.
Ocean View Quarry, Ocean View, one block west of San Jose avenue.
It is operated intermittently by the city for street repairing. The rock
is a slaty shale, occurring in contorted beds.
Quimby & Harrelson Quarry; Quimby & Harrelson, 206 Kearny street,
San Francisco, owners. On Amazon street, one block off the Mission
road. The rock is a gray, metamorphosed sandstone. Quimby &
Harrelson have not taken out any rock for some time, but the prisoners
of the county jail have quarried some for macadam.
San Francisco Construction Company, 26 Montgomery street, operates a
small quarry on Twin Peaks, on Carmel street. The rock is a red
chert, is crushed in a small jaw crusher, and used for macadam.
Simons-Fout Company, Box 153, Builders' Exchange, operates a quarry
in connection with its brickyard on the Corbett road. Several faces
have been opened in clearing the land for real estate purposes. Blue
rock, red chert, and loose sand rock are quarried. The latter is used
in making fills on the property, and the former is crushed for macadam,
concrete, and rubble purposes. The crusher averages about 150 yards
per day.
Telegraph Hill Quarry; Gray Brothers, 1122 Hay wards Building,
owners. At the corner of Green and Sansome streets. The rock is a
highly metamorphosed blue sandstone, and stands with a nearly per-
pendicular face about 180 feet high. This quarry has been idle for
about a year, but the crushing plant is being operated w'ith stone
brought in carts from their smaller quarry, of similar rock, at the
corner of Chestnut and Montgomery streets. The face of this smaller
quarry is nearly 100 feet high.
For three quarters of a mile around the foot of Telegraph Hill rock
has been quarried for many years, first, to fill in the bay, and at present
for seawall and other concrete construction about San Francisco.
21— BUL. 38
'■i'2'2 STlUX'TrivAl. AM) l.NDl STKIAl, M ATKKIAI-S OF CA1,1K()1{.\1A.
Twin Peaks Quarries Tin re are numerous smiill quarries on. the
slopes of Twin Peaks, which are worked intermittently, as rock is
needed in small quantities.
Vulcan Quarry, at the base of Telegraph Hill, on Francisco street,
between Kearny and l)u})out, in the rear of the Vulcan Iron
Works. George P. \\'etmore & Co. quarry the rock and haul it in carts
to their crushing plant on Lomliard street, near Sansonie. The stone
is the typical blue rock, a metamorphosed sandstone, and is extensively
fractured by numerous slips. It is used for rubble, macadam, and
concrete purposes.
George P. Wetmore Quarry. — This large quarry is at tlie corner of
Lombard and Montgomery streets. The office is at this quarry.
C. A. Wetmore is superintendent. They quarry a blue and gray
metamorphosed sandstone, and some altered slaty rock occurs in the
slips. The face is about 100 feet high. No blasting is done. The rock
is barred down, and large slips often cover the quarry floor with much
broken rock. This is sledged and loaded onto small skips, which arc
taken to the crusher by means of an aerial tramway. Rubble, macadam,
and concrete rock are produced. A No. 5 Gates crusher averages about
150 yards a day.
This firm also operates a small crushing plant at Tenth and Division
streets, by using the waste rock from the stone yards of the Colusa
Sandstone Company and the McGilvray Sandstone Company.
SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY.
Corral Hollow Gravel Pit; San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Com-
pany, 828 Montgomery street, San Francisco, owner. About 2 miles
]jelow Carnegie. The gravel deposit extends for a distance of nearly
4 juiles down the hollow, and averages 25 feet in depth and nearly half a
mile in width. The gravel is loaded on the cars direct from the l);ink
l)y ]iu'ans of a steam shovel, and has been used extensively on tlie
streets of Stockton.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
City of San Luis Obispo's Plant, on Higuero street, crushing chert rock.
SAN MATEO COUNTY.
Casey Quarry (formerly the J^aurel Creek Quarry); W. "W. and .1. 1'^.
Casey, San Mateo, owners. Located al)out one eightb of a mile soutli of
Beresford Station, on l^aurel Creek. There are two faces; one is a
quartz formation, with the cjuartz consideral>ly fractured and colored
in the seams with manganese stains; tlie other furnishes a red and
MACADAM, ETC.— SAN MATEO. SANTA CLARA. 323
yellow chert and also a soft, buff-colored sandstone, Avhich has been
extensively fractured and crushed. In January, 1905, the count}'- was
operating the quarry for macadam for the roadways, using a portable
crushing plant consisting of a 15-horsepower gasoline engine on trucks,
and a jaw crusher and screen on another pair of trucks. This plant is
taken from quarry to quarry as the roads are macadamized in different
localities.
Daly's Quarry; operated by the United Railroads of San Francisco.
On Daly's Hill, San Jose avenue. The rock is a close-grained metamor-
phosed sandstone, light gray in color, and extensively fractured and
seamed. It is crushed by a jaw-crusher at the quarry and loaded
directly from bins to electric ballast cars. The entire product is used
by the railroad company as crushed rock. About twenty men are
employed, and the output averages 80 yards per day.
Gardner Quarry ; Dr. A. M. Gardner, Belmont, owner. One half mile
west of Belmont. The rock is a folded and crushed chert. The quarry
has been worked in three different faces, and is operated intermittently.
Johnson-Splivalo Quarry, half a mile northwest of Belmont. The rock
is a red and white chert, and is highly stained with manganese. It
occurs in folded and crumbled beds. The quarry is worked intermit-
tently.
Jones Quarry; Fair Estate, San Francisco, owner. On the bay shore,
1^ miles east of South San Francisco. The quarry was operated to fur-
nish rubble for the Santa Fe Railroad Company. The rock is handled
by three derricks in the face of the quarry and two on the small wharf
for loading onto barges. It varies from a soft, buff-colored sandstone,
associated with shale, on the north end of the quarry, to a hard, compact,
light gray, metamorphic sandstone on the south end.
San Bruno Quarry, in Visitacion Valley, about 8 miles south of San
Francisco, off the San Bruno road. Warren Improvement Company,
owners, offices at 230 Montgomery street, San Francisco. There are
two adjoining faces. The rock is loaded into boxes on car trucks and
hauled 2 miles to the wharf, where the boxes are loaded onto barges
and shipped to various points about the bay.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
Alum Rock Quarry, in Alum Rock Canon, at end of railway track,
about 100 yards above the baths. It is operated by the City of San
Jose, for grading the roads within Alum Rock Park and the city streets.
The rock is a siliceous shale, interbedded with a slaty material. It is
broken down into a talus slope, and fed through a 60-foot steel-lined
chute into bins which load directly to the cars.
324 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .ALVTLKLVLS OF CALIFORNIA.
Gay Quarry; Jatiirs W. Rea & Co., corner Market and Santa Clara
streets, San Jose, owners. On the Monterey road, one quarter of a mile
south of Oak Hill Cemetery. The stone is a close-grained, igneous
rock, suital)le for macadam and concrete. It is a large, circular quarry,
and has furnished rock for the streets of San Jose for many years.
Idle during 1904.
SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.
De Dero Quarry, L. de Dero, Santa Cruz P. O., owner. This (quarry
lies about 10 miles northwest of Santa Cruz and consists of two open-
ings, one covering a half acre or more and another closely adjoining on
the north less than half as large. The stone has been quarried to a
depth ranging from 8 to 20 feet on the front to 40 or 50 feet on the back
face. It is overlaid by from 2 to 6 feet of brown adobe. The limestone
is much shattered, and occurs in small dimensions only. There are
numerous cavities, some filled with clay and some lined with calcite.
The lower part of the quarry face shows an irregular bed of impure
sericite schist, interlaminated with the limestone in places, and at the
south end of the quarry changing into a hard blue quartzite. There is
a rock-crusher at the (juarry, and the stone is used for macadam and
concrete,
Thurber's Quarry, the nearest one to Santa Cruz, is on the roadside
about half a mile northwest of the reservoir. The stone lias been
quarried at three different levels. The lowest one, now abandoned,
covers an area of several acres, and was quarried from 8 to 20 feet deep.
The stone in the quarry face is much weathered. The second level has
been worked over an area of about 500 square feet, and contains blue
and gray coarsely crystalline limestone, banded in places and containing
a pocket of white, yellow-stained clay. The upper level, now in opera-
tion, has been quarried from 8 to 20 feet deep over an area of a quarter
of an acre. The stone in this opening occurs in larger dimensions than
in any of the others. With the exception of the black adobe clay
that has worked down in the fissures, it is quite pure limestone, and
small pieces of good marble could be obtained. Tlie stone is used for
rubble and crushed stone. A crusher is located at the quarry.
SHASTA COUNTY.
Macadam is used for the streets of Redding. The rock quarry and
crushing plant are located in the northwestern part of town. The
rock is an altered, siliceous, igneous rock, quarried by hand drilling.
It is crushed in a jaw crusher, and then passed over a 2-inch screen.
The larger pieces are used as a foundation in the streets, the finer for
top covering and for sidewalks. The crusher is driven by electric
power.
MACADAM, ETC. — SOLANO COUNTY. 325
SOLANO COUNTY.
The county macadam tiuarry is one mile north of Vacaville. The
stone is a bhick basalt, which crushes with an uneven fracture excel-
lently suited to the purpose of road material. Several thousand yards
have been used in county road construction. The quarrying has
exposed a ledge for a length and depth of about 75 feet.
Other deposits and boulders of black basalt occur on Putnam PeaK
and in Butte and Putah creeks.
Shale of a grade suitable for road work occurs along the eastern line
of the sandstone belt within 3 or 4 miies of Vacaville, and is in con-
siderable demand for improvement of the county roads.
The Benicia Crushed Stone Company owns a quarry and rock-crusher at
Hoyt's siding, above Benicia, which have been operated for crushed
stone, but are now (August, 1904) idle.
Cordelia Quarry; E. B. & A. L. Stone Company, 900 Broadway, Oak-
land, owner. In Sees. 5 and 6, T. 4 N., R. 4 W., M. D. M., in the foothills
on the west side of the Suisun Valley. This company has purchased
the Lord lands lying directly north, making the total holdings 400 acres.
Two Gates and five Austin crushers (Nos. 8, 5, 4, and 2) were added to
the plant in the early part of 1905.
There are three large quarry openings and a score or more of smaller
ones extending for nearly a mile around the top of a hill about 300
feet in height. The larger openings have inclined raihvays to the large
rock-crusher at the base of the hill, and which connects by a spur with
the Southern Pacific Railroad, at the south end of the tunnel about a
mile from Cordelia.
The stone is a compact, olivine basalt. Around the south end of the
hill are large quantities of tuff, which is much softer than the compact
basalt. The rock outcrops over a large area, the outcrop consisting of
more or less rounded boulders, varying in size from a few inches to
many feet in diameter. In fact, much of the stone that has been
quarried has been from boulders.
Part of the stone is made into paving blocks, and part of it is crushed
for use as macadam, rock l)allast, and concrete, for all of which uses it
is well adapted. It has a straight, smooth cleavage, which enables it
to 1)6 readily made into regular paving blocks.
The large opening in which most of the work is being done at present
(August, 1904) is an acre or more in extent, with a face of about 50 feet
at the back. The back wall of the quarry is in solid basalt, cut up
by irregular seams, along wliicli the stone is discolored yellow and gray
from weathering. It shows concentric weathering in many places.
The rounded boulders, weathering off in concentric shells, are promi-
nent in all tlie quarries.
326
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
Ill tlic opening east of the one aliovc niciitionccl, the stone shows tlie
lioxagonal jointintr coniinon in luisalt bodies. .Many of tlie eolunms
arc 8 to 4 feet in dinineter; in a few ])la('es, smaller coiunins of from (i
to 10 inches in diameter oeeur. The stone has an especially easy,
sliaiiiht cleavage i»arallel to the base of these columns.
in several places the stone has a vesicular structure. In one of tlie
(|Uai-ry openings is a considerable quantity of dark-red stone, similar
in grain and texture to the dark-colored basalt.
Tlie sujiply of stone available liei'e is unlimited, and the jiosition is
favorabk' foi' (piarrying, loading, and shipping at low cost.
In excavating for the new ci'ushei' foundations, the company extracted
and secured tests of three varieties of volcanic tuff — lavender, red, and
ilvAv — that underlie the basalt in th(^ order nanie(l. The lavender-
ll.L. No. Ml. I'.ASALT (ilAUUV .\.T COHDKLIA, SOLANO COUNTY. K. H. cV; A. 1,. SToNK CO.
colored rock showed a crushing strength of 8630 pounds to tlu' square
iiieh. weighing 143 })ounds per cubic foot; red rock, 4020 pounds crush-
ing strength, weight 158 pounds; gray rock, 1630 pounds crushing
strength, weight 89 ])ounds. Like various other eruptive tuffs in Solano
and other counties, this material may be easily and economically cut
into d(>siral)le shapes for use as building material.
P. Siebe, Cordelia, owns a (|uarry-()])ening lialf an acre in extent at
the station in the town of Corchdia. It is from 1") to 30 feet deep, in a
weathered, light-colored volcanic tuff and breccia. It is said to have
lieeii use(l for road material on the streets in and ar(^niid Cordelia.
SONOMA COUNTY.
J. P. Classen Quarry, 1 j miles south of I'etalunia.
and is used as rul)blc. Worked intermittently.
The rock is basalt,
McNear's Quarry, half a ]iiile noitl: of Petalunia, on the Santa Rosa
roatl, just north of Mi-Ncar's cemetery. It was ojiened about 18'.)0.
MAGNESITE — ALAMEDA COUNTY. 327
The rock is red and gray trachyte, extensively fractured and altered, and
is used for macadam and rubble. The quarry is worked intermittently.
Meachem Quarry, 5 miles northwest of Petaluma, on the Frank Meachem
ranch, on the Sebastopol road. The bulk of the rock is of a basaltic
nature, and is overlaid with a soft, red, disintegrated chert, which
occurs in quarry face as a talus. It is used on the county roads. The
quarry is worked intermittently.
Purrington Quarry, I4 miles southeast of Petaluma, at the end of
Mountain View avenue. It is owned by the Petaluma Real Estate
Association, and operated under lease by A. W. Nash. The rock is a red
chert, and is extensively used in macadamizing the streets of Petaluma.
VENTURA COUNTY.
Camarillo Quarry; Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owner. In
Sec. 5, T. 1 X., R. 20 W., S. B. M. A light pinkish-gray igneous rock,
used for ballast on the roadbed from Burbank to north of Santa Barbara.
Santa Susanna Quarry; Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owner. In
Sec. 16, T. 2 X., R. 17 W., S. B. M. The material is similar to that of
the Chatsworth Park quarry, Los Angeles County. It is used by the
railroad company in several places along its roadbed as rip-rap, and
it is also mixed with oil for pavements.
MAGNESITE,
In the crude condition magnesite is used largely for making carbon
dioxide gas; also in the manufacture of Epsom salts, of which, in 1902,
at least 9000 tons were produced in the United States. Calcined mag-
nesite (magnesia, oxide of magnesium) is used in the form of refractory
bricks or concrete as furnace lining, and as non-conducting covering for
boilers, steam-pipes, etc.; it is also used in the manufacture of paper
stock. (See Bureau of Census, Mines and Quarries, 1902, p. 1071.)
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
American Magnesite Company. See American Magnesite Company,
Santa Clara County, on page 330.
King Magnesite Claim, in Sec. 8, T. 5 S., R. 4 E. Small outcrops of
magnesite are exposed by a small cut. No shipments have been made
and the claim is idle.
In Sec. 16, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., are small outcroppings of magnesite.
328 STRUCTl KAI. AND INDUSTRIAL AIATKRIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
FRESNO COUNTY.
Magnesite occurs in Sec. 5^ T. 13 S., R. 24 E., about 15 miles north-
east of Sanger, tlie nearest railroad station. Tliere is a large deposit
outcropping for several hundred feet in a course N. 10° E., and
averaging 10 feet in width.
MENDOCINO COUNTY.
Vassar Magnesite Claim, 12 miles north of Cloverdale. It occurs in a
serpentine formation at the crest of a steep hill 1^ miles from the Cali-
fornia Northwestern Railway. No development work.
NAPA COUNTY.
Chiles Valley Magnesite Kiln; .1. D. Phelan, San Francisco; Sec. 29,
T. 8 N., R. 5 W. An old open field kiln, built of .stone. The magne-
site was fed in at the top and drawn at intervals from below. Heat
was supplied by four separate wood-burning fireboxes, one on each
side of the furnace, arranged so that only the hot gases reached the
magnesite. It was operated for about eight years, and the calcined
magnesite sent to San Francisco.
"&'
Fairweather Claim, owned by Mr. Duval. It adjoins the White Rock
claim. (See below.)
Matthai Magnesite Mines; Frank Matthai, Chiles P. 0., owner. Xorth
Mine (formerly the Cleveland) is in Sec. 36, T. 8 N., R. 4 W., in Soda
Creek Canon, just above the road. It was worked by Bartlett &
Stanley in 1895, but has been idle since. The magnesite occurs in
serpentine in irregular ledges outcropi)ing on the hillside, and Avas
mined by means of open cuts. Merely tlie larger boulders and pockets
near the surface were extracted without regard to development work,
so that much rock remains.
South, Mine, about one quarter of a mile southeast of the Xorth
Mine, just over a low ridge on the north bank of Greasy Cam}) Creek.
Here a 5-foot ledge of very pure white magnesite outcrops along the
creek for al)out 30 feet, and dips to the north into the hill at a low
angle. Two cuts have Ijcen opened on the croppings, and a short tunnel
was driven in on the ledge. There are about 100 tons of magnesite on
the dump.
Priest Mine; D. C. Priest, Chiles P. O., owner. In Sec. 23, T. 8 N., R. 4 W.,
about 13 miles east of Rutherford, in Chiles Valley. The deposit has
been opened up at four places upon the steep hillside; the lower two
(large open cuts) have been idle for about five years, and are covered
MAGNESITE — NAPA COUNTY.
329
up by debris. About 500 yards farther up the hill a 2-foot ledge is
exposed by a 30-foot open cut, and above this, in a oO-foot tunnel, an
18-inch ledge dipping nearly perpendicular is exposed.
Russel Mine; E. T. Russel, Chiles P. 0., owner. In Sec. 24, T. 8 X.,
R. 4 \\'., 15 miles from Rutherford, the nearest railroad station. The
tunnel is caved and inaccessible. There are numerous surface crop-
pings, on which several small open cuts have been run in on the south-
ILL. No. 142. MAIN CUT OF "WHITE KOCK " MAGNESITE MINE, POPE VALLEY,
NAPA COUNTY.
west slope of the hill. The magnesite deposit is in serpentine. Only
about 25 tons were shipped.
Snowflake and Blanco Mines; H. G. Staab, James Flood Building, San
Francisco, owner. In Sec. 29, T. 7 X., R. 4 W., 11 miles east of Ruther-
ford. The mines were formerly worked l)y the Stanley i^c Bartlctt
Com])any, but they have been idle for the past three years. There are
eight or ten different openings from which ore was taken to the kiln,
where it was calcined with wood, ami shipped as magnesia from
Rutherford, a station on the Southern Pacitic Railroad.
The magnesite forms an irregular vein from 3 to 6 feet wide, in a
dark-green, weathered serpentine. The much-shattered magnesite has
been recemented in many places, forming a breccia, part magnesite
and part country rock, with considerable clay and other foreign mate-
330 STRUCTIHAL AND INDISTIUAI, MATKRIALS OF CAMFOUNIA.
rials included. Below the more weathered i)ortioii, the magnesito forms
an irregular, hard vein of snow-white color.
Many of the old tunnels have caved and but few are at present
accessible, and in the latter very little magnesite can be seen in place.
The outcrops have all been worked out. Similar conditions prevail in
the small ravine northwest of the main workings.
White Rock Magnesite Mine; J. B. Duval, of Lidell, Pope Valley, owns
a two-thirds interest and the Western Carbonic Acid Gas Company the
remaining one third. In Sec. 11, T. 9 N., R. 5 W., in Pope Valley. The
deposit was first developed about 1894, and about 250 tons a year were
shipped for five years to the Western Carbonic Acid Gas Company. The
outcroppings on the hillside, about 400 feet above the floor of the valley,
dip at a steep angle to the east. The larger cut runs in on the croppings
and exposes a very large face of magnesite, which has been nearly
covered by talus since the works have been idle. The country rock is
serpentine, which is filled with small stringers of magnesite. The
formation is shown to a limited extent by a tunnel w^hich has been
driven in diagonally across several ledges, ranging from 2 to 4 feet in
thickness, and numerous smaller stringers. They struck a large mass
when in al^out 120 feet, and proceeded to drift alongside of it for some 30
feet.. Most of tlie rock is pure white, but in the large cut considerable
cream-colored magnesite makes its appearance.
PLACER COUNTY.
Snowball Mine; S. M. Sprague & Co., Newcastle, owners. In See. IS,
T. 15 N., K. 11 E., M. D. M. It is claimed that small deposits of magne-
^'iite are found on this property.
Magnesite is reported to occur on the American Kiver, near Bentley.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
American Magnesite Company. —This company holds twenty-seven
•claims, nineteen of which are on Red Mountain, fourteen on the Santa
Clara County side, and live in Stanislaus County. The remaining
uight claims are on Cedar Mountain, in Alameda County. The oflices
Are at 604 Merchants' Exchange Building, San Francisco. H. C.
Stillwell, general manager.
The extensive magnesite deposit on Red Mountain lies about 32 miles
southeast of Livermore, at the head of tlie San Antone Valley, at ar.
elevation of about 3350 feet. The magnesite occurs in bold outcrop-
pings extending in a general north and south course for a distance of
H miles, and ranging from 15 to 150 feet in widtli. The company owns
(500 acres in addition and adjoining to the mineral claims for road and
camp j)urposes.
MAGNESITE — SANTA CLARA, SONOMA. 331
The present workings are limited to the ALameda, mine, which is
being opened by a tunnel and upraise into an open quarry. The rock
will be broken down through this chute into tram cars in the tunnel.
These cars will convey the rock by a 2500-foot aerial tramway to the
bunkers, 590 feet lower than the tunnel. It will be hauled by traction
engine trains over a grade not exceeding three per cent loaded haul, to
Livermore, where automatic bunkers are being erected to load Southern
Pacific cars for shipment to their plant in Oakland. The aerial cable
tram will use 1000-pound skips, with a capacity of 10 tons per hour.
The traction engine will haul three steel wagons (capacity of 20 tons
each), and will make a round trip every twenty-four hours. The com-
pany expects to begin shipping on September 15, 1905.
Cochrane Quarry; Mrs. A. F. Cochrane, Morgan Hill, owner. Four
miles east of Madrone, on the headwaters of Coyote Creek. The rock
outcrops at intervals on the hillside south of the creek, extending up
the hill in a southerly direction, and has been opened up by small cuts
in several places. No extensive body is discernible, as the adobe soil
covers most of the outcrops. Much limonite and hematite float are found
around the magnesite croppings. It was last worked about 1897, when
Mr. Cummings of San Francisco shipped several carloads to the city.
Weber Ranch Deposit; The Bay Cities Water Company, Mutual Sav-
ings Bank Building, San Francisco, owner. On west side of San Felipe
Creek Valley, near its junction with Coyote Creek. The magnesite
outcrops in a bold ledge, plainly visible from the road. It has been
developed to some extent, and much good stone now occurs as float rock
below the workings, but at present little good rock is visible in place.
The country rock is serpentine, and much of the magnesite has serpen-
tine inclusions.
A small sheet-iron furnace lined with firebrick lies dismantled below
the main cut, but no evidence remains of any magnesite having been
calcined there, and it is a complete wreck now.
SONOMA COUNTY.
F. W. Brush, Cloverdale, reports that magnesite deposits are found on
the Brush & Son ranch, 3 miles east of Cloverdale, but are not developed.
Creon Magnesite Deposits; Mr. J. Rolling, 2527 Bryant street, San
Francisco, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 12 N., K. 10 W. The magnesite has
been mined in three places. In the upper small cut a 12-inch vein,
dipping north into the hill at an angle of 40 degrees, is exposed in an
altered and faulted serpentine. At the lower deposits the magnesite
•.V.V2
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
veins range fi'oni 1 to 18 iiiehes in width, and cut t lifough tlie li.ulit-
green sor])entine roeks at vai'ving angles. The lowei' cuts are eaeh
about 80 feet long, and one is followed hy a tunnel, whieli is eaved at
the entranee. The ser})entine rock is impregnated with numerous little
stringers of magnesite, extending in almost every direction. About ooO
tons of roek remain on the dnm]).
ill. no. .11;;. cukon m a( ; n ksitk mink. tukkk mh.ks n. e. of
(■lovi;ki).\li;. sonoma coiniv.
Cummings Deposit; Pat ("uinniiniis. ow ner; 0])erate(l by the Sotoyome
Magnesite Coniiiany of Ilealdsburg, 'i\»ni .Merchant, manager. In Sec.
28, T. 11 N.. K. 11 W. The roek is a very pure-white, eompaet magne-
site. and outcrops at intervals in a gt-neral east and west direction on
the north slo}>e, near tiie summit of the hill. The hill is mostly serpen-
tine, i)Ut the magn(>site outcrops in a blue adol)e soil. Devidopment
work was begun in the fall of I'.Xll. It will be necessary to build about
half a mile of road to comiect with the count v I'oad.
MAGNESITE — SONOMA, STANISLAL'S, TEHAMA, TULARE. 333
Eckert Ranch Deposit, about 2 miles southeast of Cloverdale, on tlie
Eckert ranch, formerly the Warren Green ranch. The magnesite out-
crops just above the county road, and the croppings can be followed
across the ranch in a general northeast and southwest direction. Three
open cuts expose a considerable body of magnesite.
Madeira Magnesite Deposit; George Madeira, Healdsburg, owner. In
Sec. 31, T. 9 X., K. 10 W. Numerous croppings extend in a general
northwest and southeast direction for a considerable distance up the
hill and about 150 feet in width, partially covered with loose soil and
low brush. The magnesite contains considerable silica. In order to
develop the property it will be necessary to build about 2 miles of road
to connect with the county road.
Mr. Madeira owns another deposit of magnesite, about 6 miles
northeast of Cazadero, and within 2 miles of the county road. The rock
is similar and occurs in larger outcrops. No development work has
been done.
Sotoyome Magnesite Company ; T. Merchant, Healdsburg, manager. The
deposit is 10 miles northwest of Healdsburg, on the Ed. Norton ranch,
on Dry Creek. The magnesite occurs in an irregular deposit, seemingly
a series of loose boulders overlying a serpentine formation, and is over-
laid by a clay formation, which is in turn overlaid by 2 feet of black
soil. The cut exposes a boulder face of magnesite, about 16 feet wide.
The magnesite at present on the dump has a considerable silica content.
There is no outcrop, and it is necessary to remove considerable soil to
expose the deposit.
STANISLAUS COUNTY.
American Magnesite Company. (See page 330.)
TEHAMA COUNTY.
To the east of the chromite belt (see page 272) lies one of magnesite,
but this deposit has never been sufficiently investigated to determine
its commercial value.
TULARE COUNTY.
Large magnesite deposits occur on the top of the first range of foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 3 miles northeast of Porter-
ville, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, the nearest railway point.
Magnesite has been quarried and shipped from here for a number of
years. Part of the magnesite is conveyed by tramway and chute to the
kiln, where it is calcined and shipped as magnesia. Part of it is hauled
by wagon to Porterville and shipped as magnesite. At present all the
product is shipped by \V. P. Bartlett, Porterville, Tulare County. A
'.V.i4 STinCTlRAl, AND IXmSTKIM. MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
considerable portion of it is sent to the Western Carbonic Acid Gas
Conii)aiiy, GOB Merchant street, San Francisco.
The magnesite occurs in a schistose serpentine mass, which is impreg-
nated with magnesite veins, and contains some basalt and (lial)ase
intrusions.
Some magnesite has been quarried from veins having a north and
south trend on the hillside just above the magnesia kiln, but at present
all the product is obtained from the hill one fourth to one half mile
northeast of the kiln, where the serpentine is tilled with a network of
veins which in places form nearly half of the rock mass.
The first workings along the tramway, less than one half mile north-
east of the kiln, are two tunnels on two prominent veins. The first
tunnel has been run in about 300 feet north on a vein trending north
and south, and another about 50 feet north of the first has been run in
about 50 feet on a vein trending N. 60° W., which intersects the first
vein less than 100 feet beyond the end of the tunnel. In each tunnel
the white magnesite forms irregular veins from 2 to 4 feet thick in
places, inclosing masses of serpentine. The wall rock on each side of
the vein contains many small veins, some of which are 2 or 3 inches
thick.
On the hill, from 90 to 100 feet above the level of the tunnels, an open
cut has been made through the crest of the ridge on these same veins
after they have united. The vein here is from 3 to 8 feet thick, inclosing
some country rock in place.
For a distance of about 300 feet east from the vein above mentioned
the rock contains but little magnesite in workable deposits.
From a point about 300 feet east of the vein to the east end of the
hill, several hundred feet farther, the rock mass is very rich in magne-
site. A large blanket vein, varying in structure at different points,
underlies the whole east end of the liill, and has been quarried at a
n'undjer of places; short tunnels, from 10 to 20 feet in length, have also
been run into the hill. On the north side it is from 5 to 6 feet thick,
inclosing a mass of dark green serpentine from 2 to 3 feet thick, which
in places contains so many veins of pure magnesite that it can all be
profitably quarried and hand picked.
The magnesite, being more durable than the inclosing serpentine,
stands out as prominent white streaks over the surface, projecting in
some places a foot or more above the surface, like quartz veins. The
magnesite industry will be a profitable one here apparently for many
years to come.
MANGANESE— ALAMEDA, COLUSA, MERCED. IVS'^
MANGANESE,
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Bartlett Mine, in See. 6, T. 4 S., R. 4 E.; is in a small canon branching-
west from jMitchell's Canon, which is in itself a tributary of Corral
Hollow. Idle for many years.
Blackjack Mine; H. J. Overacker, owner; 12 miles southeast of Liv-
ermore, on the Arroyo Mocho road, in N. E. ^ of Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 8 E.
It was opened in 1885, and has been worked intermittently, about 50
tons having been shipped. The ore occurs as irregular kidneys in
siliceous shales, and is exposed by three short cuts and tunnels.
Fratis Mine (Estacia Mine) is 8 miles southeast of Livermore, on the
Cedar Mountain road. The ore body is 8 feet wide, and is exposed by
a small cut. Eight or ten tons of low-grade ore have been taken out.
Merchant Mine; Merchant Estate, Livermore, owner; operated by
A. J. and J. W. Merchant. It is located 9 miles southeast of Livermore
on the west side of the Arroyo Mocho road, in Sec. 9, T. 4 S., R. 3 E.
It was opened in 1888, and has been worked intermittently since.
About 25 tons were taken out in September, 1904. The ore is soft and
of high grade, and occurs in contorted beds of chert, dipping about 45
degrees west, with a general north and south strike. It is developed by
two short tunnels, which expose a 4-foot ledge. At the surface only a
6-inch cropping is discernible. The ore has been stoped down about
25 feet.
Merchant Brothers' Mill. — A. J. and J. W. Merchant own a small mill
in Livermore for grinding and concentrating manganese ore. The
capacity is about 8 tons a day, and steam power is used.
COLUSA COUNTY.
Manganese was prospected about fifteen years ago by J. P. Rathbun
(now resident of College City) in Sec. 4, T. 17 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M.
The deposit was afterwards abandoned.
MERCED COUNTY.
Briggs Mine; N. C. Briggs, Hollister, San Benito County, owner. In
Sec. 16, T. lo S., R. 9 E., on the east slope of the Mount Diablo range.
A deposit of manganese ore is claimed to show on the suface over a
wudth of from 100 to 200 feet. Only very little development work lias
been done.
336 STKrCTrKAL and IXDISTKIAL materials of CALIFORNIA.
PLACER COUNTY.
Daniel Russell, Colfax. In Sec. 85, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., under Cape Horn.
The indications of a deposit are sufficient to induce prospecting and
development, but no effort has been made to expose the mineral in
deposit.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
Charles P. Carter, Elsinore. A deposit claimed to contain high-grade
manganese ore, in granite and schist country rock, about 6 miles north-
east of Elsinore, near the Santa Fe Railway. To some extent developed
by shafts, tunnels, and open cuts.
SAN BENITO COUNTY.
Hendricks Mine; N. C. Briggs et al., HoUister, owners. In Sec. 24, T. 13 S.,
R. 8 E., about 17 miles east of Tres Pinos, in the Movmt Diablo range.
A deposit of manganese ore, claimed to be of extensive surface area, and
stated to be of fair grade, but sufficient development work has not been
done to justify an opinion regarding the extent and permanency of the
deposit.
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
Antonio Staneusuch, in Sees. 6 and 7, T. 31 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M., in
the Los Osos Mountains. Some deposits of manganese ore have been
uncovered in the metamorphic Franciscan sandstone. Sufficient work
has not been done, however, to justify an opinion regarding the extent
of the deposits, but considering the small amount of work done, a satis-
factory amount of a rather good grade of manganese ore has been
excavated.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY.
Ala Mountain Mine; Merchant Estate, Livermore, owner. In Sec. 28,
T. 5 S., R. 4 E. The vein of manganese ore is afeout 4 feet wide at the
outcrop and dips slightly to the west, with a general northwest and
southeast strike. The walls are a siliceous shale. The vein has been
exposed by an open cut and a short tunnel. About 32 tons were shipped
to Livermore.
Black Bear Mine; 1). P. Doak, San Francisco, owner. In Sec. 34,
T. 5 S., R. 4 E., near the summit of the west slope of the Arroyo Mocho
Valley. Considerable development work has been done in the last few
years. A small cut near the sunnnit exposes a 3-foot vein of good ore,
which has a north and south strike and dips slightly to the west. About
200 yards belowthese workings, another small cut exposes a 30-inch vein of
ore, with an east ancUvest strike and an almost perpendicular dip. This
MICA — BUTTE, VENTURA. 337
vt'in is crossed by a vein with a north and south strike and dipping to the
east. Still lower on the hillside a tunnel exposes another 30-inch vein,
with an cast and west strike and dipping about 60 degrees north. There
are about 20 tons of ore upon the dump.
Doak Mine No. 2; same owner. On the section line between Sees. 22
and 27, T. 5 S., R. 4 E. About 25 tons were taken out by open cuts
and hauled to Livermore.
Fable Mine, about 26 miles southeast of Livermore, in a small canon
tributary to the Arroyo Mocho, at Camp Jessie. The mine lies about
100 yards up this canon from the mill, which is located on the Arroyo
Mocho road. The ore occurs as a blanket vein, varying in thickness
from 1 to 6 feet, and following the general contour of the hill. It
occurs in contorted siliceous shales, w^hich are extensively stained by
the manganese. The blanket has been worked away for about 30 feet
along the vein, by removing the overburden. Further mining was
carried on by means of a tunnel, which was closed by a locked door.
The ore was hauled in mine cars about 100 yards to the mill, where it
was crushed before being shipped. The mill was also locked, so that
the field assistant was unable to enter. The entire plant had been idle
for some time.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Shaw Mine; J. E. Shaw, Cloverdale, owner; about 7 miles northwest
of Cloverdale. A high-grade manganese ore (pyrolusite) outcrops about
10 feet in width, in a general northwest course. About 60 tons of ore
have been extracted by means of open cuts, and it still lies on the dump.
Only assessment work has been done the last few years.
MICA.
BUTTE COUNTY.
J. M. Douglass, of Merrimac, reports that mica occurs in Butte County
in Sees. 16 and 17, T. 22 N., R. 6^E.
VENTURA COUNTY.
Mount Alamo Mica Company; AW Borrowe, president, 36 Geary street,
San Francisco. In Sees. 12, 13, and 24, T. 17 N., R. 20 W., S. B. M.
The country rock is granite, gneiss, and mica schist. The mica lies in
a feldspar gangue, between a granite hanging and a mica schist foot
wall. It is a muscovite. An analysis by L. Falkenau gives: SiOj,
22— BUL. 38
338 STKUCTUUAL AXD IXDISTKIAL MATKKIALS UF CALIFORNIA.
43 per cent; FeO, trace; Al.Os, 40 per cent; CaCO«, 1 per cent; MgO,
.73 per cent: K,0, 9.3 per cent; H,0, 5.4 per cent. As yet no lai-c
sheets liave \)vvn fotmd; some 3 by 4 inches have been mined, l)ut the
jiroduct is hirgely scrap mica. The material is used as follows: ground,
ioY lubricating; in the manufacture of rooting and wall paper, rul:)l)er,
etc.; also in small sheets for the manufacture of flexible mica plates,
boards, washers, electrical insulation material, etc., for which purpose
these small sheets of irregular form are pressed together under very
high pressure.
MINERAL PAINT.
BUTTE COUNTY.
Chico Ochre and Metallic Company; Park Henshaw, secretary, Chico.
In Sees. 5 and 6, T. 23 N., R. 4 E. The company has mined no ochre
nor produced mineral paint for two years. Mr. Henshaw stated that
the operations conducted had proven the value of the material, and
also demonstrated the necessity for the practice of greater economy in
production, and that it is the purpose of the company to resume opera-
tions on a more economic and extensive scale. The product brought
the same price as the French ochre, and no complaint as to the
quality was ever received by the producers. The market included San
Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, and Seattle.
The company owns 400 acres of ground, in which the mine is situated.
The mine was worked by a tunnel 200 feet in and 400 feet below the
surface, and by an open cut of 60 feet.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
Late Ochre Mine; Miss E. E. Late, Valley Springs, owner. One half
mile west of Valley Springs. The pits are on the croppings of a l)rlt
of clay ochre, occurring in upturned shales and extending in a general
northwest and southeast direction across the foothills. The ochre
varies in color from a liglit yellow to a dark reddish hue. Several car-
loads were shipped to San Francisco during the two seasons in which
the pits were operated. The workings have been idle for about ten
years.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Two or three miles north of Kedondo, on tlie coast, there are some
bluffs of very fine, pure clays, of yellow, brown, and ochre tints, very
suitable for mineral paints, for wliich they have been successfully
tested liy practical ])aintcrs. (See IXth Report of tlie California State
Mining Bureau, p. 20S.)
MINERAL PAINT — NAPA, NEVADA, RIVERSIDE. 1539
NAPA COUNTY.
Carl Brown Paint Mine; Carl Brown, Calistoga, owner. Located about
2 miles south of Calistoga, on Benali Mountain. Mr. Brown has mined
raw sienna, red oxide of iron, and kaolin on his place.
Paint Mine and Milling Company; Charles Hoover, Calistoga, owner.
The mine is located near the sunnnit of a pinnacle peak, 1^ miles east of
Calistoga. Formerly the paint was shipped to San Francisco to be
nulled. Two small pits have been opened in the light yellow ochre,
• which, when exposed to the atmosphere, slakes and covers the sides of
the pits with loose talus. Closed since 1902.
NEVADA COUNTY.
Spence Mineral Company; Karl Howard, president, 330 Pine street, San
Francisco. The mine and plant are situated at Spenceville, in Sec. 25,
T. 15 N., R. 6 E. The plant has recently been idle, but resumption is
contemplated. The paint material is a brownish red oxide of iron pro-
duced from the residue of iron pyrite ores mined for their copper values.
In the mine dump are several thousand tons of this residue, from which
the copper values have been extracted. While the mine was worked by
shaft and incline, the bulk of the ore now awaiting treatment for paint
values was extracted from a pit 150 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 1 50 feet
deep. The paint produced was disposed of to the San Francisco trade,
and commanded a ready market. The first price obtained was $18 per
ton, ])ut the price of the last shipment was raised to $20. (See Bulletin
No. 23, California State Mining Bureau.)
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
George W. Lord, Corona. In Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., about 500 yards
southeast of the Paint Mine, is a ledge of yellow ochre, stated to be 8
feet wide, in a deposit of fire clay. The ochre is light-colored, fine-
grained, but contains minute inclusions.
Paint Mine; Corona Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Company, owner;
formerly owned by George W. Lord. In Sees. 10, 11, 14, and 15, T. 4 S.,
R. 7 W., S. B. M.
National Paint and Color Company; William Dyer, manager, Ramona
and Olive streets, Corona. Manufactures about twenty various colors —
ochre, red oxide, vermilion red, grays, etc. The works are equipped with
all required machinery, a 15-horsepower engine and 35-horsepower boiler,
using oil as fuel. The company owns extensive clay deposits near
Corona, among which is a tract of about 20 acres containing about 5 feet
of ochre, stated to be of a very choice quality.
340 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ALVTERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA,
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
In Sees. V.) and 20, T. 4<j N., R. 10 W., on tlio north side of the
Klamath River, runs a bed of l)reccia, dipping toward the river at
about 45 degrees. Tlie cementing material is a red ochre clay, which
was used formerly by the Indians as paint.
SONOMA COUNTY.
Brown's Ochre Mine; M. C. Meeker, Camp Meeker, owner. Located at
Ochre, a station on the North Shore Railroad. This mine was opened
in 1898 and lias been operated intermittently since. The ochre was
shipped to W. P. Fuller & Co., of San Francisco. It occurs as a bedded
deposit; a face about 50 feet wide has been exposed.
Healdsburg Paint Company's Mine; T. S. Merchant, Healdsburg,
manager. It lies a1)out 10 miles (by road) south of Healdsburg, on
Porter Creek, in T. 8 N., R. 10 W. The ore is a low-grade hematite,
higli in silica. It outcrops over the hill, with a course sliglitly north of
east, and averages 60 feet in width. The ore body is extensively frac-
tured and is soft in spots, while quartz stringers in places make it
necessary to sort the ore and to throw a portion out as waste. It was
originally opened by a tunnel, which was driven in al)Out 100 feet in a
general easterly direction. An upraise was then driven to the surface,
and the ore has since been mined in an open cut, sloped down this
chute and loaded into a mine car, which takes it out of the tunnel to
the bins. The present open cut ranges from 10 to 20 feet in depth, and
has been directed more in the nature of development work than for
mere mining purposes. The sorted ore is hauled ])y wagon to the eom-
pany's mill on the Santa Rosa road, one half mile south of Healdsburg.
Here the ore is first crushed in a small jaw crusher, and then thoroughly
dried in a cylindrical drier of their own patent. It is next fed to a
5-stanip mill, crushing dry with 1000-pound stamps dropping 8^ inches,
after which it is passed through sets of burr stones and is then bolted
through No. 200 silk to insure a uniform grade of fineness. At present,
two shades of })aint are marketed — "Indian red metallic" and a lighter
shade "Venetian ri'd.'' The darker shade is made by mixing a black
carbonaceous shale under the stamps. Power is derived from a 75-liorse-
power engine and boiler. The capacity of the mill is from 24 to 30
barrels per day.
Occidental.— M. C Meeker states that there is a 40-acre dejHisit of
ochre west of the hotel at Occidental, which was iirospectt'd by an
Oakland company several years ago.
MINEKAl. i'AINT — STANISLAUS COUNTY.
341
STANISLAUS COUNTY.
Gallup Ranch; Mrs. M. A. (iallup, Stockton, owner. In 8ec. 1, T. 2 8.,
Iv. 1-') E. Ochre was shipped from this deposit, first in 1887, again in
1891, and in 1899, but stopped because of expensive wagon haul. The
Sierra Railway now passes within 3^ miles of the deposit. The ochre
bed covers several acres.
n.L. Xo. H4. LKWIS VOYLK'S OCHRE MINE, KNKJUT'S FERRY,
STAXISLAl'S COUNTY.
Pentland Ochre Mine; Henry B. Pentland estate, owner. In Sec. 28
T. 1 S., R. 12 E., about one (quarter of a mile southwest of Knight's
Ferry. The beds of ochre are similar to that in the Voyle mine, except
the ochre is of a fainter color. No shipments have been made for about
ten years.
Voyle Mine; Lewis Voyle, owner. Located in a snuiU gulch one
quarter mile north of Knight's Ferry. It is operated under bond each
342 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
summer by George Kaehler of Fresno, the work commencing about the
middle of April. The ochre occurs in a nearly flat bed, averaging about
4 feet in thickness, and overlies a compact blue clay. It is overlaid by
a 6-inch bed of iron ore, which in turn is covered by a great thick-
ness of gravel. Both a yellow and a reddish ochre are available, but
only the former is shipped in quantities. The ochre is mined by
means of short tunnels on either side of the gulch, and sacked at mouths
of tunnels ready for shipment.
TRINITY COUNTY,
T. Bowerman, Minersville. In Sec. 15, T. 35 N., R. 8 W., M. D. M., on
the east side of the east fork of Stewart's Fork, is a body of red ochre,
used as mineral paint. The ochre shows the blocky structure of the
country rock, a highly weathered deposit of igneous origin. This mate-
rial has been used locally.
Southern Pacific Railroad Company owns a deposit of similar material
in Sec. 9, T. 35 N., R. 8 W., M. D. M.
YUBA COUNTY.
Dempsey Ranch, in Sec. 3, T. 15 N., R. 6 E.; the development work
was done several years ago. The weathered and rain-beaten red ochre
still on the dump gives some indications of a fair quality.
Yellow Ochre is exposed in small croppings in Sec. 29, T. 20 N., R. 8 E.,
one mile west of Strawberrv Vallev.
PAVING BLOCKS*
NAPA COUNTY.
Zollner Paving Block Quarry, formerly the Olsen Quarry. It lies about
2| miles southeast of Napa, and has been idle for the past three years.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
See Granite, pages 40 to 47.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.
See Granite, pages 48 to 53.
SOLANO COUNTY.
Cordelia Quarry. See Macadam, pages 325 and 326.
PAVING BLOCKS— SONOMA COUNTY. 843
SONOMA COUNTY.
The quarrying of paving blocks has been a very important industry
in Sonoma County, but owing to the introduction of bituminous rock
pavement the demand has decreased each year. There is a slight in-
crease of demand at present. The principal quarries are near Santa
Rosa, Sonoma, and Petaluma. The rock quarried for paving blocks is
erroneously called basalt. It is a dark gray trachyte. The lower por-
tion is often a heavy deposit of tuff of varying shades, and somewdiat
vesicular. Some of the stone is used for building purposes.
Bacigalupi Quarry: N. Bacigalupi, 315 Fourth street, Santa Rosa,
owner. In the northern part of Sonoma. At present three men are
employed getting out paving blocks.
Boca Quarry; Boca Brothers, Glen Ellen, owners. Located one half
mile east of Glen Ellen. No paving blocks have been produced for
about four years.
City Improvement Company's Quarry (formerly the Violetti Quarry).
It is one half mile southwest of Melitta, and the blocks are shipped from
there. This quarry is worked in conjunction with the McDonald
Quarry, and is in charge of B. W. Lester, of Santa Rosa.
Cooney Quarry; James Cooney, owner. Five miles northeast of Peta-
luma. Worked intermittently.
Craig Quarry; D. X. Craig, owner. Two miles north of Penngrove,
on east side of road to Santa Rosa. The quarry is operated on royalty.
About 50,000 paving blocks are produced a year, as well as stone for
curbings, gutter rocks, and bridges.
Davis Quarry; AVarren Davis, owner. About 3 miles northeast of
Penngrove. Idle for past five years.
Dickinson Quarry; D. S. Dickinson, owner. On the Dickinson ranch,
7 miles northeast of Petaluma. Idle for past seven years.
Elliott Quarry; Part of the McDonald ranch, Baku Siding. Idle.
Flinn & Treacy Basalt Block Quarry; Flinn <fc Treacy, 302 Montgomery
street, San Francisco, owners. At Olsen Siding, near Melitta, on the
Southern Pacific Railroad. The quarry has been operated constantly
for three years, producing about 40,000 blocks per month.
Frugley Quarry; N. Bacigalupi, of Santa Rosa, lessee. On the Rincon
Valley road, 6 miles northeast of Santa Rosa. It produced al)out
50,000 blocks last year. The blocks are hauled 2^ miles to Baku Siding.
Two nwn are at work.
344 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTKIAI, .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV.
Hardin Quarry: L. B. Hardin, owner. It is 5 miles northeast of Peta-
lunia, and has heen idle abont two years.
John Hugert Quarry, 8 miles east of Melitta, on Joe Bowers' property.
From two to eight men are employed, and the blocks are shipped from
Melitta.
Hutchison Quarries. — The Borg Quarry is one half mile south of Borg
Siding, and the Annadel Quarry is one mile south of Annadel Station-
Thomas Hutchison of Santa Rosa operates both quarries and worked
them a little during the summer of 1904, but they are idle at present.
Lichau Quarry (formerly the Beason Quarry); A. C. Lichau, owner.
It is 4 miles northeast of Penngrove, and has been idle for about
seven years.
John Lynch Quarry, 6 miles east of Petaluma; has been idle for
several years.
McDonald Quarry; Capt. J. McDonald, San Francisco, owner. It is 3
miles east of Santa Rosa. A portion of this quarry is leased to N.
Bacigalupi, of Santa Rosa. He has four men at work, and produces
about 50,000 blocks a year.
A portion is also leased to the City Street Improvement Company of
San Francisco; B. W. Lester, 410 Santa Rosa avenue, Santa Rosa, super-
intendent. They produce about 400,000 blocks a year, as well as flag-
stones, curbing, and building stone. The Carnegie Library of Santa
Rosa and the California Nortliwestern Railway depot in Santa Rosa
were built of rock from this quarry. The stone is shipped from Baku
Siding, on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Metone Quarry; Mr. Metone, owner. It is 85 miles west of Healds-
burg. The roek is dark blue trachyte. P. Maroni has worked the
quarry intermittently for building stone and paving blocks. He fur-
nished considerable stone to the army department at the Presidio and
Fort Baker.
F. Milani Quarry, 2 miles north of Sonoma, just beyond the Schocken
quarry faces. Two men are employed to get out paving blocks, and
occasionally some building stone is quarried.
Norris Quarry; C. Norris, owner. It is 5 miles north of Santa Rosa, in
Rineon Valley. Twenty men are at work getting out paving blocks and
curbing rock. They make about 250,000 blocks a year.
Petroncelli Quarry; Frank Petroncelli, owner. It is half a mile south-
west of Kcnwooel, and is worked intermittently. Five men are employed.
They produce about ;)0,0()0 i>aving blocks a year, and also some building
stone and gutter rocks.
PAVING BLOCKS — SONOMA COUNTY. 84,")
Roberts Quarry; Frank Roberts, owner. It is about 3 miles north of
Penngrove. Idle for the past seven years.
Roy Bert Quarry; N. Bacigalupi, Santa Rosa, lessee. It is 4 miles
northeast of Santa Rosa, in Rincon Valley. Four men are employed.
They produce about 75,000 blocks a year.
Santa Rosa Basalt Rock Quarry; Captain McDonald, of Santa Rosa,
owner. Leased out and operated on a royalty basis,
Schocken Quarry; S. Schocken, Sonoma, owner. This is the largest
quarr}' being operated in the vicinity of Sonoma, and is located 1^ miles
north of the town. The rock occurs in boulders of various sizes and
shapes, ranging from 1 to 20 feet in cross-section. About ten men are
at work getting out gutter rock and paving blocks, and they average
about 10,000 blocks a month.
This and nearby quarries have been worked for many years, and
great dumps of chips cover the steep hillsides. This apparent waste
rock would, with very little crushing, make a very good material for
macadam or concrete purposes.
Stacey Quarry; S. Stacey, Kenwood, owner. This quarry is one half
mile south of Lawndale, a station on the Southern Pacific railroad,
northwest of Kenwood. Twelve men are at work in quarry, and they
produce about 200,000 blocks a year.
Swank Quarry (formerly the Clute Quarry); J. W. SAvank, Santa Rosa,
owner. In Sec. 13, T. 7 N., R. 8 W. Formerly paving blocks were
quarried, but stone is now used for foundations and bulkheads.
Union Construction Company, 207 Montgomery street, San Francisco.
The quarry is in Sec. 3, T. 4 N., R. 7 W. The rock is a basalt, and is
used for macadam, concrete, and paving blocks. The crusher is located
at foot of hill by roadside, and the rock is brought from the quarry at
the summit by a tram. The crushed rock is shipped by both rail and
schooner. Twenty men are at work.
H. Weyl Quarry, operated by H. Stagnassa. About 2 miles north of
Sonoma. Only paving blocks are produced, and these are shipped from
the toAvn. The rock in the hills north of the town of Sonoma is mostly
a dark bluish, close-grained basalt, but it weathers rapidly to a dark
reddish color.
Wilkinson Quarry, on the McNiel ranch, 4 miles north of Penngrove.
It has been idle for a number of years.
Wymore Quarry, one mile south of Melitta, on Mr. Wymore's property,
but it is operated l)y Louis Laurent, of JNIelitta. Sixteen men are
employed in the quarry. Tli 'v pro luce 500,000 blocks a year.
3-H') STRUCTIRAL AND IXDISTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
PLATINUM,
Pure platinum is a silvery white metal, with a specific gravity of
21.5. It is the heaviest metal occurring in nature, with the exception
of iridosmium. It is almost as hard as iron, and very malleable.
Platinum does not amalgamate with quicksilver; is not dissolved by
potassium cyanide when cold; is not attacked by acids, except the
mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids known as aqua regia; and is
more difficult to melt than gold. Platinum is most readily distin-
guished as follows: (1) By its great weight — in panning it remains
even behind the gold in the pan; (2) by its white color— it is whiter
than lead and is distinguished from amalgam by its smooth surface,
whereas the surface of amalgam, as seen under a good glass, is rough;
{3) by its resistance to nitric acid as compared with native silver or
lead.
Native platinum has been found most frequently in gold-bearing
sands. On account of its weight it remains in the sluices with gold
und other heavy material. The native platinum is usually very impure.
Occasionally it contains so much iron, chromite, and other impurities
as to be dark in color and not easily distinguished from grains of
chromite with which it is very frequently associated. It often contains
iridosmine, which occurs as flat angular scales, while platinum grains
are usually rounded like gold dust. Generally, platinum grains are
smaller than gold grains. Large nuggets are very rare.
More platinum is obtained from California than from any other
State in the Union; and it occurs in this State in more localities than
elsewhere in either North or South America. The product of this State
for 1904 was as follows:
Value.
Butto County.-- |1,CX)0 00
Del Norte County 1« 00
Humboldt County 140 00
PlacerCounty 375 00
Siskiyou County.-. 21 IX)
Stanislaus County.- -.- -- '20 00
Trinity County 275 00
Total -- -- -.--$1,849 00
It will be noted that whereas formerly Trinity County made the
largest annual output of tliis metal, Butte County now makes the
largest output, wliich is principally owing to the fact that in tlie
dredging operations account is kept of the amount of platinum saved,
and some attempt is made to save it.
PLATIXIM— OCCURRENCE IN CALIFORNIA.
:U7
Platinum has been reported in California from the following places,
and doubtless occurs in other localities where little or no attention has
been paid to saving it. This shows a distribution of thirty-eight
localities in fifteen different counties of the State:
Locality.
County.
Value of
Platinum
per Ton of
Concen-
trated
Sands.
Value of
Platinum
contained
for Each
Dollar in
Gold.
Remarks
Chico -. Butte
Magalia Butte
Onn-ille Butte
MokelumneHill < Calaveras .
Crescent City ■ Del Norte-
Smith River Del Norte.
South Fork, Smith River Del Norte.
Wilson Creek Humboldt
Stone Lagoon (beach) Humboldt
China Flat Humboldt
Orleans. Humboldt
Oold Bluff beach north of
Areata Humboldt
Little River beach
Mendocino
Michigan Bluff
Genesee
Beach
Santa Barbara beach
Lompoc beach
Santa Cruz beach .__
Beegum district
Sawver's Bar
OakBar
Fort Jones
Klamath River
Rock Ranch
Callahan
Hornbrook
Ha])pv Camp
Cecilvilie
Beegum
Trinity Center
Burnt Ranch
Big Bar
Junction City
North Fork.'.
Hawkins Bar .
Havfork district
Camptonville.
Placer
Plumas
San Luis Obispo -
Santa Barbara ._.
Santa Barbara .-.
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Siskiyou ...
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Tehama
Trinity
Trinity
Trinity
Trinity
Trinity
Trinity
Trinitv
Yuba
$5 46
30
02
04
54
618 31
02
177 08
6 87
34
06
2 30
54
07
2 40
51
7 02
18
50 97
2 01
28
13 09
3 75
1,934 18
4 05
32
$0 08
01
002
17
07
02
08
38
50
01
Trace.
31
12
001
51
26
34
06
48
14
79
04
11
34
04
Found frequently
in dredging opera-
tions.
Has yielded plati-
num in commer-
cially appreciable
quantity.
Platinum is very
line grained.
Has yielded plati-
num.
Promising localitv.
Do.
Do.
Very fine grains.
Promising district.
Promising district.
Plentiful.
Platinum contains
much iridosmium.
During the last session of Congress an appropriation was made to
enable the United States Geological Survey to investigate the black
sands of placer mines in this country, especially with a view of finding
the amount of platinum contained. This investigation was placed in
the hands of Dr. David T. Day, Chief of the Division of Mineral
Resources of the Survey. In connection with the mining exhibit at the
348 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland, Or., concentration experiments
were carried on all smnnier under the direction of Dr. Day. Of the
many samples of black sand received several hundred specimens were
tested to ascertain their contents of gold and platinum. In a prelim-
inary report Dr. Day gives the following results obtained from the
assays of the black sands from various localities in California:
Amount of Gold and Platinum contained in Black Sand Concentrates from various
Placer Mining Districts in California.
[Ounces per ton. J
Locality.
County.
Oroville -
Alvarado placer mine, Butte Creek
Buchanan Hill
Pcuvine Creek
Empire-.-
Wild Goose mine ---
Orleans
Sec. 7, T. 16N.. R. 12 W ----
Rough and Ready township .--
Taylor mine, North Fork American River, Coltax...
Soiithwest of Auburn
Gold Run
Gold Blossom mine, Butcher Ranch mining district -
American River -..
Nelson Creek -
Boulder Nest mine on Grizzly Creek, Genesee district
Rock Island Hill mine
Little Grizzly mine
La Porte .. ' .-
\'an Duzen Canon, Holcomb .
Gem mine, Sacramento River, north of Redding
Gypsy mine, Shasta district
Fox Creek
Grouse Creek..
Happv Camp district
Junction City mining district
South Fork and Trinity River
T. 5N., R. 7E :
Gold.
Butte
Butte
Butte
Butte
Butte
Calaveras
Humboldt
JNIendocino .--
Nevada
Placer
Placer
Placer
Placer ._
Placer
Plumas ... ...
Plumas
Plumas
Plumas
Plumas ---
San Bernardino
Shasta
Shasta ..-
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
Trinity
Trinity
Trinity .
19.94
6.22
1.09
7.03
.08
39.08
19.00
Trace
5.60
29.2H
24.14
37.61
191.60
126.90
1.45
1.44
10.80
Trace
2.98
.12
.64
8.29
.72
10.31
None
28.43
9.02
4.1)0
Plati-
num.
27.45
.17
.08
.83
Trace
.35
4.0O
Trace
.52
L27
1.48
8.78
3.36
9.67
.12
.66
.16
Trace
.21
.06
.28
.25
Trace
.18
.82
25.80
1.28
4.(11
As before stated, previous to 1904 most of the platinum obtained in
this State was derived from Trinity County.
TRINITY COUNTY.
Platinum is found in a great number of placer mines in Trinity
County, but more especially in a belt from 10 to 12 miles wide, from
Junction ('ity westward down Trinity River; from there the platinum
l>elt runs in about a southerly direction, covering the east side of Hay-
fork Valley up to the east fork of the Hayfork. The gold of the placer
mines of this vicinity carries invarial)ly some platinuiiL The ))i'lt
then turns a little to the soutlnVest, including Salt, Post and Rattle-
snake creeks. All the placer mines in the south fork below Rattlesnake
Creek carry more or less platinum.
Ill the south folk near nv:i:in)o, ;m<l in the Marsh ct Ham claim,
PYRITES; QUARTZ CRYSTALS. 349
near Junction City, the largest nuggets, up to one ounce, have been
found. One clean-up in the latter claim gave about 7 ounces of platinum
to 240 ounces of gold. The platinum is always found in well-rounded
grains; in the vicinity of Hayfork, it occurs as shot.
(See also Bulletin No. 36, California State Mining Bureau.)
PYRITES-
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Alma Mine; Stauffer Chemical Company, 318 Front street, San Fran-
cisco, owners. Located 4 miles east of Broadway, Oakland, on the
Redwood Caiion road, on the old Fritz Boehmer ranch. The mine was
opened about 1892. There are seven tunnels (the longest being about
500 feet), and about 2000 feet of drifts. The solid body of pyritic ore
is about 360 feet long, 300 feet wide, and averages about 80 feet in
thickness, following in a general way the topography of the hill. The
character of the ore varies, but it averages about 55 per cent of sulphur,
from 3 to 4 per cent of copper, and carries $2 in gold. The ore is
hauled by wagon to Leona Heights station and shipped to the com-
pany's chemical works at Stege, or to the Peyton Chemical Company
or the Flemming Chemical Company, both of San Francisco, where the
sulphur content is used principally in the manufacture of sulphuric
acid. (See Bulletin No. 23, California State Mining Bureau, "The
Copper Resources of California," page 144.)
Leona Heights Mine, owned and operated by the California Improve-
ment Company, under control of the Realty Syndicate of Oakland,
F. M. Smith, president. Located to the south of the Alma Mine, and on
the strike of its ore-bearing zone. The ore body is similarly situated
and is similar in character to that of the above mine. It is developed
bv a 200-foot tunnel. The ore averages about 12 feet in thickness.
QUARTZ CRYSTALS,
(See Bulletin No. 37, California State Mining Bureau.)
CALAVERAS COUNTY*
Green Mountain Mine; J. J. McSorley, superintendent. In Sec. 24,
T. 5 N., R. 11 E., about 2 miles south of Mokelumne Hill. Some fine
specimens of quartz crystals have been shipped for several years to
New York for art purposes.
350 STRUCTURAL AND IXOrSTUlAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
EL DORADO COUNTY.
(See page 65, Bulletin No. 37, California State Mining Bureau.)
PLUMAS COUNTY.
Quartz crystals are reported in the limestone formation at Nelson
Point, east of north from La Porte, a distance of 22 miles. No atten-
tion, however, has been given to their commercial value.
SOAPSTONE— TALC.
Talc is a hydrous silicate of magnesia (4 MgO, 5 SiO,., HjO) that
occurs in different varieties, of which soapstone is one of the most
important.
Soapstone is a harder, more compact variet}-, and is used in the
manufacture of many articles such as bath and laundry tubs, fire-
backs for stoves, hearthstones, mantels, sinks, griddles, slate pencils,
gas tips, switchboards for electric plants, and other articles.
Talc is used as powder, or flour talc, and as pieces sawed into various
sizes and shapes. The flour talc is used in fireproof paints, lubri-
cants, many of the cheaper soaps, electric insulators, boiler and steam-
pipe coverings, foundry facings, for the dressing of skins, and in the
manufacture of dynamite, toilet powder, and paper. (See Bureau of
Census, Mines and Quarries, 1903, p. 1065.)
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
Gray Eagle Talc Claim ; A. J. Merchant, Livermore, owner. In Sec. 32,
T. 4 S., U. 4 E., 20 miles southeast of Livermore. The talc is light
green in color, and outcrops in several places in small seams in serpen-
tine. The claim has been opened by a small pit.
BUTTE COUNTY.
SOAPSTONE.
In Butte County soapstone has been employed only for local struc-
tural purposes, chiefly for flrebacks in the neighborhood of Flea Valley
and Clear Creek. The belt of soapstone occurrences extends from Pike
City, in the southwest corner of Sierra County, through Yuba and the
southwest corner of Phimas to Magalia, in Butte County. The chief
occurrences are in Sec. 21, T. 21 N., R. 3 E., E. Taylor, Clear Creek P. O. ;
SOxVPSTONE, ETC.— CALAVERAS, GLENN, LOS ANGEL,ES. 351
Sec. 35, T. 23 N., R. 4 E.; Sec. 4, T. 21 N., R. 5 E., J. Bohannon, Yankee
Hill P. 0. ^^'ithin this area of soapstone occurrences there are also
asbestos and talc. There has been no practical development of any of
these materials.
Edward Martin, Brush Creek P. 0., reports a deposit of soapstone in
Sees. 7 and 8, T. 21 N., R. 6 E.
TALC.
Talc occurs chiefly within the area described above.
Chico Ochre and Metallic Company; Park Henshaw, Chico, secretary.
In Sec. 6, T. 22 N., R. 4 E., talc was observed lying near the ochre, and
talc float and croppings were encountered. It has not been developed
nor prospected.
J. A. Clark, owner. In Sec. 3, T. 21 N., R. 5 E., in the Big Bend of
the North Fork of Feather River, occurs a deposit of talc of the tailor's
chalk variety. The talc occurs in narrow layers, in serpentine trending
northwest and southeast, dipping to the northeast.
CALAVERAS COUNTY.
Ed. Black's Claim, 2^ miles west of Murphys, on the French Gulch
road. Some talc has been taken out for local use in building chimneys,
and fireplaces.
Vallecito — One and a half miles southwest of Vallecito a 50-foot
cropping of drab-colored talc is crossed by the wagon road. No regular
quarry has ever been opened, but it is dug out as needed for firebacks
and lioiler linings.
GLENN COUNTY.
Talc occurs in the eastern edge of Glenn County, underlying the ser-
pentine formation that extends from T. 22 N., R. 7 W., southerly into
Colusa County.
Alexander Brown, Oakland, owner. In T. 18 N., R. 6 W., various crop-
pings indicate the presence of a good quality of talc of the tailor's
chalk variety. The exposures, which are made by the flow of Salt
Creek, are associated with the blue and light-colored clays.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Banning Company, 593 Pacific Electric Building, Los Angeles. At
Empire Landing, Santa Catalina Island, soapstone is found in conjunc-
tion with the serpentine. It has a grayish color and can be easily
worked. (See also Serpentine.) Steatite (French chalk) of a good
grade is also found in tlie same vicinity.
352 STRUCTIUAL AND INDllSTRIAI. MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
PLACER COUNTY.
D. Russell, Colfax. In Sec. 85, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., under Cape Horn, is
a cU'])osit of talc that has never been thorough 1}^ prospected nor any
effort made toward development. The material is exposed in small
outcroppings that indicate a good quality.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY.
F. A. Stephens, Winchester. Some superficial work has been done on
deposits of white, scaly talc, about 3 miles southwest of Winchester.
(See Xlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 639.)
SIERRA COUNTY.
Soapstone of a structural character has been quarried for local use at
the Alaska Quartz Mine (George St. John, Pike City, superintendent),
near Pike City, in Sec. 8, T. 18 N., R. 9 E. This dike of soapstone is
300 feet wide, strikes nearly north and south, and is part of the belt
mentioned above (see Butte County, page 350). The furnaces and the
foundation bed for the hoist were constructed twenty years ago of this
soapstone. These structures are still standing, and have been recently
used. The soapstone is of whitish tint, weathers brown, resists the
elements, is hardened by the action of fire, but is wasted by friction
with other material. It is easily cut with a common saw. Other
structures have also been satisfactorily constructed of this material.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
SOAPSTONE.
Soapstone is found in several jilaces in Siskiyou County.
E. Hunt, Fort Jones, owner. In Sec. 12, T. 42 N., R. 9 W. The soap-
stone is found in schist, interstratified with beds of limestone from
1 to 3 inches wide.
A. Robertson, Fort Jones, owner. In Sec. 1, T. 42 N., R! 9 W. Soap-
stone is shown by shallow diggings on the top of a serpentine hill. The
workings are insufficient to show either the extent or the character of
the soapstone.
A large belt of soapstone is reported from south of Marble INIountain,
near the head of Wolley Creek, in the northeast part of T. 1.) N.,
R. 8 E., H. M.
A large exposure of soapstone is found in tlic northeast sections of
T. 45 N., R. 11 W.. southeast of Ilambur,-;- \h\v. Jiaving a course N. 50°
E. It can be traced toward the ridge west of Scott River. On the
SOAPSTONE, ETC. — TRINITY, TUOLUMNE, YUBA, 353
divide it is from 40 to 50 feet wide. The soapstone is of very good
quality, and resists the effect of fire for years in fireplaces without any
deterioration, resembling pressed fireln-ick. It is also used in sheets one
half to three quarters of an inch thick for stovebacks.
TALC.
J. Conners, Etna, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 42 N., R. 9 W., a short cut
above the ditch of the Etna Development Company shows a narrow Ijelt
of serpentine, in whicli a deposit of talc is found, very pure and without
any grit.
G. K. Crowley and E. Caldwell, Eugene, Or., and others, owners, in
Sec. 3, T. 48 X., R. 8 W. In the Cottonwood Mountains is a body of
ochreous-colored talc 30 feet wide. It has been to some extent exca-
vated on the top of the divide between Beaver Creek and Bumblebee
Creek, and can be traced southeast to the latter. It has no grit. Its
light ochreous color is due to iron, which, however, does not interfere
with its refractory character.
TRINITY COUNTY.
On Brown's Mountain, in Sec. 21, T. 33 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., is a
cropping of soapstone. The color is light gray, with numerous specks
of ochre. Part of the material is steatite. It is obtained by sawing
the uncovered blocks, and is used as fireproof material in fireplaces,
etc. Apparently, it does not weather on exposure to the air, nor
harden. When put in the fire, it does not disintegrate.
TUOLUMNE COUNTY.
Dr. F. T. Davis, Box 413, Sonora, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 34 N., R. 15 E.,
M. D. M., 9 miles north of Sonora, is an outcrop of a greenish-white
talc, nearly 200 feet in width.
YUBA COUNTY.
Soapstone is of frequent occurrence in Yuba County, and occasional
local uses have been made of it for copings and firebacks. The prin-
cipal occurrences are:
W. S. Godfrey, Camptonvillc. Sec. 35, T. 19 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M.
J. D. Jaynes, Camptonville. Sec. 10, T. 18 X., R. 8 E., :\I. D. M. A
strong cropping of soapstone.
In the vicinity of Challenge, T. 19 X., R. 7 E., M. D. M.; and near
Oak Valley, T. 19 X"., R. 8 E., M. D. M., croppings of soapstone are
found.
23— RUL. 38
354 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
SULPHUR,
COLUSA COUNTY.
Elgin Mine, Suli>liiir Creek District. Elgin Quicksilver Mines, owner;
C. F. Hiun})hrey, president, 137 Montgomery street, San Francisco.
Attempts have been made to distill suljihur from the rocks in this
mine. (See "Quicksilver Resources of California,'' Bulletin No. 27,
California State Mining Bureau, p. 43.)
TEHAMA COUNTY.
In the northeastern part of the county, on the south slope of Lawson
Butte, at Bompus Hell, and Supan's sulphur works, are very strong
hot springs, the waters of wliich contain a great amount of sulphur,
which is deposited in cones, covering an area about one mile long east
and west, and about half a mile wide. This sulphur occurs partly in
large crystals.
VENTURA COUNTY.
Dr. W. L. Watts reports sulphur in the Sulphur Mountains, 3 miles
east of Fillmore. (See Bulletin No. 19, California State Mining
Bureau, p. 86.)
TUNGSTEN,
Tungsten is used prin<'ii)ally in the manufacture of tool steel. It is
added to the steel in the form of ferro-tungsten. Generally tungsten
steel contains from 2 to 5 per cent of tungsten, but Mushet's steel con-
tains 7.8 per cent of tungsten. Also, for hardening a copper-aluminum
alloy. It is used for small-caliber projectiles. Tungsten bronze is
used for coating metals. Sodium tungstates are used for dyeing and as
a tir('-])rotecting ingredient in wearing apparel.
Metallic tungsten varies mueli in ))rice. Quotations July. 1905, were:
ferro-tungsten (37 i)er cent), 45 cents per i)ound; tungsten, .1^1.25 per
])ound.
Tungsten or<'s are sold per unit of tungstic trioxide; to be marketable
it must contain at least 45 per cent WO3; the price per unit increases
with the percentage.
Tungsten ores are mined in the Cnited States in Arizona, California,
( 'dlnrado. and bhalio.
TUNGSTEN; ZINC. 355
KERN COUNTY.
Selu'cliti' is reportc'tl to liavf Ik'cu found at a depth of 250 feet in the
k'dge of a gold nune 2 miles west of the Biickl)oard mine.
Churchill. .Tohanneshnvg. Kern County.
R. E. Graham, Kandsl)nrg. Four claims.
Papoose Claim, F\ands])urg District; Thomas McCarthy and C. S.
Taylor, owners; C. S. Taylor, Johannesburg, manager. The claim was
located April 13, 1900, and since that time the owners have opened a
surface cut for about 400 feet along the ledge and sunk two shafts, one
50 feet and the other 20 feet, both on the ledge, which is nearly perpen-
dicular. The ore is scheelite and is claimed to assay between 60 and 70
per cent of tungstic acid. The vein varies in width from 6 to 20 inches.
A carload of this ore was recently shipped to Germany.
J. N. Thompson, Tehachapi. A deposit of scheelite near St. Elmo.
SAN BERNAPODINO COUNTY.
South of Johannesburg, running west to the Kern County line, over
an area about one mile long and half a mile wdde, occurrences of tungsten
are found. In the gulches chunks of scheelite are found in the granitic
wash, and separated by dry washing. The scheelite is distributed
apparently through the country rock, a white decomposed granite, in
numerous narrow seams, without any regular orientation. Boulders
or fragments, some Aveighing 150 pounds, are found on the surface.
Where sunk on the ledges, inclusions of scheelite are found in both
walls.
Guadalupe Tungsten Mine, about 4 miles from the town of Manvel.
The owners claim that the ore shows 60 per cent of tungstic oxide and
that 14000 has been expended upon development work.
ZINC.
SHASTA COUNTY.
Kentuck Mine, Herbert Bass and I). Brandstetter, Montgomery Creek
P. U.. owners. In Sec. 21, T. 34 X., I{. 1 \V.; elevation, 1925 feet. A
body of ore carrying zinc l>lende and galena has been developed to a
slight extent. A tunnel 70 feet long has been run in an easterly direc-
tion on a ledge al)out 4 feet wide, dipping north. The hanging wall is
too decomposed to give its precise character. The foot wall is aj)]»ar-
356 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
ently a shale. About 20 feet from the entrance of th(> tunnel a shaft
40 feet deep has been sunk. The shaft and the tunnel past the shaft
were inaceessilile. The ore on the dump from the shaft shows oalena
and zinc blende. About 30 feet west of the tunnel entrance, on the
opposite side of a sliallow ravine, an open cut aljout 20 feet long has
been run westward, from which ore similar to that found in tlie entrance
to the tunnel has been taken. It is reported that this ore has been
traced for a considerable distance east of this deposit, and kidneys of
similar ore have been found on uroun*! belonging to the Afterthought
mine, 5 to 6 miles west.
G. H. Lambson, L. Bass et al., Baird P. O., owners. In Sec. 21, T. 34 N.,
R. 4 W. A shallow cut about 15 feet long, course N. 30^^ E., shows
a well-defined vein of ([uartz, strike X. 45° \V., dipping northeast^
carrying some zinc l)lende and galena.
Specimens of zinc ore are found in the Museum of the California State
Mining Bureau labeled as coming from the following places:
Inyo County — Smithsonite and Cerrussite from the Modoc mine.
A\'illemite from the Ygnacio mine, Cerro Gordo.
Mariposa County' — Zinc blende.
San Bernardino County — Calamite from the (')ificiirn mine, neai'
Daggett.
SUPPLEMENT.
(357)
LIST OF SPECIMENS
IN THE
MUSEUM OF THE STATE MINING BUREAU
OF
MINERAL SUBSTANCES ENUMERATED IN THIS BULLETIN*
ANTIMONY.
Location. Donor.
Calaveras County —
-Mokeluinne Hill ...Frank Cuiiiniiiigs;.
Inyo County —
Cerro Gordo.
Death Valley, north
end Dr. Chase.
Lottie ^line Jos. Davidson et al.
Panamint ]\Iine George K. Phillips.
Kern County —
Buffalo Mine Charles E. Sherman.
Caliente Smith & Brown.
Havilah A. Blanc.
Havilah William Menzel.
Kernville .Dr. D. G. George.
LittleCalienteSpgs. A. Blanc.
Moiave H. E. Cunningham.
RuW Mine Hickey, Cunningham
& McVicar.
San Emidio Mine..S. Boushey.
Los Angeles County —
Lancaster James P. Ward.
Los Angeles (7 miles
from) ..Thomas G. Hunter.
Mono County —
Comanche ^Mine ...Joseph Wasson.
Comet Mine.
Diana .Mine.
Kenick Mine H. ;M. Levy.
Napa County —
Manhattan ^line ..R. B. Knox.
Riverside County —
South Riverside John N. Anderson.
San Benito County —
Alta Mine (Sec. lid,
T. 11 S., R. 7 E.,
M. D. M.) Daniel Ambrose.
Ambrose Mine W. L. Watts.
HoUister Chas. Bronson.
Hollister L. Lanzweert.
HoUister Mr. Collins.
Hollister C. C. Jones.
McLeoci.
Sam Mine.
Shriver Mine.
ANTIMONY— Continued.
Location. Donor.
San Luis Obispo County-
Angel and Baker
Mine' Myron Angel.
Cambria.
San Simeon (Sec. 38,
T. 27 S., R. 9 E.,
M. D. M.).
Santa Clara County—
Gilroy.
Sierra County —
Downieville Richard Sparling
Tulare County —
Mammoth Mine ...S. H. George.
Mineral King Dis-
trict... G. W. Brown.
ARTIFICIAL STONE.
Contra Costa County —
Antioch (pressed
brick) Golden Gate Co.
Los Angeles County —
ChatsworthPark ..H. Clements Co.
Los Angeles L. A. Pres'd Brick Co.
Los Angeles Western Art Tile Wks.
Tropico Pacific Art Tile Co.
Placer County —
Lincoln (firebrick). John Landis.
San Francisco-
San Francisco Ransome Artificial
Stone Co.
Santa Clara County-
San Jos6 (pressed
brick) Peterson tV: Karts-
choke.
Santa Cruz County —
Santa Cruz (1)rick) W. T. Hatch.
(;;.7.i)
360
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
ASBESTOS.
LiH'iitioii. Donor.
Amador County—
Sutter Creek E. C. Voorhie^.
Butte County —
Forbestown Norton A: Eckmanii.
Oroville R. J. Perrin.
Red Hill.
El Dorado County —
Kt-lsey District S. E. Holcomb.
Fresno County —
Coalinga .Geo. H. Battenfeld.
Inyo County-
.F. B. S. Keeler.
Madera County —
Fine Gold Gulch... Mrs. A. M. Ulyard.
Fresno Flat.
Mariposa County-
Bear Valley Edward M. Price.
Mount Bullion Mark Brumagini.
Placer County —
Iowa Hill Mr. Tlielfal.
Morning Star Mine. J. H. Neff.
Pritchai-d Mine H. G. Staab.
San Benito County —
Hollister George Vaughn .
San Bernardino County—
Barstow.
San Diego County —
Elsinore J. D. Hoff.
San Jacinto ^Its. ..Chalmers Scott.
Shasta County —
L. Wellendorf.
Hazel Creek B. F. Miller.
Sierra County —
Gonsolitlatod Mine. Robert Stuart.
Siskiyou County —
Sisson
Trinity County —
Minersville.
Tulare County —
White River ...
Yolo County —
California Mine
W. H. Sheblev.
...S. G. George.
...R. G. Hart.
BARYTES.
Calaveras County —
Satellite Copper
Mine -II. 1>. Raiileli.
Contra Costa County —
Mt. Diablo I. W. Xellis.
BARYTES—Continued.
Location. Donor.
El Dorado County —
Georgetown (10 mi.
above)
A. L. Burbridge.
Inyo County —
Bishop Creek W. B. McSwiney.
Detiance Mine.
Lake County —
Glenbrook H. B. Aldrich.
Los Angeles County—
Azusa \V. H. Adams.
Mono County-
Mammoth Mine
(Mineral Hill).
Orange County-
San .Toaquin Ranch -J. Irvine.
San Bernardino County —
Calico R. Gribben.
Daggett.
Needles... P. J. Mclntyre.
Santa Barbara County —
Santa Maria F. Fugler.
Shasta County —
Copper City.
Copper City . F. McMillan.
Lost Horse Mine.
Siskiyou County^
Callahan's Ranch...!. P. O'Gorinan.
Trinity County —
Hay Fork P. 0. (15
miles below).
BASALT.
Fresno County —
King's Creek R. Reynolds.
Mono County-
Green Creek.
San Bernardino County —
Calico J. R. Scupham.
Santa Barbara County —
San Miguel Island.
Santa Cruz Island.
Siskiyou County —
Diinsiiiuir.
Sonoma County—
Mt. Pisgah (Quarry (Petalunia).
Yolo County—
Pulali Canon James T. Isli.
SPECIMENS IN MITSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU.
361
BAUXITE.
Loiiiiion. Donor.
Riverside County —
Riverside J. H. McKnight.
Yuba County —
Smarts ville I. H. Dempsey.
CEMENT.
Alameda County —
Niles H. T. Holmes it Co.
Sunol Valley Pedro de Saisset.
Washingt'n'Corn's C. R. Merrill.
Contra Costa County —
Byron Spring?;.
Stewartsville (^ mi. east of).
Humboldt County —
Yager Thomas Dickinson.
CLAYS- Continued.
Lopiition. Donor.
Butte County^
Chico B. A. Harrison.
Oroville(pipeclay)_Norton it Eokmann.
Calaveras County —
Big Trees A. Jaquith.
Mokelumne Hill., .George Muthe.
Contra Costa County —
Byron Springs
Mt. Diablo.
....H. T. Holmes & Co.
Kern County-
J. A. Lytle.
Lake County -
Glenbrook H. A. Aldrich.
Los Angeles County—
Lo:< Angeles George W. Hazzard.
Riverside County —
South Riverside (6
miles S. W. of)---Frazer Bros.
San Bernardino County—
Colton California Portland
Cement Co.
Santa Barbara County-
Moore's Ranch.
Santa Clara County —
Madrone (7 miles
east of ) William Clark.
Santa Cruz County —
Santa Cruz California Portland
Cement Co.
Solano County—
Benicia H. T. Holmes it Co.
El Dorado County —
Georgetown W. F. Flick.
Newton.
Placerville W. F. Flick.
Fresno County —
Oil Creek Caiion.
Humboldt County —
Eureka James B. Brown.
Inyo County —
Independence ..
.J. D. Hudigin.
Kern County-
Rosamond Tod Robinson.
Lake County —
Glenbrook H. A. Aldrich.
Kelsevville C. C. Reynolds.
Soda Bay Charles Goodwin.
Sulphur Banks.
Los Angeles County-
Los Angeles E. W. Doss.
Marin County —
Duncan's Mills R. H. Sinton.
Mendocino County —
Point Arena C. I. Ross.
Modoc County —
Adin.
CLAYS.
Alameda County-
Li vermore R. Wegner.
Oakland Alameda Potterv.
Mono County—
Bodie A. Saderling.
Bodie .-- ---J. P. Morrow.
Bodie W. H. C. Matthews.
Bodie S. D. Connell.
Amador County —
Carbondale (pot-
ter's clay) A. E. Smith.
Carbondaie (stone-
ware and sewer-
pipe clay) Mrs. W. Irelan.
Carbondale (kaolin
and tire clay) X. Clark & Sons.
lone. [feldt.
lone Valley .Tudge S. Heyden-
.Fackson...' Isaac Blu.xome.
Plvmouth ..E. F. Montgomery.
Monterey County-
Indian Creek.
Jolon.
Napa County —
('alistoga
.G. F. Boynton.
Calistoga H. Steven.
Nevada County —
Grass Valley J. W. DeGolia.
;... Mcllin Ford.
362
STRUCTUKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
CLAYS— Continued.
I.iiciiiioii. Donor.
Placer County —
Liiu'oln John Lainlis.
Lincoln _Cook A Spiiiks.
Woiniar I!. J. Dunn.
Yankee .Tims i '. Tiafion.
Sacramento County-
Michigan Bar.. _. (jrhidiling, INFcBcan
\- Co.
San Bernardino County —
Daggett Hon. .Tohii Daggett.
Fisli Ponds.
Halleck II. L. ^lorrow.
San Bernardino... S. S. Simon.
San Diego County —
Kl Cajon .Mis.
Eisinore Doihccr \- Hoff.
San Diego (brick clay).
Terra Cotta.
San Luis Obispo County-
Arroyo (irande.
Las Tablas Creek.
San Miguel T. P. Clark.
Santa Barbara County-
T. L. Perrv.
Shasta County —
Castella _..L. :\r. Cirard.
Sierra County —
F. E. Birge.
Siskiyou County —
Yreka loliii \Vlieeler.
Sonoma County —
Agua Caliente L. W. Mayer.
Guerneville.
Healdsburg P. H. Siiclfurd.
Mark West Springs.
Santa Bosa ..- A. W. Dana.
Sonoma D. \V. Curtis.
Stanislaus County^
Crow's Landing ...D. l'\iir( bilds.
Sutter County-
Slitter Citv .
W. C. Smith.
Trinity County —
Carrville . J. A. Little.
Tuolumne County-
Alpha Mine John Collins.
Sonora Louis Blanding.
Ventura County —
Spregel. Canon S. V. (iuibiisun.
CHROMITE.
Alameda County—
I i\i nglon
Mi'ndeniiall M i nr
CHROMITE— Continued.
Liiciitioii. Donor.
Amador County —
.lackson Isaac Bluxome.
.Mountain Spring
House J. P. Lambing.
Butte County —
I'eiitz
Norton & EckiiKum.
Calaveras County —
l^'rench Gulch .John Soltuari.
.^[urphys K. H. Shaeffle.
Colusa County —
NewviUe I. R. Whitlock.
T. 17 N., K. (i W I. P. Ratlilan-n.
Del Norte County —
French Hill Mine. .Tyson Mining Co.
El Dorado County —
Cobima I. N. Thorn.
Ijatrobe Michael Grogan.
Shingle Springs \V. Bryant.
Stigman's Hill.
Fresno County—
T. U S., R. 2:5 E.
Lake County —
Middletown.
Marin County —
Maillard liaiudi.
Mendocino County —
Willits E. Pi. Shimmin.
Ukiah.
Napa County —
Chiles Valley
..D. K. Doble.
E. .1. llieks.
Placer County —
15urnt Flat I. C. Rhodes.
Sec. 21. T. 14 N., R.
it E. R. L. Dunn.
Plumas County —
Meadow Valley J. A. Ednian.
San Benito County —
Hollister Wm. .lohnson.
..JjOiiis Oldham.
San Luis Obispo County —
Capajoro Creek.
San Luis Obispo Luther Wagoner.
Santa Clara County—
Greystone.
Ijcxington.
Ivos Gatos... -A. Barstow".
San .lose W. H. Sini]ison.
Shasta County —
Chiomite K ruse it Euler.
Hazel Creek Mt. Shasta Chrome
Mfg. Co.
Simins Station.
SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU
CHROMITE— Continued, I
363
Lociitioii Donor.
Siskiyou County—
Yrekii(l.\nii.from).
Solano County —
Fairtiekl Win. Xeeley Johnson.
Sonoma County —
Clovenlale C. Bowman.
Geysers W. Flick.
Tehama County-
Trinity County-
.J. A. Heslewood.
.Arch. B. McCaw.
INFUSORIAL EARTH.
Calaveras County —
Near Comanche C. G. Yale.
Contra Costa County —
Pinole Station.
Inyo County—
Lonr Pine J. M. Cook.
Kern County —
..W. H. Whorff.
Lake County-
Lost Spring Ranch. H. B. Callahan.
Los Angeles County —
Santa Monica A. M. Chase.
S'ta Catalinalsl'd-.C. W. Jarboc.
Monterey County —
Napa County —
St. Helena...
.A. Gonzales.
_R. E. Wood.
San Benito County —
Bittcrwater Ranch .J. H. Matthews.
San Diego County-
.H. Hanks.
San Joaquin County —
Staples Ranch.
San Luis Obispo County —
Port Harford Geo. McNear.
San Mateo County —
San Gregorio J. Ralston.
Santa Barbara County -
W. W. Finch.
Santa Clara County —
Cayetano Ranch. __J. E. Bowman.
Siskiyou County—
Yrcka H. A. Morse.
Sonoma County —
Doolan Mine H. T. Holmes.
Petaluma.
I FULLER'S EARTH.
Location. Donor,
1 San Bernardino County —
S. S. Simon.
GLASS SAND.
Alameda County—
Liverniore.
Los Angeles County—
..L. A. Glass Co.
Riverside County-
Corona.
San Bernardino County—
C. L. Metzger.
Trinity County —
Poison Camp.
GRANODIORITE.
Amador County —
Amador City.
Calaveras County —
Indian Creek.
El Dorado County —
Greenwood.
Rattlesnake Bar Frank Rodrick.
Lake County-
Lower Lake P. Christiansen.
Mono County —
Mineral Hill A. J. Jaquith.
Placer County-
Sec. 15, T. 18 N.,
R. 13 E. California Iron Co-
Sec. 24, T. 18 N.,
R. 13 E.
Sacramento County—
Folsom.
Santa Clara County —
San Jose Gay Quarry.
Tuolumne County —
Carters.
Soulsbyvilie.
GRAPHITE.
Fresno County —
C. D. Coats.
Humboldt County—
Eureka W. Hutchins.
Los Angeles County—
Newhall.
Verdiigo Canon.
364
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
GRAPHITE— Continued.
l.ocjilion. Donor.
Mendocino County —
roim Arena G. B. Dolman.
Riverside County —
Penis J. Cliipnian.
San Bernardino County —
W. H. Anderson.
Sonoma County—
Cazadero.
Guerneville.
Santa Rosa J. S. Titus.
Pine Fiat Wni. Raynor.
Tehama County-
Manton L. V. Looniis.
Tulare County —
.T. H. Redmond.
Druinm Vallev M. Braverman.
GRANITE.
Calaveras County —
West Point.
Humboldt County —
Eureka.
Mad River.
Inyo County —
Argus Range.
Los Angeles County —
Little Tejunga Canon.
Madera County —
Itayiiiond ___Kno\vles A' Hosmer.
Raymond Pacific Stone Co.
Mariposa County —
Yosemite Valley.
Marin County —
Porter's Point.
Nevada County —
Cry.stal Lake.
Placer County —
<_'isco.
Lincoln l^uai-rv.
Penrvn ." J. 11. X.IT.
Roeklin..-- F. Williams.
Yid)a Pass.
Sacramento County-
Near Sacramento.
San Bernardino County^
N'ietor St. .loim's (jnai'ry.
X'ictnr Sliearer's (Quarry.
San Diego County—
Fosti-r W'aln-iiiaii (Quarry.
Temecula Cafion.
Mesa Grande.
GRANITE— Continued.
Location. l)oiior.
San Mateo County —
Ifalfuioon 15ay .Joseph Presho.
Tulare County —
K.xeter Griffiths, Owens &
Tuolumne County
Hyde Ranch.
Plueiux Lake _-
Iluglies.
lite Co.
.Plxenix Lake Gran-
GYPSUM.
I
Contra Costa County-
Antioch.
Inyo County-
Clark's Fork.
Lassen County-
Susan ville
.J. H. Merrill.
Los Angeles County —
San Pedro A. K. i5uck.
Riverside County —
i Adams Blakely De-
posit. ' L. K. Anbury.
San Bernardino County —
F. E. Monteverde.
San Diego County—
Winton.
Santa Barbara County-
Santa Rosa Island.
Tulare County —
White River.
Ventura County-
Ventura A. (i. Maus.
IRON ORE.
Amador County —
Irislitown Chapman Miiu'.
lone Valley .TudgeS. Heydenfeldt
.Jackson 1. l^luxonie.
Sutter Creek.
Butte County —
liangor S. A. Sawtelle.
Oroville S. W. Collins.
Pentz Norton it Eckniann
Calaveras County —
Campo Seco.- l^. Ort'iigo.
CaniJjO Seco (Iron
; .Monarch) C. Berger.
Campo Seco ..Detert's Mine.
:Mini.hys... ...K. H. SliaefTle.
.Murpiivs F. Culling.
Sec. :< T. 4 N.,
R. 10 E. A. M. riirift.
Colusa County —
I Smith ville .
11. W, WilL.n
SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU.
365
IRON ORE- Continued.
Lota t ion. Donor.
Del Norte County —
Chas. F. Goodrii'h.
El Dorado County —
Ooloma F. C. Lravitt.
Colonia -- Geo. AV. Kimble.
Diamond Springs ..N. D. Buckingham.
Iron King M. it S. Go.
Latrobf.
Shingle Springs \\'. Bryant.
Fresno County —
N. E. corner R. Reynolds.
Humboldt County —
Centerville.
Little River C. E. Beach.
Rainbow Ridge ._..Dr. R. D. Chase.
Inyo County —
Alvord Station J. S. Graham.
Big Pine.
Darwin.
Old Goso District.
Shepherd's Canon.
Kern County —
San Emidio (Sec. 17,
T. 19 X., R.21W.) C. R. Merriam.
Two-to-One Mine.
Lake County —
Glenbrook H. A. Aldrich.
Lassen County —
Susanville L. L. Frost.
Los Angeles County —
Xewhall.
Ravenna Station.
Rancho San Fran-
cisco H. G. Newhall.
Madera County -
Mt. Raymond.
King's Creek C. J. Beck.
King's Creek R. Rej'nolds.
Mariposa County —
Hornitos John Mnller.
Mt. Hoffman J. S. Shilling.
Napa County —
St. Helena Dr. J. W. Hood.
St. Helena E. W. Woodward.
Nevada County —
Grass Valley.
Holden Ledge
(T. iriX., R. 7 E.,
.M. D. M.) G. A. Holden.
Placer County —
Clipper Gap Mine
(Sec. 24, T. 18 X.,
R.8E.,M. D. M.)_California Iron Co.
Red Hill Mine
(Sec. 15, T. l.S X.,
R. 8 E.,M.D.M.). California Iron Co.
IRON ORE— Continued.
Loration. Donor.
Plumas County-
Moonlight Valley.
Riverside County —
Riverside R. P. Chandler.
San Benito County —
San Benito Iron
Mine (Sees. 31 and
6,T. 16S.,R. 6E.) Chas. Sellers.
Tres Pinos Thomas Wallace.
San Bernardino County —
Banning C. 0. Barker.
Daggett (3U miles
S. E. of) H. W. Lake.
Halleck P. W. Campbell.
Needles John Denair.
Oro Grande (Stoddart's Mills).
Ivawatt ]\Its.
San Luis Obispo County —
Arroyo de Choro_-_F. Adams.
San Luis Obispo
(Harrington Iron
Co.) Ezra Carpenter.
Shasta County —
Iron Mountain F. McMillan.
Junction McCloud
and Pit Rivers ...Wni. P. Miller.
Potter's Iron Mine -E. P. Figg.
Redding D. G. Reid.
Sierra County —
Mohawk Vallev-
- Sierra Iron Co.
Sonoma County—
Cazadero F. W. Reynegom.
Mark West Coal
Mine J. L. Gordon.
X^. W. corner L. L. Bullock.
Tehama County-
Corning Aitken INIaggard.
T. 28 and 31 N.,
R. 8 to 10 W J. A. Heslewood.
Tulare County —
Visalia ...Wn). Lavelle.
Yolo County —
Capay .. B. Orenga.
Yuba County- -
-C. Baird.
Wheatland John Landis.
JASPER.
Calaveras County —
Murphys E. Cutting.
Fresno County —
Jacilitos Creek.
Inyo County —
Coso District.
366
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
JASPER— Continued.
Location. Ddiior.
Lassen County —
..., L. L. Frost.
Marin County—
Lagunitas Creek.
Mariposa County-
Bear Yalk'V.
Monterey County-
San Miguel Canon.
Nevada County-
Nevada City C. X. Cantiold.
Placer County —
F.al(l Prairie C. Furdy.
Plumas County-
Diadem Mine .
San Benito County—
.T. A. Ednian.
...T. B. Smith.
San Francisco County-
Pot rero.
San Luis Obispo County-
Oceanic Quicksilver Mine.
Shasta County —
Mt. Shasta H. E. Josselyn.
Siskiyou County-
Montague.
LIMESTONE.
Alpine County —
Woodfords ...R. Barnes.
Butte County —
Pentz.
Calaveras County —
San Andreas.
Humboldt County—
Jacoby Creek.
Kern County —
Grizzly Canon, Te-
haehapi . Hendrickson'st^u'ry.
Grizzly Canon, Te-
hac-liaj)! Poirer (Quarry.
Suniniit Lime Co.-.Mrs. I). B. Rogers.
San Etniilio •'. B. liarstow.
Poso Creek E. Donnelly, M.D.
Madera County —
Mt. Raymond.
Mono County —
Hut Creek.
Mono I.iake.
Monterey County-
Mill Creek Uocklanil l,iiiie t^'ry.
Soleda<l ( Ht mi. south of).
LIMESTONE- Continued.
Location. Donor.
Placer County —
Auhurii (i. W. Kinible.
San Benito County —
Bitter water Ranch .H on. .1. H. Matthews.
Cienega, 16 mi. S. E.
of Tres Pinos ....Mrs. A. E. Bush.
San Bernardino County —
H. T. Holmes it Co.
Ivanpah M. D. Katz.
Oro Grande Lyman's (Quarry.
Swartout Cation ..Marble Limekiln Co.
San Diego County —
Julian H. O. Siskler.
San Jacinto (7 mi.
west of) J. W. Brian.
San Luis Obispo County —
Carpenter Ratich.
Nipomo.
Santa Barbara County —
Moore's Ranch.
Santa Clara County —
Ellis Ranch.
Guadaloupe Quarry.
Santa Cruz County —
Blue Crystalline
(Quarry... Davis iV- Cowell.
Santa Cruz.
Shasta County—
Kennet Kennet (Quarry.
Siskiyou County —
Yreka James T. Skinner.
Sonoma County —
Geyserville Sonoma Lime Works.
Tulare County-
Limekiln M. Braverman.
Porterville (6 mi.
west of) J. D. Field.
LITHIA.
San Diego County-
Banner L.N. Bailey.
Mesa Grande.
Pala, Catcrina
Mine Fred M. Sickler.
Pala, Vaiulerburg ^Sline.
Temecula Cation.
MARBLE.
Amador County—
Ioiie(i"iii. northof).!. \V. Loomis.
.lackson A. L. Seager.
N'olcano, Carrara
Quarry A. L. Seager.
Butte County —
Pentz Norton iV l-kkmann.
SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU.
367
MARBLE- Continued.
LiH-ation. linnnr.
Calaveras County —
Deer Park ..E. J. Caldwell
Cave City.
San Andreas (Treat
<iuarry) J. V. I'reat.
Bear ^lountain.
Colusa County—
Sniithville ..
El Dorado County —
Indian Diggings
.H. \V. Wilioii.
H. Rees.
Humboldt County-
Hear River H. Niebur.
Inyo County —
D. A. Bender.
Keeler (Inyo Mar-
ble Co.) A. L. Seager.
Kern County —
San Eniidio Canon.
Tehachapi Bright's Valley.
Tehachapi Tehachapi Building
Stone Co.
Los Angeles County —
Antelope Valley ...A. L. Seager.
Los Angeles Dobinson it Fairohild
Santa Catalina I'd Smith it Youns-.
Mariposa County-
Merced River ..
-W. F. Rector.
Mono County-
Bridgeport (traver-
tine) S. G. Liner.
Topaz (Mono Mar-
ble Quarry) W. E. Lindley.
Walker River(Lind-
sey's Quarry) E. W. Lindsey.
Nevada County —
Bear Creek (3 mi.
from Colfax) J. it F. Kesseler.
Bloomtield, Freeman's Crossing.
Placer County —
Auburn, Cave Val'y Davis & Cowell.
Auburn l.G. H. Hawes.
Clipper Gap.
Colfax J. C. Rhoade.
Sec. In, T. 1.3 X., R. 8 E., M. D. M.
Riverside County —
Riverside (Sky Blue
Quarry)....' Kretik it A'ertiska.
San Bernardino County —
Barstow. [Brick Stone Co.
Colton California Mdrbleand
Colton A. L. Seager.
Fairchild's Caiion A. Higbie.
Oro Grande Hill ct Brady.
Victor Victor Marble Co.
Santa Clara County—
Llagar Creek Tavlor Rogers.
Wright's Ranch.
MARBLE- Continued.
Location. Diiiii>r.
Siskiyou County —
Etna.
Tulare County —
Pt)rterville A. L. Seager.
Tule River Dr. George.
Tuolumne County—
Abby's Ferry J. it F. Kesseler.
Columbia ..*. Columbia Marl)le Co.
Columbia (Grant's
Quarry) A. L. Seager.
.1. H. Redmond.
MICA.
El Dorado County —
.M. Bovnton.
Inyo County -
Saratoga District.
Los Angeles County —
J. R. Wolverton.
Riverside County —
Walters.
San Diego County —
Temecula Canon.
Siskiyou County —
Oro Fino .7. 'SI. Conner.
Ventura County—
Mt. Alamo iMin. Co.
MAGNESITE.
Lake County-
Napa County —
F. McMillan.
.1. Z. Davis.
San Diego County —
-A. Blanc.
San Luis Obispo County —
Port Harford.
Santa Barbara County —
._ T. G. Moraga.
Santa Clara County -
-C. C. Derbv.
MANGANESE.
Alameda County —
Corral Hollow.
Livermore (Arroyo
Mocho Mine).-.'-. Ad. Sommers.
Livermore (Sec. 3(t,
T. 4 S., R. 4 E.,
M. D. M.) .7. W. Hearst.
Livermore (Railroad Mine).
368
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
MANGANESE— Continued.
Lofiitioii. Donor.
Calaveras County —
Angels Camii . - L. M. Cogswell.
Millon.
Riiilroiul Flat M. II. PeoU.
Milton (Toughnut Mine).
San Andreas- \V. I>. .\llen.
Del Norte County—
Crescent City L. F. Cooper.
El Dorado County-
Greenwood.-- A J ex. Keller.
Glenn County-
Elk Creek. -
Winchester Pviffe.
Lake County —
Climax (.lohn Keed
Mine) .-- --. W. C. Hart.
Glenbrook H. A. Aldricli.
Los Angeles County-
Banning J. -M. (iilnian.
Madera County —
Fresno Flat,
Marin County-
San Geroninio Maillard Ranch.
Tomales Peter Morrissey.
Sausalito R. H. Sinton.
Mariposa County—
Hnnter Valley J. W. Wilcox.
Mendocino County —
Elk A. L. Field.
Westport R. H. Sinton.
Monterey County -
Soledad (Chalone
District)
Soledad.
H. F. Melville.
Napa County —
Mount St. Helena.. F. H. Hausniann.
Moore Creek R. A. Coleman.
St. Helena John Graham.
St. Helena F. W. Keeney.
Nevada County—
Swcetland Creek Mine.
Placer County-
Auburn .- -.Alexander Keller.
Yankee .Tim's Charles Trafton.
Plumas County-
Mumfonl's Hill I. A. Ivlman.
Riverside County —
I'.lsinore (<> miles X. \].).
San Benito County-
Cleveland .Mine (2(t mi. K. of'Tres Pinos).
Hendricks ^line ..S. Hendricks.
MANGANESE-Continued.
Locntioii. I)iHi(ir.
San Bernardino County—
Harstow .1. M. Itedfern.
Colton Mcintosh A' Co.
E. C. Seymour.
San Diego County —
Julian (80 miles
south of) Joseph Marks.
Winchester H. H. Raggencann>
San Francisco County -
Hunter's Point H. Burncll.
Potrero George Smith.
St. Mary's College. -P. .T. Healy.
San Joaquin County -
('aire Mine.
Tracy (9 miles west
of) Jenkin Richards.
San Mateo County —
Baden W\ E. Iber.
San Luis Obispo County-
Ranch of P. B. Prefumo.
Santa Barbara County -
San Rafael Mountains.
Santa Clara County —
Faville Mine.
Holm's Ranch . ...E. C. Ilohn.
Penetencia Creek.
.lames Enright.
Siskiyou County-
Sawyer's Bar E. V. Burke.
Sonoma County —
Cloverdale S. A. Raymond.
Freestone W. J. Wooley.
Gucrneville G. Watson.
Mark West Springs. J. L. Jordan.
Santa Rosa. C. W. Frost.
Santa Rosa Alfred W. Dana.
Stanislaus County—
Radovich Mine L. Radovich.
Tuolumne County-
Columbia Kiuipp's Ranch.
Sonora H. S. Macomber.
Summervillc (Sec.
U/r. 1N.,R.1()E.,
M. I). M.) W. A. Lewis.
Tulare County —
Lemon (irove ..-
Traver
.J. S. Eastwood.
.W. R. Corrington.
MINERAL PAINT.
Alameda County —
Laundry Farm A. Bardet.
Mission" San Josi"' ..W. U. Hughes.
Alpine County-
Monitor Lewis Chahners.
SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU.
369
MINERAL PAINT— Continued.
Loratioii. Donor.
Calaveras County —
Valley Springs Vulcanized Fiber Co.
El Dorado County—
Sliinglt' Springs William Troop.
Humboldt County —
Ferndale.
Placer County-
Rio Hill.
Santa Barbara County —
Samuel Staddon.
San Bernardino County—
W. Stockton.
Santa Clara County —
Gilroy O. X. Xelf-on.
Siskiyou County —
Bailey Ranch.
Sonoma County —
Heaklsburg.
Santa Rosa A. W. Dana.
Stanislaus County —
Knight's Ferrj'.
Ventura County —
D. S. Bowers.
ONYX.
Colusa County —
Sulphur Creek Frank Green.
Kern County-
Mineral Springs .-S. G. George, M.D.
Mojave F. Braasch.
Lake County-
Eel River E. Wilson.
Los Angeles County —
Santa Catalina Island.
Little Castaca Cailon.
Mendocino County —
Fort Bragg.
Mono County —
Bridgejiurt.
Napa County —
Zem Zein A. G. Gilbert.
Orange County —
Santa Ana Range. -George F. Hoyt.
Sugar Loaf Mt. George F. Hoyt.
Placer County —
Gold Run Mrs. E. Miller.
Riverside County —
Riverside Skv Blue ^tarble and
Onyx Co.
24— BUL. 38
ONYX- Continued.
Location. Donor.
San Bernardino County —
Colton California Marble and
Building Stone Co.
Ore Grande Hill & Brady.
San Diego County —
Los Penasquitos
Creek W. H. Martin.
San Luis Obispo County —
Sec. 9, T. 32 S., R.
15 E., M. D. M Ezra Carpenter.
San Luis Obispo . ..Kesseler A: Co.
J. Z. Davis.
Santa Clara County —
San Josd A. J. Col.
Siskiyou County —
Berry ville M. E. Hammond
Dunsmuir.
Yreka F. G. Hearn.
Solano County —
Suisun Dickie Ranch.
Suisun . Henry G. Hanks.
Suisun J. it F. Kesseler.
Suisun F. M. Swan.
Vacaville D. P. Belknap.
Sonoma County —
Healdsburg George Madeira.
Geyserville A. H. Ingham.
Tehama County —
Tuscan ^Mineral Springs.
Tulare County —
Three Rivers M. Braverman.
J. A. Lvtle.
PLATINUM.
Butte County —
Cherokee (Spring
Valley Mine) Louis Glass.
Del Norte County—
Happv Camp) H. A. Bowen.
Klamath River R. W. Miller.
Humboldt County —
Upper Gold Bluff __Dr. J. W. Wood.
Siskiyou County —
Happy Camp O. C. Pope.
Trinity County —
Chapman iV' Fisher
Mine George Chapman.
.Tunction City
(French Mine)--_E. Saladin.
Taylor Flat (Highland Bar Mine).
Ventura County —
.Tames A. Never.
370
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
PYRITES.
Location. lidiior.
Amador County —
Amador City (May-
HowHT Mine) '..A. B. Swan.
Calaveras County —
Angels Angels ^line.
Knox it Osborn
Mine Knox it Osborn.
Kreling Mine Edwin Davidson.
Napa County —
Pope Valley Etna ^line.
Nevada County-
Grass Valley Betsy Mine.
Placer County—
Aulnirn MissF. Von Lindner.
San Luis Obispo County —
Sunderland Quick-
silver ]Mine Luther Wagoner.
Shasta County —
Delta, Tom Xeal Mt. [per iSIine.
Black Diamond Cop-
Siskiyou County—
Dunsmuir John Gorman.
Sonoma County —
Healdsburg ...George Madeira.
Tuolumne County —
Tiittletown Patterson Mine (Al-
fred Wright).
Trinity County —
Oregon Gitlch William M. [.owe.
QUARTZ CRYSTALS.
Amador County —
Oleta Tyler's Ranch.
Volcano W. Q. Mason.
Butte County —
Gold Bank Mine._-H. P. Stow.
J. Z. Davis.
Calaveras County —
Chili Gulch F. McSorley.
Mokelumne HilL..Sam Sonnelfeld.
El Dorado County—
-K. W. Jlulfon
Placerville (20 mi.
north of) J. Z. Davis.
Inyo County—
Modoc ^line.
Union District S. D. Woodland.
Mariposa County-
Mount Bullion T. W. Brumagim.
Mount i'.ullion Mrs. M. K. Potthast.
Mono County —
Bodic.
Bodie Noondav Mine.
QUARTZ CRYSTALS— Continued.
Liic-ition. DoiKir.
Napa County—
Calistoga B. Tucker.
Plumas County—
H. Engels.
Sacramento County —
Folsom 1. X. Chovinski.
Sierra County —
Bald Mountain Mine.
Tuolumne County —
Jamestown G. A. Leland.
Sonora Golden Gate Mine.
Tulare County —
BullPiun Meadows. H. Hughes.
Visalia M. Braverman.
Yokohl Valley Thomas Osborn.
RHYOLITE.
Calaveras County —
Valley Spring Peak.
San Bernardino County —
Calico.
Vanderbilt.
SANDSTONE.
Alameda County—
Altamont.
Niles J. D. Farwell.
San Leandro F. Bavheller.
Amador County —
lone A. Abbott.
lone H. O'Neil.
Colusa County —
Sites.
Contra Costa County —
Martinez.
Port Costa G. W. McNear, Jr.
Fresno County —
Sec. 21, T. 21 S., K. 14 E.
Humboldt County—
Euri'ka George C. Sarvis.
Kern County —
San Emidio Cailon. George 11. Schmidt.
Tehacliaiii Tehachapi Building
ehacliapi
Stone Co.
Los Angeles County —
Chatswortli Park ..Cal. Construction Co.
East Los Angeles ..Soutirrn LedgeStone
San Fernando. ICo.
Marin County —
San Rafael .
J. W. C. Maxwell.
SPECliMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU.
371
SANDSTONE— Continued.
I.oratinii. Donor.
Napa County —
Napa J. J. Nowsonie.
San Francisco County —
San Francisco Gray Brothers.
San Mateo County —
Pcj^cadero Creek .-.Judge Hastie.
Redwood Citv W. G. Brittoii.
San Miguel .1 O. E. Brady.
San Luis Obispo County —
Arroyo Grande.
Santa Barbara County —
Santa Barbara.
Santa Clara County —
Goodricli Quarry,
Stanford Quarry.
Santa Cruz County —
Santa Cruz J. L. Thurber.
Shasta County —
Clear Creek California Sandstone
and Construct'n Co.
Redding.
Siskiyou County —
Henley.
Yreka'.
Solano County—
Suisun. C. P. Reeves.
Ventura County —
miniore. George J. Henley.
Sespe Los Angeles Granite
and Construct'n Co.
Yolo County —
Putah Cafion.
SOAPSTONE.
Amador County-
-L. H. Brown.
Calaveras County —
Murphys E. H. Schaeffle.
Sheep Ranch.
El Dorado County^
Kelsey District.
Inyo County —
Death Valley.
Los Angeles County —
Santa t'atalina I'd .T. I'. Lukens.
Mariposa County —
Coulterville W. J. McCarthy.
Lewis R. :M. Collins. "
Napa County —
Chiles John Johnson.
SOAPSTONE— Continued,
Lorntion. Donor.
Placer County—
Colfax Stockbridge Soaps'ne
Works.
H. T. Holmes & Co.
San Diego County-
Escondido
.A. W. Prav,
Santa Clara County —
Ml. Hamilton.
Shasta County —
Delta.
Siskiyou County —
Hamburgh Daniel Caldwell.
Tehama County—
Manton L. Y. Loomis.
Trinity County —
Weaverville.
Tuolumne County —
Robinson's Ferry ..F. F. McArdle.
Sonora J. F. Faxon.
J. H. Redmond.
Tulare County —
Tule River S. G. George, M.D.
Ventura County —
Talc Mine S. S. Simon.
Ventura Rock Soap
Co.
Yuba County —
.C. Baird.
SLATE,
El Dorado County-
Chili Bar California Slate Co.
Eureka Slate Quarry.
Fair Play Jas. A. Scott.
Kelsey Strable Slate Co.
Mariposa County-
Pacific Slate Co. ...S. S. Burge.
SERPENTINE.
Amador County —
Cora Belle Mine ...Richard A. Weiss.
Calaveras County —
Valley Springs J. D. Cook.
Lake County—
Kelseyville.
Mendocino County-
Eel River.
Monterey County —
Black Diamond Mine.
372
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
SERPENTINE— Continued.
Location. i)ont)r.
Placer County-
Forest Hill Divide. G. F. Stone.
E. W. Haslow.
San Francisco County —
Loni' Mountain.
Fort Toint.
San Luis Obispo County-
San Simeon ( 14 mi. X. W. of).
Santa Barbara County —
Goleta.
Sierra County —
I>o\\ nit'ville Ti'legraph Drift Min-
ing Co.
Sonoma County —
Healdsburg.
Tulare County —
F razor Vallcv.
SULPHUR.
Calaveras County —
Copperopolis.
Colusa County —
Sulpliur Creek
(Bromley's Mine) W. L. Bromley
Sulphur Creek (^fanzanita Mine).
Inyo County- -
Defiance ^line.
Little Lake.
Kern County -
W. H. Green.
Bakerslield (40 mi.
west of) Sunset Co., lessee.
Sec. 28, T. 11 N., R.
2:nv. John Hambleton.
Lake County-
Sulphur Bank Henry S. Durden.
Lassen County —
Lassen Butte .T. A. Heslewood.
Sonoma County —
Geysers.
Ventura County —
Santa Paula (Suli)lnir Mt.).
Sespe ...\V. W. Young.
Kern County-
Kcrnvilie -
Mariposa County—
Wanl's Kanch ..
San Mateo County-
Point !<aii Pedro
SYENITE.
A. Blanc.
A. II. Ward.
D. L. Stone.
TRACHYTE.
I.Ol!ltic>ll.
Calaveras County —
West Point.
Marin County —
San Rafael T.
Donor.
Klliutt.
Napa County —
St. Helena .
.Mrs. \\'. H. (irattan.
San Bernardino County-
Da ggett.
Vanderhilt.
San Luis Obispo County-
Arroyo Grande.
Lee's' Ranch Charles Lee.
Morro.
Sonoma County —
Sonoma J. H. Cutter.
TUFF.
Calaveras County —
Angels.
Campo Seco.
Mokelumne Hill.
El Dorado County-
Diamond Springs. -Dr. W. C. Morgan.
Mono County-
.D. A. Bender.
Napa County —
Napa John R. Roe.
J. H. Francis.
Santa Barbara County —
Moore's llanch.
Tehama County —
Red Bluff.
TUNGSTEN. '^
Humboldt County—
I'hireka F. McGowan.
Kern County-
Kandsburg, Baltic
MiningCo. C. H. Wynn.
Los Angeles County —
Sierra Madre Mr. t^iiitzow.
Madera County —
Kaymond (!i miles from).
Mariposa County —
lUiciianan .._ R. B. Thomas.
San Bernardino County —
Manvel T. Le Cvr.
San Diego County —
.1 ulian . _ ..
..A. .1. liiirnett.
Siskiyou County —
Scott Bar .Martin Andrews.
SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU.
373
ZINC.
Location. DoiKir.
Fresno County —
Comstock ^liiif.
Inyo County —
Cerro Gordo Ygnacio Mine.
Los Angeles County —
Santa Catalina I'd .Silver Canon.
Santa Catalina I'd. Small Hill :\Iine.
Madera County —
Advance Mine Thomas Agnew.
Honiestake INIine ..H. Clercde Landrcss.
ZINC— Continued.
LdcutidH. Donor.
Mono County —
Bunker Hill Mine .A. McNabl).
Orange County-
Santiago Canon Blue Light Mine.
San Bernardino County —
Daggett Cuticura !Mine.
San Mateo County —
Martin's Ranch G. Rich.
Shasta County—
Furnaceville Afterthought Mine.
North Cow Creek ..S. S. Sweet.
QUARRIES AND MINES
IN ADDITION TO THOSE MENTIONED IN THE BODY OF
THIS BULLETIN.
ANTIMONY.
Name ni Quarry, Mine, Etc. Town. Ullicial Owner.
Inyo County —
A. W. Eibeiichutz Ballavat A. W. Eibeschutz, Independence.
Kern County—
Mojave Antimony Co A. Blanc, care of B. Pasquale, 12:;
Geary street, San Francisco.
San Eniidio Bakerstiekl.. Kern County Land Co., Bakcrstield ;
H. A. Jastro, superintendent.
ASBESTOS.
Calaveras County—
Mapiiesia Asbestos Supply Co 119 Spear street, San Francisco.
El Dorado County-
French Hill Greenwood A. J. Johnston and E. S. Hadley, oOO
Montgomery street, San Francisco.
F. B. Norton Georgetown Mr. Norton, Auburn, Cal.
BRICK.
Alameda County —
N. Clark i^: Sons Alameda 17 Spear street, San Francisco.
Butte County —
,T. A. Walker Nimshew.
Contra Costa County-
Demur it Coleman Point Biclimond.
Humboldt County—
Areata I'.rickyard Areata P. M. Tracy, owner.
Crowe Bros. '__ Eureka.
Eureka Brickyard Eureka ...Jolin Porter, superintendent.
Lentill Eureka Leased by .1. Porter.
Fortuna Brickyard Eureka. ...lames Thompson iV: Sons.
Kern County —
.Tohn K oar it Son Kern City.
Kern County Brick and Con-
tract Co. ."- Bakcrstield M. C. Fariium.
Kings County —
Ilanfurd P.rick Co. - Han ford. I. IL .lolmson, manager.
Los Angeles County —
G. Alexander San Pedro .S42 San Pedro avenue, Santa Cruz.
California Ornamental Brick
Co - San Pedro H. ('. Ward, Los Angeles.
Los Angeles Stoneware and
Sewer Pipe Co. Los Angeles :5'20 X. Avenue 2(5, Los Angeles.
St. Louis Firebrick and Clay
Co.... Los Angeles . .. Tlios. Milclull, Third st., Los Angeles.
Soutbern California Potteryl x ^= 4„„^i,.. (.1. F. Tomaseck .V Son, 4S McKinlev
and Fireclay Works f 1-os Angeks ■ avenue, Los Angeles.
Wbiilicr r>rick Co Wliitticr. lolin Cala. owner.
(:171)
ADDITIONAL QUARRIES AND MINES. 375
BRICK— Continued.
Xiinio of (J\iarry. Mine, Ktc. 'I'dwii. Official Owner.
Mendocino County —
1. .V: F. H. Betz Fort Bragg Postoffice Box 55.
John Standacher ...Mendocino.
John Brower Porno.
W. N. Briggs Ukiah.
Riverside County —
Corona Pressed Brick and
Terra Cotta Co Corona 4.34 Stinison Block, Los Angeles.
California Clay M'fg Co.
San Diego County —
X'nioii P>rick Co San Diego J. R. Wade, superintendent.
Santa Clara County —
H. Dreischmeyer, Jr San Jose.
Garden City Brick Co. San Jose H. M. Stammer, Box 768.
Wheeland Brick Co Mountain View. .309 Merchants' Exc'ge, San Francisco.
D. J. Bryon San Jose.
Remillaid Brick Co San Jos^ J. P. Gelinas, secretary, Oakland.
San Jos^ Brick Co. San Jose J. M. O'Keefe, sec'y, 8 N. First st., San
Jos^. San Francisco office: 802 Mu-
tual Bank Building.
Solano County —
Port Costa Brick Co. Port Costa.
Yuba County —
Swain i^: Hudson Marysville.
CHROME.
Tehama County —
Frank Henderson Paskenta.
Byron W. Hatch Paskenta.
Jesse Walcott --_ Paskenta.
Trinity County—
J. T. Hailstone et al Hayfork.
CLAY.
Riverside County —
Standard Pottery Works Soutli Riverside .411 N. Ave. 20, Los Angeles: W. H.
Brown, manager and secretary.
Southern California Pottery f ^„„ti, r;,.o,. .;^.. iJ- F. Tomaseck & Son, 878 E. Fortv-
and Fire Clay AVorks ___"-* ^^°^"'^ Kuersiae . -^ ^^g^^^^i street, Los Angeles.
Santa Cruz County —
C. B. Hodge Santa Cruz ._ ...L. C. Hodge, supt., 24 Otis street.
Tulare County —
^lurphy it Bailey Mile. Hy. Murphy, superintendent.
FULLER'S EARTH.
Kings County—
C. A. Buyd Coalinga (Fresno County).
GLASS SAND.
Amador County —
X. Clark .V; Sons Carbondale Office, 17 Spear street, San Francisco.
Riverside County-
Corona Pressed Brick Co. Corona.
376 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
GRANITE. •-
Niiiuo uf Quitriy, Mine, Ktc. Town. official Owner.
Madera County —
Day (iraiiilc (Juarry Raymond ,_ J. G. i^- I. N. Day.
Placer County—
D. A. Kdlterts (Quarry and
Stone Co '. Penryn D. A. Roberts, Colnia, San Mateo Co.
S. Casperi Lincoln Box 91.
R. H. Copp Rocklin.
liyrnc Bros. Lincoln M. Byrne.
San Diego County—
American Marble and Gran-) a.,,^ n;^^r. (Office, San Pedro and Seventli sts.
ite Works ( *'"i ^i^go j Covas .t Escalli, proprietors.
Santa Clara County—
T. O'Xeil iV: Vo San Jose 37(i First street.
Sonoma County —
.Mary T. Hayes Agua Caliente.
GYPSUM.
Orange County —
The Irvine Co. Tuslin City I. Irvine, Standard Fertilizer Co. of
Corona, lessee.
INFUSORIAL EARTH.
Tulare County —
Thomas Mine Exeter.
LIME.
Butte County-
West Brancli Pentz A. Parrisli.
Kern County —
Hy. Seeger Tehachapi.
Snider & Co. — Tehachapi.
Central Lime Co ...303 Henne Building, Los Angeles.
Los Angeles County —
L. C. Tilghnian Llano.
Mono County —
Muiio Lime Co Bodie II. C. Blaneliard.
San Bernardino County—
R. H. Atwood Halleck.
.Tos. L. Sherer iV: Co Vietorville Oflice, Stevenson, off Fourteenth street,
San Francisco.
Santa Cruz County—
De Dero t^uarry Santa Cruz R. De Dero.
LITHIA MICA AND LEPIDOLITE.
San Diego County-
N. G; Douglas and R. O. liul-
.terlield 1523 .Tames Building. New York.
F. F. Griffith and C. Stubon-
rauch.. !*34 N. Alameda street, Los Angeles.
Gav.'c Blakelv Pala ...Gav A- Blakeiy, Rcdlands.
Gem... '. Pala C.'M. Stevens it Co., 203 Tajo Build-
ing, lios Angeles.
ADDITIONAL QUARRIES AND MINES. 377
MACADAM.
Xaiue of Qu.Hry, Mine, Etc. Town. Official Owner,
Alameda County —
Red Rock Oakland W. H. Maxwell.
Los Angeles County —
Faivcliild-Gilmore-Wilton Co. Los Angeles 204 Bryson Block, Los Angeles.
F. D. Laiitevman.
Madera County —
Raymond Granite Co. Tenth and Division streets; Avel Hos-
mer, secretary, San Francisco.
Placer County —
Adolph Penru Rocklin.
Riverside County —
Barber Asphalt Co - Carl F. Adams, 321 Henne Bnilding,
Los Angeles.
San Francisco County —
City Street Improvement Co. .San Francisco-.. J. W. McDonald, secretary, Mills Build-
ing, San Francisco.
Santa Cruz County —
Holmes Lime Co Felton 24 Sacramento street, San Francisco.
W. E. Miller Santa Cruz 28 Church street, Santa Cruz.
Solano County —
Pacific Portland Cement Co... Suisun M. Kidd, Rialto Bldg., San Francisco.
Union Construction Co Petaluma 702 F street. Petaluma.
MANGANESE.
San Joaquin County —
Lorraine M. Co. Tesla 515 Safe Deposit Bldg., San Francisco.
Plumas County —
Penrose ^leadow Valley.. .J. A. p]dman.
MARBLE.
San Bernardino County —
.Tos. Sherer tt Co.
MINERAL PAINT.
Butte County —
Monitor and El Dorado Chico H. Epperson.
Calaveras County —
Happy Jack and Ochre Valley Springs ..S. E. Unger, 825 Battery street, San
Francisco.
Penn Chemical Works Campo Seco A. C. Harmon, supt. of works.
Napa County —
C. R. Look Napa.
PAVING BLOCKS.
Riverside County —
Sierra Granite Co. Corona ... .T. .T. Clark. Oro Grande P. O.
Barber Asphalt Paving Co Corona .515 Pacific Electric Building.
Fairchild-Gilmorc-WiltonCo. Riverside (also
San Bernardino)-E. W. Gilmore, superintendent.
Victor Quarry Victorville .1. H. Hargraves.
Joseph Sherer it Co. .. Victorville Tenth and Bryant sts., San Francisco.
Sonoma County —
A. Pinelli Sonoma.
378 STRUCTIKAI. AM) i NDISI'KI A l> MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
PYRITES.
Niiiiu' iif WiiiuTy. Miuf, I'Ar. Town. Ullicial Owuur.
Alameda County —
George D. McKiiiiion _. 1 10<i P.inadwa.x-, Oaklaml.
Nevada County—
Spciu-c -Mineral Co.. - - SiKMiccvillc C. Howard, ;5Hi) Pine 8t., San Fi'ancisco.
Shasta County —
Mounlaiii (_'op]ier Co. - -Keswick. Lewis T. \\'rij,dit, (!(l4 ^lontgoniery
street, San Francisco.
QUARTZ CRYSTALS.
Placer County—
Shadv Run Minin>;C(). Sliadv Run Tohn .lackson, 42 E. Main st., Stockton.
SANDSTONE.
Los Angeles County —
Chatsworth Park 324 E. Market street, Los Angeles; H.
Clement &: Co., 214 Bay st., L. A.
Santa Barbara County —
.John Gaggis Santa Barbara.
Fred Henderson Santa Barbara.
T. M. Hogan Santa Barbara.
San Luis Obispo County —
Los Berros Stone tiuarry San Luis Obispo -Los Berros Stone Co., 221 Collins st.,
Los Angeles; Dave O'Xeil, sunt.
P. Moore Arroyo Grande. .Leased to the Los Berros Stone Co.
SOAPSTONE AND TALC.
Butte County—
E. Taylor Clear Creek.
Shasta County —
\V. P. ('(inaut Castella.
TUNGSTEN.
Kern County —
Baltic Mining Co Ilandsburg C. H. Wynn.
APPENDIX.
{:i79)
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CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.
This institution aims to be the chief source of reliable information
about the mineral resources and mining industries of California.
It is encouraged in its work by the fact that its publications have
been in such demand that large editions are soon exhausted. In fact,
copies of them now command high prices in the market.
The publications, as soon as issued, find their way to the scientific,
public, and private libraries of all countries.
STATE MINERALOGIST.
The California State jNIining Bureau is under the supervision of
Hon. Lewis E. Aubury, State Mineralogist.
It is supported by legislative appropriations, and in some degree
performs work similar to that of the geological surveys of other States ;
but its purposes and functions are mainly practical, the scientific work
being clearly subordinate to the economic phases of the mineral field,
as shown by the organic law governing the Bureau, which is as follows :
Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said State Mineralogist to make, facilitate, and
encourage special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the
State. It shall be his duty : To collect statistics concerning the occurrence of the
economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valu-
able constituents available for commercial use ; to make a collection of typical
geological and miueralogical specimens, especially those of economic or commercial
importance, such collection constituting the Museum of the State Mining Bureau ;
to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries,
the sciences of mineralogy and geology and the arts of mining and metallurgy, such
library constituting the Library of the State Mining Bureau ; to make a collection
of models, di-a\vings, and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining
and metallurgical processes ; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library
as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspec-
tion at reasonable hours ; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concern-
ing the mineral industries of this State, to consist of such collections and library,
and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a
manner to make the information available to those desiring it, and to provide a
custodian specially qualified to promote this purpose; to make a biennial report to
the Board of Trustees of the Mining Bureau, setting forth the important results
of his work, and to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem
advisable concerning the statistics and technology of the mineral industries of this
State.
THE BULLETINS.
The field covered by the books issued under this title is shown in
the list of publications. Each bulletin deals with only one phase of
mining. Many of them are elaborately illastrated with engravings
and maps. Only a nominal price is asked, in order that those who
need them most may obtain a copy.
mi)
382 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
THE REGISTERS OF MINES.
The Registers of IMines form practically both a State and a County
directory of the mines of California, each county being represented in
a separate pamphlet. Those who wish to learn the essential facts about
any particular mine are referred to them. The facts and figures are
given in tabular form, and are accompanied by a topogi'aphical map of
the county on a large scale, showing location of each mineral deposit,
towns, railroads, roads, power lines, ditches, etc.
HOME OF THE BUREAU
The Mining Bureau occupies the north half of the third floor of
the Ferry Building, in San Francisco. All visitors and residents are
invited to inspect the Museum, Library, and other rooms of the Bureau
and gain a personal knowledge of its operations.
THE MUSEUM.
The Museum now contains over 16,000 specimens, carefully labeled
and attractively arranged in showcases in a great, well-lighted hall,
where they can be easily studied. The collection of ores from Cali-
fornia mines is of course very extensive, and is supplemented by many
cases of characteristic ores from the principal mining districts of the
world. The educational value of the exhibit is constantly increased
by substituting the best specimens obtainable for those of less value.
These mineral collections are not only interesting, beautiful, and in
every way attractive to the sightseers of all classes, but are also educa-
tional. They show to manufacturers, miners, capitalists, and others
the character and quality of the economic minerals of the State, and
where they are found. Plans have been formulated to extend the
usefulness of the exhibit by special collections, such as one showing the
chemical composition of minerals ; another showing the mineralogical
composition of the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks of the
State ; the petroleum-bearing formations, ore bodies, and their country
rocks, etc.
Besides the mineral specimens, there are many models, maps, photo-
graphs, and diagrams illustrating the modei'n practice of mining,
milling, and concentrating, and the technology of the mineral indus-
tries. An educational series of specimens for high schools has been
inaugurated, and new plans are being formulated that will make the
Museum even more useful in the future than in the past. Its popu-
larity is shown by the fact that over 100,000 visitors registered last
year, while many failed to leave any record of their visit.
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384 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA.
THE LIBRARY.
This is the mining reference library of the State, constantly con-
sulted by mining men, and contains between 4000 and 5000 volumes
of selected works, in addition to the numerous publications of the
Bureau itself. On its shelves will be found reports on geology, min-
eralogy, mining, etc., published by states, governments, and indi-
viduals ; the reports of scientific societies at home and abroad ;
encyclopaedias, scientific papers, and magazines; mining publications;
and the current literature of mining ever needed in a reference library.
Manufacturers' catalogues of mining and milling machinery bj-"
California firms are kept on file. The Registers of Mines form an
up-to-date directory for investor and manufacturer.
The librarian's desk is the general bureau of information, where
visitors from all parts of the world are ever seeking information about
all parts of California.
READING-ROOM.
This is a part of the Library Department and is supplied with over
one hundred current publications. Visitors will find here various
California papers and leading mining journals from all over the world.
The library and Reading-Room are open to the public from 9 a. m.
to 5 p. M. daily, except Sundays and holidays, and from 9 a. ir. to 12 m.
on Saturdays.
THE LABORATORY,
Tliis clei)artiuent identifies for the prospector the minerals hi' finds.
and tells him the nature of the wall rocks or dikes he may encounter
in his workings; but this department does not do assaying nor compete
with private assayers. The prasence of minerals is determined, but
not the percentage present. No charges for this service are made to
any r&sident of the State. Many of the inquiries made of this depart-
ment have brought capital to the development of new districts. IMany
technical questions have been asked and answered as to the best
chemical and mechanical processes of handling ores and raw material.
The laboratory is well equipped.
THE DRAUGHTING-ROOM.
In this room are prepared scores of maps, from the small ones filling
only a part of a page, to the largest County and State maps; and the
numerous illustrations, other than photographs, that are constantly
being required for the Bulletins and Registers of Mines. In this room,
also, will be found a very complete collection of maps of all kinds
relating to the industries of the State, and one of the important duties
of the department is to make such additions and corrections as will
keep the maps up to date. The .seeker after information inciuires here
if he wishes to know about the geology or topography of any district;
about the locations of the new camps, or positions of old or abandoned
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386
STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
ones; about railroads, stage roads, and trails; or about the working
drawings of anything connected with mining.
MINERAL STATISTICS.
One of the features of this institution is its mineral statistics. Their
annual compilation by the State Mining Bureau began in 1893. No
other State in the Union attempts so elaborate a record, expends so
much labor and money on its compilation, or secures so accurate a one.
The State Mining Bureau keeps a careful, up-to-date, and reliable
but confidential register of every producing mine, mine-owner, and
mineral industry in the State. From them are secured, under pledge
of secrecy, reports of output, etc., and all other available sources of
information are u.sed in checking, verifying, and supplementing the
information so gained. This information is published m an annual
tabulated, statistical, single-sheet bulletin, showing the mineral pro-
duction by both substances and counties.
TOTAL GOLD PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA-1848-1904^
1848
$245,301
1849
10,151,360
1850
41,273,106
1851
75,938,232
1852
81,294,700
1853
67,613,487
1854
69,433,931
1855
55,485,395
1856
57,509,411
1857
43,628,172
1858
46,591,140
1859
45,846,599
1860
44,095,163
1861-
41,884,995
1862
38,854,668
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876- -
1877
$23
24
17
17
18
17
18
17
17
15
15
17
. 16
15
. 16
501,736
;071,423
,930,858
,123,867
,265,452
,555,867
,229,044
,458,133
,477,885
1,482,194
019,210
264,836
,876,009
1,610,723
,501,268
1878 $18,839,141
1879 19,626,6;54
1880 20,030,761
1881 19,223,155
1882 17,146,416
1883- .-. 24,316,873
1884 ... 13,600,000
1885 12,661,044
1886 14,716,506
1887 .- 13,588,614
1888 12,750,000
1889. ... 11,212,913
1890 12,309,793
1891 12,728.869
1892 12,571,900
1893 $12,422,811
1894 13,923,281
1895 15,334,317
1896 17,181,562
1897
1898
1899.
19(Xt
1901.
1902 .
1903
1904.
15,871,401
15,906,478
15,336,031
15,863,355
16,989,044
16,910,320
16,471,264
19,109,000
Total --$1,414,856,268
COUNTY RANK IN GOLD PRODUCT IN 1904.
While -old is still the leading mining product, its yield no longer
puts the greatest gold-producing county in the first place. The petro-
leum of Kern County and the copper of Shasta give them precedence.
Gold is more widely distributed than any other substance thus tar
mined in California; 34 counties out of the 57 in the State showing a
...old viold in 190-t, and it is known to exist in several others. 1 he
order in rank of the counties of the State, in the production of gold
alone, is at present as follows :
1. Nevada..
2. Amador
3. Butte
4. Calaveras
5. Tuoluinnc
6. Kern
7. Shasta
8. Siskivou
9. Placer
10. S. Bernardino
U. Trinity . .--
12. Kl Dorado. ...
i:i. Mariposa
..$3
9
,130
,(K)0
,932
,789
,r)63
,42(i
,031
892
778
595
574
474
429
304
,573
5.52
184
,907
523
429
,685
,355
,828
814
994
771
14. Sacramento -
1.5. Sierra
16. San Diego---
17. riiimas
18. ISIono
19. Invo
20. Yxiba
21. Lassen
22. Madera
23. Hiiml)oldt .-
24. Stanislaus
25. Los Angeles .
26. Fresno
$419,287
374,763
334,697
270,439
2(i8,93(t
1.50,474
139,528
ll(i,993
75,303
(12, 061
50,000
12,402
7,809
Riverside $7,488
28.
Del Norte
7,3«)
29.
Monterey
(>.941
.30.
Alpine
4,827
31.
Ventura .
2,700
32.
Tulare.
1,U10
33.
San Luis Obispo
630
34
Mendocino . . .-
75
Unapportioned
114,835
Total ..
$19,109,600
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388 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA.
TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA FOR 1904.
The following table shows the yield and value of mineral substances
of California for 1904, as per returns received at the State Mining
Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers :
Quantity. Value.
Asbestos -- 10 tons $162
Asphalt - 5(5,187 " 672,910
Bisnnitli 20 " 2,400
Bimminotis Rock 45,280 " 175,680
Borax (Crude) ... 45,647 " 698,810
Cement 969,538 bbls. 1,539,807
Chrome 123 tons 1,845
Chiys (Brick) 281,750 M 1,994,740
Clays (Pottery)... 84,149 tons 81,952
Coal 79,(«32 '■ 376,4it4
Copper ---.29,974,154 lbs. 3,969,995
Fuller's Earth 500 tons 9,500
GlassSand 10,004 " 12,276
Gold 19,109,600
Granite ... 520,687 cu. ft. 467,472
Infusorial Earth 6,950 tons 112,282
Gypsum - 8,350 " 56,592
Lead 124,000 lbs. 5,270
Lithia Mica 641 tons 25,000
Lime. 579,451 bbls. 571,749
Limestone 40,207 tons 87,207
Macadam .-i32,690 " 414,668
Manganese 60 " 900
Magnesite (Crude) 2,850 " 9,298
Marble r>5,401 cu. f t. 94,208
Mica 50tons 3,000
Mineral Paint -.. 270 " 1,985
Mineral Water 2,430,320 gals. 496,946
Natural Gas 144,4.37 M cu. ft. 91,085
Paving Blocks ..-. 3,977 :\r 161,752
Petroleum 29,736,003 bbls. 8,317,809
Platinum 1,849
Pyrites 15,043 tons 62,!)92
Quicksilver 28,876 flasks 1,086,323
Rubble 1,764,208 tons 1,227,209
Salt 95,968 " 187,3a)
Sandstone 363,487 cu. ft. 567,181
Serpentine 200 tons 2,310
Soda - - 12,000 " 18,000
Silver (Cmn. value) 873,525
Slate 6,000squares 50,000
Soapstone 228 tons 2,,S15
Tourmaline. 65, (XX)
OtherGcms 71,000
Total vahu- .^3,778.348
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390 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIP^ORNLV.
MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS.
Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite
amount and postage. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be
accepted in payment. (All iiuhlications not mentioned are exhausted.)
Attention is respectfully called to that portion of Section 8, amend-
ment to the INIining Bureau Act, approved March 10, 1903, which states:
"The Board (Board of Trustees) is hereby empowered to fix a price
upon, and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all pub-
lications of the Bureau, including- reports, bulletins, maps, registers,
etc. The sum derived from such disposition must be accounted for and
used a.s a revolving printing and publishing fund for other reports,
bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The prices fixed must approximate
the actual cost of printing and issuing the respective reports, bulletins,
maps, registers, etc., without reference to the cost of obtaining and
preparing the information embraced therein."
Price. Postage.
Report XI— 18!t2, First Biennial |1 00 |0 15
Report XIII— 18SI6, Third Biennial 100 20
Bulletin No. 0— "Gold Mill Practices in California" (3d edition) 511 04
Bulletin No. 9— "Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc.," bound 60 08
Bulletin Xo. 15— "Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County, Cal." 05 02
Bulletin Xo. 16 — "Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California,"
(3d edition) -. 30 03
Bulletin Xo. 23— "Copper Resources of California" 50 12
Bulletin Xo. 24— "Saline Deposits of California" 50 10
Bulletin Xo. 27— "Quicksilver Resources of California" 75 08
Bulletin Xo. 30 — "Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Pahieontology
and Mineral Resources of California, including List of Maps" 50 10
Bulletin Xo. 31 — "Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum" 02
Bulletin Xo. 32— "Production and Use of California Petroleum".. 75 08
Bulletin Xo. 36— "Gold Dredging in California" 50 06
Bulletin Xo. 37— "Gems and .Jewelers' Materials of California" 50 06
Bulletin Xo. 39— "Mineral Production of California"— li(04 ... 02
Bulletin Xo. 40— "Mineral Production of California for 18 Years" ... 02
Bulletin Xo. 41— "Mines and Minerals of California" ... t»4
Reconnaissance of tlie Colorado Desert Mining District 15 02
Map of Desert Portion Southern California 10 02
Map of Mother Lode 05 02
Gold Proditction in California from 1848 to 1905... ... 02
Register of Mines, with Map, Siskiyou County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Trinitj' County 25 08
Register of Mines, witli Map, Lake County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Xevada County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Placer County. 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, El Dorado County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Inyo County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Shasta County _ 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County 25 08
Register of Mines, witli Map, San Diego County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Sierra County 25 08
STATE MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS. 391
Price. Postage.
Register of Mines, with Map, Amador County. ?0 25 i^O 08
Register of Minos, with >rap, Tnolumne County .- 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Butte County.. 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Mariposa County — 25 08
Register of ^[ines, with ^fap. Kern County 25 08
Register of Mines, with Map, Yuba County 25 08
Register of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City 35 02
Mineral and Relief Map of California... 25 05
Mapof Plumas County 25 08
Map of Calaveras County 25 08
Map Showing Location of Copper Deposit> in California 05 02
Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert ^Mining District 15 04
In Preparation :
^lap and Register of Santa Barl)ara County.
Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the
State may be sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will
be classified free of charge. It must be imderstood, however, that
no assays, or quantitative determinations will 1)6 made. Samples should
be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package
with name of sender, postoffice address, etc. A letter should accom-
pany sample, and a stamp should be inclosed for reply.
INDEX.
Page.
Ackerman marble deposit 102
Atlams-Blakely gypsum deposit 28G
Aguillon trachyte quarry 162
Aheani granite quarry 34
Ah Louis' brickyard 255
Ala Mountain manganese 336
Alabaster Cave lime 67, 68
Alameda County — Brick 242, 374 [
Cement 361 I
Chrome 266, 267, 362
Glass Sand 276, 363
^lacadam 311, 315. 377
Magnesite 327
Manganese 335, 367
Mineral Paint 368
Pyrites 349,378 ,
Sandstone 116, 117, 370 |
Soapstone 350
Alarm iron mine 299
Alexander brickyard 374
Allen granite quarry 40
Alma pyrites mine 347
Alpine County — Lime 366
Mineral Paint 368
Alpine Plaster Co 284, 285
Altamont sandstone quarry 116. 117
Alta Lime and Brick Co 256
Alum Rock macadam quarry 323
Alvarez gypsum deposit 286
Amador County— Asbestos 261, 360
Chrome 362
Clays 206-210, 361
Glass Sand 375
Granodiorite 363
Iron 364
Lime 64,65
Marble 96,97,366
Pyrites 370
Quartz Crystals 370
Sandstone 117, 370
Serpentine 147, 371
Slate 149,150
Soapstone 371
Amblygonite. (See Lithia.)
America Excelsior Co.'s asbestos de-
posit 263
American Lithia Co 308, 309, 310
American Magnesite Co 327, 330, 331
Page.
American Marble and Granite Co. . . . 376
Anderson & Sandquist Pottery Co. . . 21.3
Angulo's sandstone quarry 133
Antelope Valley marble quarry lOO
Antioch macadam quarry 316
Antimony 260
Calaveras County 359, 374
Inyo County 359, 374
Kern County 359, .374
Los Angeles County 359
Mono County 3.59
Napa County 359
Riverside County 359
San Luis Obispo County 359
Santa Clara County 359
Sierra County 359
Tulare County 359
San Benito County 260, 359
Arch, Composite Frontispiece
Areata brickyard 374
Artificial Stone. {See Cement Products)
Asbestos, Amador County 261, 360
Butte County 261, 262, 360
El Dorado County 262, 360, 374
Fresno County 262, 360
Inyo County 360
Madera County 360
Mariposa County 360
Placer County 262, 360^
Riverside County 263
San Benito County 360
San Bernardino County 263, 360
San Diego County 263, 360
Shasta County 360
Sierra County 263, 360
Siskiyou County 264, 360
Trinity County 264, 360
Tulare County 360
Yolo County 264, 360
Yuba County 264
Asphalt. {See Letter of Transmit-
TAX, 5.)
.Vtwood lime quarry 376
Attwood's clay deposit 226
Auburn marble quarry 101
Babcock granite quarry 52
Bacigalupi paving-blocks quarry.... 343
Baden Brick Co 255. 256
(393)
394
INDEX.
Page, i
"Rnird iron deposit 301
I'.aivei-stiold Sandstone Brick Co, 1G7, 108
Balaam infusorial earth mine. . .298, 294
I'mIiIc 'Pimirsteii Minini; Co .".IS
I'.nnk of [..ompoc infusorial earth de-
posit 295
Banning Co.'s infusorial earth d(^-
posit •_".»!
Serpentine quarry 147
Soapstone quarry .Mai
P>arbe"s lime quarry 70
Barber Asphalt Co.'s macadam .".77
Barber Asphalt Co.'s pavinj;- blocks. .".77
Barstow lime and marble quarry... 102
Bartlett manganese mine 337
Bary tes 204, 300
Calaveras County 300
Contra Costa County 300
El Dorado County 300
Inyo County 300
Lake County 300
Los Angeles County 300
Mono County 300
Orange County .300
San Bernardino County 300
Santa Barbara County 300
Shasta County 300
Siskiyou County 300
Trinity County 300
liasalt— Napa County 158, 300
Fresno County 300
Mono County 300
Santa Barbara County 300
San Bernardino County 300
Siskiyou County 300
Sonoma County 300
Yolo County 300
Bauxite 205, 301
Kivei'side County 301
Yuba County 301
Bay City Brick Co 254
Bear River marble 100
Beckett's infusorial earth deposit... 293
Benicia crushed stone quarry 325
Berg & O.xby Brick Co 243, 244
Berkeley Kock Co 311
Best paving-block quarry 345
Betts brickyard .".75
Big liend marble quarry 98
Big Trees iron mine 297
T'.ishoi)"s I'eak tulT ((uarry 158, 159
I'.ixiiy's infusorial earth deposit.... 291
Black Bear manganese mine 330
TUack .Tack manganese mine 337
I'.hick Diamond iron mine .304
Blackburn clay deposit 22(i
Blackhawk Mt. marble 102
Page.
Black's talc claim 351
Blair macadam quarries 311
Blake & Bilger macadam quarries. . . 312
Blasting system, Knox 24
Blue Rock quarry 320
Bly Bros, granite ([uarry 43, 44
Boca paving-block iiuarry 343
Bohannon Ranch clay 211
Bonanza King marble (juarry 102
Borax. (See Letter of Transmit-
tal, 5.)
liordenheim brickyard 242
Bowerman paint mine 343
Bouchard & Son granite quarry.... 34
Boyd fuller's earth deposit 375
Brick. Burning 240
Classification of 241
Drying 239
Hand-made 234
Kilns 240,241
INIachine-molded 234-239
Manufacture 233
Brick Clay, Analyses 232
Industry 232-259
Mixing 233
Weathering 233
Alameda County 242. 374
Butte County 242, .374
Colusa County 242
Contra Costa County 242. 359. 374
Fresno County 242, 243
Glenn County 243
Humboldt County 374
Kern County 374
Kings County 243, 374
Los Angeles County 243-249. 374
Madera County 249
Marin County 249. 2.50
iNIendocino County .".7.5
Merced County 250
^Monterey County 250
Nevada County 250. 251
Orange County 251, 252
Placer County 359
Kivorsido County 252, 253, 375
Sacramento County 253
San Bernardino County 2.53, 254
San Diego County 254. 375
San Francisco County 254
San Joaquin County 2.54. 255
San Luis Obispo County 250
Santa Clara County 359, 375
Santa Cruz County 3.59
Shasta County 250, 257
Solano County 258, .375
Sonoma County 258
Tehama County 2.58
INDEX.
895
Page.
P.rick Clay, Tnlaro County 2a9
Yolo County 259
Yuba County 25U, o75
I'.riok — Sandstone and Lime. ... 106, IGT
Contra Costa County I»i6. 107
Kern County 107, 108
Los Angeles County 168
Monterey County 109
Sonoma County 170
Briggs's brickyard 875
Briggs's manganese mine 335
Broadway rook quarry 312
Bridge's granite quarry 34
Brower's brickyard 375
Brown marble quarry 99
Brown ocher mine 340
Brown talc claim 351
Brown trachyte quarry 155
Brown.stone quarry 50, 51
Branson & Carter brickyard 259
Brush magnesite deposit 331
Bryon's brickyard 375
Building Blocks. {See Cement
Products.)
Building Stone. (See Stone.)
Bull quarry 318
Bundock stoneware works 225
Burns 4& Stockman's lime deposit. . 77
Butte County— Asbestos 201, 360
Barytes 264
Brick Clays 242, 374
Chrome 207, 362
Clays 211,361
Fuller's Earth 273
Granite 26
(xypsum 283
Iron 297,364
Lime • 65. 366, 376
Marble 98,360
Mica 337
Mineral Paint .338, 377
Platinum 346, 347, 348, 369
Portland Cement 178
Quartz Crystals 370
Soapstone .350, 351. 378
Tufif 154
Byrne Bros, granite 376
Cadiz marble deposit 102
Caen tuff quarry 159
Calaveras County — Antimony 359
Barytes 360
Chrome 207, 302
Clay 211,212,301
Grauodiorite 303
Granite .364
Infusorial Earth .363
Iron 297,304
Page.
Calaveras County — .Tasi)er 365
Lime 05, 00, 366
Manganese 368
INIarble 98, 99, 367
Mineral Paint 338, 309, 377
Platinum 347, 348
Pyrites 370
Quartz Crystals 349, 370
Rhyolite 370
Sandstone 117
Serpentine 371
Soapstone ,351, 371
Sulphur 372
Trachyte 372
Tuff 154, 372
Calcareous Tufa 265
Caldwell marble quarry 98, 99
California Clay Mfg. Co 213.375
California Construction Co 318
California Concrete Rock Co 168
California Fireproof Construction Co. 230
California Fuller's Earth Co 274
California Gypsum and Mineral Com-
pany 284,288
California Lime and Cement Co. ... 79
California Ornamental Brick Co.. 108, 374
California Pottery and Brick Co. . . . 2.58
California Pottery and Terra Cotta
Co 202
California Portland Cement Co. 77, 102,
103, 104. 183, 184, 220. 227
California Slate Co 130
Camarillo quarry 327
Camp Cady gypsum deposit 287
Capistrano lime deposit 73
Capital Sewer-Pipe Works 225
Carbondale clay 200. 207
Carl Brown paint mine 339
Carmel Development Co. glass sand. 278
Carnegie Brick and Pottery Co 202
Carnegie Brick and Terra Cotta Co. 227
Carnegie shale pit 227
Carrara marble quarry 90, 97
Carter clay deposit 222
Carter manganese mine 330
Casa Blanca quarries 44, 45, 46
Carroll's iron mine 297
Casperi granite quarry 370
Cassel's sandstone quarry 1.33, 134
Casserly asbestos mine 263
Caterina lithia mine .".10
Cave Canon iron deposit 299
Cave Valley lime deposit OS
Cedar Creek clay deposit 219
Cement. Analyses 177, 182, 185, 188
Burning 176
Composition 171, 175
396
INDEX.
Page. I
Cemcut, Factories in California 178 !
Grinding 177
Industry in California 171-189
Kilns 176
Literatiiro on 178
Manufacture 175
Mixing 175, 176
Products 165, 170
Production 172
Portland 171-189
Tests of 174, 175, 188
Uses of 173,174
Alameda County 361
Butte County 178
Contra Costa County 361
Humboldt County 861
Kern County 361
Lake County 361
Los Angeles County 178, 361
Napa County 178-182
Orange County 182
Riverside County 3<>1
San Benito County 184
San Bernardino County 183,184
San Diego County 184
Santa Barbara County .361
Santa Clara County 361
Santa Cruz County 184, 361
Solano County 185-189, 361
Central Lime Co 376
Chambers' gypsum deposit 287
Chappell clay deposit 22<»
Charlton sandstone quarry 130
Chatsworth Park quarry. . .128, 318. 378
Chico Ocher and Metallic Co 338,351
Chili Bar Slate Co 1.50
Chiles Valley magnesite 328
China clay 195, 199
Chino lime quarry 75
Chittenden cement plant 184
Christen macadam quarry 316,317
Chromite, Alameda County 2(i6, 362
Amador County 362
Butte County 267. 362
Calaveras County 267, 362
Colusa County 362
Del Norte County 267, 268, 362
El Dorado County 362
Fresno County 268, 362
Glenn County 268
Lake County 362
Marin County 362
Mendocino County 268, 362
Napa County 362
Placer County 268, 362
Plumas County 362 \
San Benito County 260. 362
I'.ua:.
Clii'dinitc, San Luis Obispo County,
269, 270,
Santa Clara County
Shasta County 270. 271,
Sierra County 271,
Siskiyou County
Solano County
Tehama County 272, 363,
Triaity County 272, 363,
Cluirchill's tungsten deposit
City Improvement Co. paving-blocks
quarry
City Street Improvement Co., Ma-
cadam
Classen's quarry
Clark & Sons brick
Clark & Sons glass sand
Clark & Sons pottery 202. 207.
Cjlark soapstone deposit
Clay, in California 190
Analyses 200,
Brick. (See Brick Clay.)
Chemical composition
China
Color
Definition of
Fire 200,
Fusibility of
High-grade
Origin of
Physical properties of
Shrinkage of
Slip
Uses of
A'arieties of
-Vlameda County 206. 210.
-Vmador County 206-210,
Butte County 211,
Calaveras County 212,
Contra Costa County 212,
El Dorado County
Fresno County
Humboldt County
Inyo County
Kern County 212, 213,
Lake County
Los Angeles County 213-217,
Marin County
Mendocino County
Merced County
Modoc County
Mono County
Monterey County
Xapa County
Nevada County 217, 218,
Orange County
Placer County 218-221.
362
362
362
272
363
363
375
375
355
343
.377
326
374
375
208
351
-259
207
192
195
194
190
201
193
202
191
192
193
200
194
194
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
361
:!<n
361
217
:;6l
;!6i
361
361
361
218
362
INDEX.
397
Page.
Clay. Riverside County 221-224, 37.5
Sacramento County 22.5, 226, 362
San Benito County 226
San Bernardino County. .226, 227, 362
San Diego County 227, 362
San Joaquin County 227, 228
San Luis Obispo County 362
San Mateo County 228,229
Santa Barbara County 362
Santa Cruz County 375
Siaasta County 230, 362
Sierra County 362
Siskiyou County 230, 362
Sonoma County 362
Stanislaus County 362
Sutter County 362
Trinity County 362
Tulare County 375
Tuolumne County 362
Ventura County 362
Yuba County 230
Clement & Co. sandstone deposit 130, 131
Clyne cement deposit 185
Coal Cafion clay 211
Coates' limestone deposit 66
Cochrane magnesite deposit 331
Columbia Marble Co 108, 109, 110
Colusa County— Brick Clay 242
Chrome 362
Gypsum - . 283
Iron 364
Limestone 66
Macadam 316
Manganese 335
Marble 367
Onyx 369
Sandstone 118-124, 316, 370
Sulphur 354, 372
Conant soapstone deposit 378
Concrete. (See Macadam.)
Conkling's building blocks 170
Contra Costa County — Bary tes .... 360
Brick Clay 242, 374
Cement 361
Clay 212.361
Gypsum 364
Infusorial Earth 363
Limestone 66, 67
Macadam 316, 317
Sandstone 126, 370
Sandstone brick 166, 167
Colton Cement Works 102, 183
Connor's brickyard 256
Cook's marble quarry 102, 103
Copper. (See Letter of Tr.\ts"smit-
TAL, 5.)
Copp granite quarry 376
Page.
Cordelia quarry 325
Corona granite 45, 51
Corona Pressed Brick and Terra Cot-
ta Co 22.!, 339. 375
Corral Hollow gravel pit 322
Corral Hollow glass sand 276
Cottonwood Creek gypsum deposit. . 284
County Jail quarry 320
Cowell's limestone quarry. .66, 67, 68,
72, 76, 83, 84, 86, 87
Craycroft brickyard 242, 243
Crowe brickyard 374
Creon magnesite deposit 331, 332
Crowley & Caldwell talc mine .353
Crusher macadam quarry 312
Crusher Plant marble quarry .... 102, 103
Cummings' magnesite deposit 332
Curran's macadam quarry 312
Daly macadam quarry 323
Daniels' marble quarry 99
Davis' paving-block quarry 343
Davis' talc deposit 353
Davis' tuff quarry 155
Day granite quarry 376
Declez granite quarries 48, 316
De Dero macadam quarry 324, 376
De Golia Ranch clay 217
Dehesa granite quarry 56-60
Del Norte County— Chrome. 267, 268, 362
Iron 365
Manganese 368
Platinum 347. 369
Dempsey Ranch bauxite deposit .... 265
Paint deposit 342
Demur & Coleman's brickyard 374
Dennison gypsum deposit 288
Denny clay deposits 230
Detert iron mine 297
Diamond Caiion macadam quarry . . . 313
Diamond Match Co. iron deposit. . . . 297
Diatomaceous Earth. See Infusorial
Earth.)
Dickinson paving-block quarry 342
Dickinson sandstone quarry 131
Dimock's infusorial earth deposit. . 296
Doak manganese mine 337
Dodson clay pits 213
Douglas & Butter field lithia mine.. . 376
Dreischmeyer brickyard .375
Dubost lime quarry 79
Dudley gypsum mine 288
Dunn's gypsum mine 287
Dunlop lime deposit 68
Durability of Stone. (See Stone."!
Durbon Ranch clay 211
Durst Ranch loam deposit 230
Dyer Brick Co 249
398
INDEX.
Page. ;
Eaihart sandstoiio deposit 140
Kartheinvare 200
lOast Ninth Street Pottery Works 202, 20;{
Easton & Wilson inaradam quarry.. 313
Eckert liaiicli iiiagncsite 333
Edmau manganese mine 'Ml
Egan glass sand deposit 278
Eiheschutz antimony mine 'M-t ;
El Dorado Copper M. Co., asbestos. . 2G2
El Dorado County — Asbestos. . .2r)2. ."UJO
Barytes .".(M)
Chrome •502
Clay ■•'.01
Granodiorite ■"><>•">
Iron 297
Lime 67, 68
Manganese 368 j
Marble 367 ,
Mica 367 j
Mineral Paint .369
Quartz Crystals 3.50, 370
Slate 150-153, 371
Soapstone 371
Tuff 372
El Dorado Sugar Co's lime quarry. . 82
Eliot gravel pit 313
Elliott paving-block quarry 343
El Toro lime deposit 74
Emigrant Gap quarries 34
Eugler Lime Co 75
Erickson sandstone cpiarry 133
I'^studillo macadam quarrj' 31.3
Eureka brickyard •">74
Eureka macadam quarry 313
Evireka green slate 152
Eureka granite quarry 37
Eureka Slate Co 1.50, lol, 1.52
Eable magnesite mine 337
Fairchild - Gilmore - Wilton granite
(liiarry 4<i. 47. 377
Fairmount Hill quarry 230
Fairweather magnesite claim 328
Farmington lime quarry 92
Farwell sandstone quarry 117
Fernahrs granite quarry 42
Fioch Bros, sandstone quarry 140
Fire Pulp Plaster Co 285
Fire-Proof asbestos mine 263
Fisk Mill iron deposit 304
Fitzgerald macadam quarry 317
Fletcher lithia mine 310
Flynn & Treacy ))aving-block quarry 343
Folsom Prison quarry 47,48,320
Forbes quarry :nS, 319
Fort Ross iron deposit 304
Fortuna brickyard .374
Foster granite quarry 52
Fox gypsum deposit
Franklyn sandstone quarry
Frates manganese mine
French Hill asbestos
Fresno County — Asbestos 262,
Basalt
Brick Clay 242.
Brick and Tile Co
Chrome 268,
Clay
AGE.
288
126
335
374
360
360
243
242
362
3r,i
Granite 26
(Jraphitc 280. .363
(iypsum 283,284
Iron 305
.Iasi)er 36.5
Lime 68
Magnesite 328
Sandstone 370
Zinc :;73
Freitas sandstone quarry 141
I'riend's clay deposit 227
Frugley paving-block quarry 34.3
Fruitvale white gravel 313
Fuller's Earth, Analyses of 273
Occurrences 274
Preparation of 274
Product in United States 274
Butte County 274
Kern County 274
Kings County 375
San Bernardino County 275, .363
Gaggio sandstone quarry 378
Galhip Ranch paint deposit 341
Garden City brickyard .">75
Garden City pottery 229
Gardner macadam quarry .'123
Gardner sandstone quarry 131
Garvey's brickyard 257
Gay quarry ."'.24
Gay & Blakely lithia mine 37(>
(Jems. (See Letter of Transmit-
tal, 5.)
Gem lithia niiuc .">76
(ienelli Ranch lime. 65
(iladding-McBean Co 219. 220
(ilass industry of California 276-279
Glass Sand, Alameda County. . . .276. 363
Amador County .">7.5
Los Angeles County 277, .■>6.3
Monterey County 278
Orange County 27S
Placer County 278
Riverside County :'.63. 375
San Bernardino County ■UT.',
San .Joaquin County 279
San Luis Obispo County 279
Tcliania County .36;!
INDEX.
399
rA(.K.
Glemr County— Brick Clay 248
Chrome 2(iS, 3G2
Granite 28
IMansanese 3(5.8
Marble 99
Sandstone 126
Slate 152
Soapstone 351
Godfrey talc deposit 353
Golden Gate Sandstone Brick Co. 1G(>, 107
Goldman clay deposit 217
Goodrich sandstone quarry. .133, 134, 135
Graham tungsten mine 855
Granite Rock Co 320
Granite. Description of 23
Dressing 24
Outcrops, map of 27
Production in California 24
Production in United States 26
Quarries in California 14, 24, 26
Butte County 26
Calaveras County 364
Fresno County 26
Glenn County 28
Humboldt County 364
Inyo County 364
Los Angeles County 28, 364
ISIadera County .... .28, 29-32, 364, 376
Marin County 364
Mariposa County 364
Nevada County 34, .364
Placer County 34-40, 364, 376
Riverside County 40-47
Sacramento County 47, 48, 364
San Bernardino County . . . .48-53,364
San Diego County . .52. 53, 56, 364, 376
San Mateo County 364
Santa Clara County 376
Shasta County 53
Sierra County 54
Siskiyou County 54
Sonoma County 376
Trinity County 54
Tulare County .•")4, 55, 56, 364
Tuolumne County 56, 364
Yuba County 56
Granodiorite 363
Grant Bros, brickyard 256
Graphite. Fresno County 2S0, 363
Ihuuboldt County 363
Los Angeles County 280. 363
^ladera County 280
Mendocino County 364
Riverside County 364
San Bernardino County 2S(). .•!64
Siskiyou County 280
Sonoma County 281, 364
P.\GE.
(Jraphite, Tehama County 364
Tulare County 364
Tuolumne County 281
Gray Bros.' quarry :',20, 321
Gray Eagle talc claims 350
Graystone sandstone quarry. .133. 134.
135, 138
Graystone sandstone tests 138
Greenhorn lime quarry 93
Green Mt. quartz crystals 349
Griffith granite quarries 35, 36
Griffith & Stubenrauch lithia deposit 376
Guadalupe tungsten mine 355
Gypsum 281-288
Distribution of 283
Plaster from 282
Uses of 282
Butte County 283
Contra Costa County ."iJM
Fresno County 284
Inyo County 364
Kern County 284
Lassen. County 364
Los Angeles County. .284, 285. 286, 364
Orange County 286, 370
Riverside County 280, 364
San Benito County 286, 287
San Bernardino County 287,364
San Diego County 364
San Luis Obispo County 288
Santa Barbara County 288, 364
Tulare County 288. 364
Ventura County 288, 364
Hailstone chrome mine 375
Hall granite quarry 30
Hammer clay pits 209
Hamilton brickyard 257
Hancock brickyard 252
Hanford Brick Co 374
Harbour & Peterson brickyard 254
Happy Jack and Ocher mineral paint 377
Harkinson lime deposit 67
Harlan lime deposit 70
Harrington clay pits 222, 223
Hatch chrome mine 375
Hayes granite quarry .'>70
Healdsburg Brick Co 258
Ilealdsburg Marble Co 258
Healdsburg Paint Co 28L 340
Helman graphite deposit 280
Henderson chrome mine 375
Henderson sandstone quarry 375
Hendricks manganese mine 336
Heriart lithia mine 310
ITerlcwood ii'on deposit 304
Ilerringtou (luarry
Hertzig marble quarry
320
9n
400
INDEX.
Page.
Hilton biickyard 258
Hodge clay pits 375
Hooy lime qnarry 79
Hoffman quarry 318
Hogan sandstone quarry 378
Hogue & Phillips asbestos claim... 2G2
Holcomb Valley marble 105
Holland Sandstone Brick Co 166
Holmes Lime Co 67, 68,
7i, 85, 89, 101, 377
Holt & Gregg brickyard 230, 257
Home Teaming Co. quarry 317
Hotaling iron mines 298
Hovey clay deposit 230
Howell Mountain tuff quarry 156
Hubbard brickyard 250
Hubbard & Chamberlain brickyard. 244
Hugent paving-block quarry 344
Humboldt County— Brick Clays 374
Cement 361
Clay 361
Granite 364
Graphite 363
Iron 365
Lime 366
Marble 367
Mineral Paint 369
Platinum 346, 347, 348, 369
Sandstone 370
Tungsten 372
Hunt soapstone claim 352
Hutchinson paving-block quarry.... 344
Illustrations, List of 9-12
Independent Brick Co 244
Infusorial Earth, Analyses of 289
Production of 290
Calaveras County 363
Contra Costa County 363
Inyo County 363
Kern County 363
Lake County 363
Los Angeles County 291, 363
Monterey County 292, 363
Napa County 363
Orange County 292
San Benito County 292, 363 ',
San Bernardino County 293
San Diego County 363
San Mateo County 363
San Joaquin County 363
San Luis Obispo County 293, 363
Santa Barbara County 293-296, 3(>3
Santa Clara County 36;!
Shasta County 296
Siskiyou County 363 |
Sonoma County 3(!:?
Tehama County 296
Tulare County 376
Pace.
Indian Springs iron 298
Introductory 13
Inyo County — Asbestos 360
Antimony 359
Barytes 360
Clay 361
Infusorial Earth 363
Granite 364
Gypsum 364
Iron 365
Jasper 365
Marble 99, 100, 367
Mica 367
Quartz Crystals 370
Soapstone 371
Sulphur 372
Tuff 154
Zinc 373
Iron, Amador County 364
Butte County 297, 364
Calaveras County 297, 364
Colusa County 364
Del Norte County 365
El Dorado County 297, 365
Fresno County 365
Humboldt County 365
Inyo County 365
Kern County 365
Lake County 365
Lassen County 365
Los Angeles County 297, 298, 365
Madera County 298, 365
Mariposa County 365
Napa County 365
Nevada County 298, 365
Placer County 298, 299, 365
Plumas County 299
San Benito County 299, 365
San Bernardino County . .299, 300, 365
San Diego County 300
San Luis Obispo County 301, 365
Shasta County. .301. 302, 303, 304, 365
Sierra County 304. 365
Siskiyou County 304
Sonoma County 304, 365
Tehama County 3(t4. 365
Trinity County 305
Tulare County 365
Yolo County 365
Yuba County 365
Iron Age mine 299
Iron Mark iron mine 298
Iron Mountain iron mine 299
Irvine gypsum deposit 376
I X L lime quarry 86, 87
.lames marble deposit 108
Jameson lime q»mrry 70-71
INDEX.
-101
I'ACK.
Jasper — Calaveras County 305
Fresno County 305 i
Inyo County 305
Lassen County 300
Los Angeles County 305
Marin County :\C,(]
Mariposa County ;:00
Monterey County 300
Nevada County 300 '
Placer County 300 |
Plumas County 300 |
San Benito County 300 '
San Francisco County 300
San Luis Obispo County 300
Shasta County ."JtUi
Siskiyou County 3(j0
Trinity County 300
Jayue's soapstone deposit 353
Jensen's brickyard 244
Jochuch brickyard 259
Johuson-Splivalo macadam quarry. . 323
Johnston-Hadley asbestos mine .374
Jones macadam quarry 323
Joslin's glass sand deposit 277
Jursch tufif quarry 150
Kaolin. (See Clays.)
Kelch's brickyard 250
Ken tuck zinc mine 35.5, 350
Kern County — Antimony 3.50
Brick Clay 374
Cement 301
Clay 212.213,301
Fuller's Earth 273, 274
Gypsum 284
Infusorial Earth ::03
Iron 305
Lime 00. 70, 71. 72. 3(>0. 370
Marble 00,307
Onyx ^09
Sandstone 128, 370
Sulphur 372
Syenite 372
Tunssten 3.55. ."i72. .■)78
Kern County Land Co., antimony. . . 374
Kern County Brick Co 374
Kern Development Syndicate, sand-
stone 127, 128
Kesseler ony.x deposit Ill, 112
King magnesite claims 327
King & Enos clay pit 210
Kings Count.v — Brick Clay 24:'., .••.74
Fuller's Earth :!75
Kingston Mt. iron 3,00
Kingston sandstone deposit 141
Koar's brickyard 374
K. & K. Brick Co 244
La Bolsa Tile Co 251 . 2.52
26— BUL. 38
Pai.k.
Lake County — Barytes 3(50
Cement 301
( "lay 301
Chrome 302
Granodiorite .303
Infusorial Earth .••,03
Iron 305
Magnesite 307
^lauganeso 308
Onyx .300
Serpentine 371
Sulphur .372
Lambert & Seam's pottery 210
Lambert limestone deposit 00
Lambson & IIa.ss's zinc mine ."..50
Lane Ranch slate 149
Lassen County — Gypsum .304
Iron 305
Jasper 300
Sulphur ."'.72
Last Chance clay mint' 218
Late ocher mine 338
Late sandstone quarry 117, 118
Lately Street quarry 321
Lauterman macadam quarry .377
Lavariguo lime quarry 70
Leahy & Turner's granite quarry... 51
Lemon Cove lime quni-ry 94, 95
Leutill brickyard 374
Leona Heights macadam quarry .... 313
Pyrites ;!49
Leonard infusorial earth deposit... 292
Lepidolite. (See LixniA.)
Letter of Transmittal 5, 0
Lewis brickyard 2.53
Lewis & Riggio's quan\ .■)21
Lichau paving-block quarry 344
Lime and Limestone 01. 02, iui
Limestone, where quarried 14
Lime, Burning •!2
Kilns, classes O.".
Uses of i'«4
Alameda County '. 04
Alpine County MOf!
Amador County 04. 0.5
Butte County <'>5, 300. .■570,
Calaveras County t;.", 0<i, .".00
Colusa County 'Ki
Contra Costa County 00, 07
El Dorado County 07, (5S
Fresno County <>-S
Humboldt County 306
Kern County. . . .00. 7<>. 71. 72. .".00. 370
Los .Vngeles Count.\ 370
Madera County •",(•>(;
Mono County .".70
Monterey County 72, 73, .".<'.<;
402
INDEX.
Taoe.
Lime, Nevada County 78
Orange County 73, 74
Placer County 74, 3GG
riumas County 75
Riverside County 75, 76
San Benito County 70, 3UG
San Bernardino Co. .77, 78, 79, 3G6, 376
San Diego County 300
San Joaquin County 79 i
San Luis Obispo County. . .79, 80,366
Santa Barbara County. .80, 81, 82, 306
Santa Clara County 82,83,300
Santa Cruz County 83-88, 300, 370
Shasta County 88-91, 300 ]
Sierra County 92
Siskiyou County 92, 93, 306
Sonoma County 93, 94, 300
Trinity County 94
Tulare County 95, 90, 300
Tuolumne County 95
Linscott tuff quarry 150 i
Lincoln glass sand deposit 278
Lina lime deposit 80
Lithia 300-311
Analyses of 308
Minerals 300, 307
San Diego County 308, 300, 370
Louia Blanca lime deposit 80
Lompoc lime deposit 81
Lone Pine Cafion marble 105
Loomis granite 37
Lord's clay pit 223
T.,ord's gypsum deposit 286
Lord's paint mine 339
Lordsburg Brick and Construct'u Co. 244
Ijorraine Manganese Co 377
Los Angeles Brick Co 244, 245, 246
Los Angeles County — Antimony .... 359
Barytes 300 j
P.rick Clay 213-248. 374
Cement 178, 301
Clay 213,301 '
(Jlass Sand 277, 278, 303
Cranite 28,304
Graphite 280, 303
Oyijsum 284, 285, 280, 304
Infusorial Larlh 291. 292, 303
Iron 297, 298. 305
.Tasp.M- 305
Lime 370
Macadam 317, .".18, 377
.Mangani'sc 308
Marble 307
Mica 307
Mineral Paint 338
Onyx .'!()9
Sand and T^ime Brick 108
Pac;e.
Los Angeles County — Serpentine... 147
Sandstone 128, 130. 131, 370, :!78
Soapstone 351, 371
Trachyte 154, 155
Tungsten 372
Zinc 373
Los Angeles County Pressed P.rick
Company . . 214, 223, 240, 247, 248, 359
j Los Angeles County Stoneware and
I Sewer Pipe Co 214, 215. 374
Los Angeles Fire-Proof Cement Co. 178
Los Angeles Pottery Co 212, 213, 214
Los Berros Stone Co 159, .".78
Los Gatos lime quarry 82, 83
Los Vergeles lime deposit 73, 70
Lounibos trachyte quarry 102, 103
Loyne's brickyard 248
Lynch paving-block quarry 344
Macadam, Concrete and Rubble. .311-327
Alameda County 311-315, 377
Colusa County 310
Contra Costa County 310, 317
Los Angeles County 317, 318, 377
Madera County 377
Marin County 318, 319
Napa County 320
Placer County 377
Riverside County 320. 377
Sacramento County 320
San Benito County 320
San Francisco Co 320. 321. .322. 377
San Joaquin County 322
San Luis Obispo County 322
San Mateo County .322, 323
Santa Clara County 323, 324
Santa Cruz County .324, .377
Shasta County 324
Solano County .325. 320. 377
Sonoma County 320, 327
Ventura County 327
Madera County — Asbestos 300
Brick Clay 297
Grnnilc 28, 30, 31, 32. 304, ,370
Iron 298.305
Lime '. . 306
Macadam 377
Manganese 368
Tungsten 372
Zinc 37.".
Madera maguesile deposit 333
Magne-Silica Infusorial Earth Co... 296
Magnesia Asbestos Sui)i)ly Co .374
Magnesite, Alameda County .327
Fresno County 328
Mendocino County 328
Lake County 307
Napa County .328, 329, 330, 367
INDEX.
403
Page.
Masuesito, Placer County 330
San Diego County 3G7
San Luis Obispo Count.v ■>G~
Santa Barbara County ;!07
Santa Clara County 330, 331. :!(i7
Sonoma County 331. 332, 333
Stanislaus County 333
Tehama County 333
Tulare County 333, 334
Malonej- quarry 321
Manganese, Alameda County. . . .335, .367
Calaveras County 368
Colusa County 335
Dei Norte County 3()8
El Dorado County 368
Glenn County 368
Lake County 368
Los Angeles County 368
Madera County 368
Marin County 368
^lariposa County 368
Mendocino County 368
Merced County 335
Monterey County 368
Napa County 368
Nevada County 368
Placer County 336, 368
Plumas County 368, 377
Riverside County 336, 368
San Benito County 336, 368
San Bernardino County 3.36. 368
San Diego County 368
San Francisco County 368
San .Joaquin County 368, 377
San Mateo County 368
San Luis Obispo County .336. .368
Santa Barbara County 368
Santa Clara County 336, 337, 368
Siskiyou County 368
Sonoma County 337, 368
Stanislaus County 368
Tulare County 368
Tuolumne County 368
Manzanita limestone deposit 66
Marble 95-110
Artificial 107
Durst quarry 103
Product of California 96
References to California 96
Where quarried 15
Amador County 96, 97. 366
Butte County 08. 366
Calaveras County 98. 99. .367
Colusa County .367
El Dorado County 367
Glenn County 99
Humboldt County 367
Page.
Marble, Inyo County UU. 100, .367
Kern County 100, 3.67
Los Angeles County 367
Mariposa County 367
Mono County 367
Nevada County 100, 367
Placer County 101, 367
Plumas County 101
P.iverside County 102, 367
San Bernardino Co. . .102-106, 367. 377
San Diego County 107
Santa Clara County -■'67
Shasta County 107
Siskiyou County 107. lOS. 367
Solano County 108
Tulare County 108, 367
Tuolumne County 108, 109, 110, 367
Yuba County 110
Marble Creek marble quarry 98
Marble Mountain 107-109
Marin County— Brick Clay 249, 250
Chrome 362
Clay 361
Granite 364
Jasper 366
:\Iacadam 318, 319
Manganese 368
Sandstone 370
Trachyte 372
Marin County Quarry 319
Mariposa County — Asbestos 360
Granite 364
Iron 365
•Jasper 366
Manganese 368
Marble 100,367
Quartz Crystals 370
Slate 152,153,371
Soapstone 371
Syenite 372
Tungsten 372
Markwood lime quarry 65
Martin soapstone claim 351
Martinez sandstone quarry 1 26
Masterson Bros.' granite quarry. ... 53
Maxwell Canon sandstone 131
McAninch marble quarry 32
McCloud River iron deposit 301.302
McDaniels's marble deposit 107
McDonald's brickyard ., 259
McDonald's paving-block quarry... 344
McGilvray Stone Co 124,125.
133-136, 316
McKinnon pyrites mine 378
McKnight clay pit 224
•McXaniara lime quarry 65
McNear brickyard 249
404
INDEX.
1»A(;k.
McXcai- quarry 326, 327
McVicker clay pits 223
Meachaiu quarry 327
Mondocino County--r?ri«k 37")
Chrome 208,362
Clay 361
Graphite 280, 304
Masnosite 328
Manganese •>C8
Onyx ] 14. 300
riatinum 347,348
Serpentine 371
Montono Sandstone Co 132
!Metonc i)aving-bloik quarry 344
Merced County — Brick Clay 250
Clay 217
Manganese 335
Sandstone 131
Mercer's Cave lime 65
^Merchant manganese mine 335
Meyer's granite quarry 42, 47
Mica, Butte County 337
El Dorado County 307
Inyo County 367
Los Angeles County 367
Kiverside County 367
San Diego County 367
Siskiyou County 367
Ventura County :'.37, .".38. 367
Milani paving-block quarry 344
]\Iills College macadam quarry. . .313,314
Miller lime quarry 377
^Minaret iron mines 298
Mineral Paint — Alameda County... ;!08
Alpine County .308
Butte County .338, 377
Calaveras County 338. 309, 377
El Dorado County 309
Humboldt County 309
Los Angeles County 338
Napa County 339, 377
Nevada County 339
Placer County 309
Riverside County 339
San Bernardino County .".09
Santa . Barbara County 309
Santa Clara County 300
Siskiyou County :\40. .'iOO
Sonoma County 340. .">09
Stanislaus County 841, 342, 369
Trinity County 342
Ventura County 3(50
Yuba County 342
Mission Canon sandstone 133
Afission District macadam quarry. . 314
Modoc County — Clay .".Ol
>Foffitt tuff qimrry 150
Page.
Mojave Antimony Co 374
.Mojave ("ons. Dev. Co., marble 105
S.Mpenline 147, 148
.Mono County — Barytes ;;00
Basalt .300
Clay 361
Granodiorite .">03
Lime .",70
Marble 367
Onyx 114, 367
Quartz Crj'stals 370
Tuff .372
Zinc 373
Mono lime quarry .■>70
^lonterey Brick and Stone Co 169
Monterey County — Antimony .359
Brick Clay 2.50
Clay 3(;i
Glass Sand 278
Infusorial Earth 202, 303
.Jasper 366
Lime
}. 366
Manganese 368
Sandstone 131
Sand and Lime Brick 160. 170
Serpentine ."',71
INIonterey Lime Co 72. 73
Moore lime deposit 80
Moore tuff quarry 100
Moore sandstone quarry .■'.78
Mooretown marble 98
^Morgan graphite mine 281
Morgan lime deposit 80
Morrison granite quarry 84
IMorrison ii'on deposit 297
Morro Rock quarry 161
^Nloulton's Ranch lime 74
Mount Diablo Pottery Co. clay 212
Mount Raymond iron mines 298
^Mountain Copper Co.'s ityriles ."'.77
Mountain Summit Lime Co 70,71
Murphy &; Bailey clay ])its .".7.5
.Muscapabia L. & W. Co. marble.... 105
Napa County — Antimony .359
Basalt 158
Cement 178-182
Chrome 302
Clay .301
Infusorial Earth 303
Iron ."65
Macadam 320
.Magnesite 328, .329, 330. .367
Manganese 368
Mineral Paint 339. .377
( )nyx 369
Paving Blocks 342
Pyrites 370
INDEX.
405
Page. |
Napa County — Quartz Crystals. . . . .'570
Sandstone i:U. 132, 'Ml
Soapstoue oTl
Trachyte 155. 15(;. 157, H72
Tuff 155. 1.5(k 1.58. :i72
Nash's iron deposit 297
National Paint and Color Co 337
Nevada County— Basalt 3G0
Brick Clay 250, 251
Clay 217.218,361
Granite 34,364 I
Iron 208, 365 |
Jasper 366
Lime 73 '
:\Iarble 100.367
^langanese 3(!8
Mineral Paint 339
Platinum :!48 |
Pyrites 370. 378 j
Newark Road macadam quarry 314
Newman Trachyte Co. quarry 157
Newsom lime deposit 80 !
Nickerson Ranch iron 298
Niter. (See Letter of Transmit- I
TAL, 5. 1 I
Noble iron deposit 304
Norris paving-block quarry 344 !
Northern California luv. Co. iron. . 304 '
Norton's asbestos mine 374
Novelty Pottery Co 204
Oakland Art Pottery 204
Occidental paint mine 340
Ocean View quarry 321
O'Connor Bros, brickyard 259
Olahan's brickyard 255
Oleta marble quarry 97
O'Leary tuff deposit 265
O'Neall .sandstone quarry 117
O'Neil Granite Works 37r>
Onyx Marble. Colusa County 360
Kern County 360
Lake County 369
Los Angeles County 360
Mendocino County 114, 360
Mono County 114, 369
Napa County 369 !
Orange County 369
Placer County 369
Riverside County 369
San Bernardino County 369
San Diego County 369
San Luis Obispo County. .111. 112. 369
Santa Clara County :!69
Siskiyou County 112, 113, 369
Solano County 114. :!69
Sonoma County 114, 3(>9
Tehama County 369
Page.
Onyx Marble, Tulare County 369
Opiiir Hardware Brick Co 251,252
Orange County — Barytes 3(50
Clay 218
Cement 182
Glass Sand 278
Gypsum 286.376
Infusorial Earth 202
Lime 73, 74
Onyx 3<)0
Sandstone 132
nic >< • >
Orange County Tile Works 2.52
Ornamental Stone and Brick Co. 168, 169
Ornamental Stones, (.s'ce Lettkr of
Transmittal, 5.)
Oro Fino lime quarry 93
Oro Grande granite quarries 48, 49
Lime quarries 77. 78. 79
Oroville clay 211
Otis marble deposit 106
Pacific Clay Mfg. Co 223, 224
Pacific Improvement Co. glass sand. .278
Pacific Land and Inv. Co. macadam 314
Pacific Lime and Plaster Co 74
Pacific Portland Cement Co 107,
185-189, 377
Pacific Sandstone Brick Co 169
Pacific Stone Co 167
Pacific Window Glass Co 279
Paicines sandstone quarry 132
Paint Mine and :Milling Co 339
Pala lepidolite 309
Papoose tungsten deposit 355
Parker's marble deposit 107
Park's clay deposit 224
Parson macadam plant 317
Patent Brick Co 250
Paving Blocks. (See Granite and.")
Xapa County 342
Riverside County 342. 377
San Bernardino County 342
Solano County 342
Sonoma County 343. 344, 345. 377
Peerless granite quarry 47
Penn Chemical Works — Clay 211
Mineral Paint 377
Penrose manganese mine 377
Penru granite quarries 40, 377
IVntz marble quarry 98
People's Lumber Co. bricks 259
Perfunio's iron deposit 301
I'erris clay deposit 224
Petroleum. (See Letter of Trans-
mittal, 5.)
Phelan sandstone quarry 132
Phoenix Lake granite 56
40(5
INDEX.
Page.
I'irkt'H U-iU'liyto quarry 157
Pu'keriiig's brickyard 250
PicM-co'ti brickyard 250
Piedmont Paving Co. macadaiii. .."JM. .">15
Pinelli i)avins-block qnarry . '.>~7
Pinkston barytes mine 2G4
Pipe and Tile AVorks clay 224
Pioneer Brick Co 259
Placer County, Asbestos 202, 300
Brick 359
Chrome 208, 362
Clay 218, 219, 220, 362
Glass Sand 278
Granite 34-40. 3(;4, 376
Granodiorite 363
Iron 298,365
Jasper 366
Lime 74,366
Macadam .377
Magnesite 330
Manganese 336, 368
^larble 101,367
Mineral Paint 369
Onyx 369
Platinum 346, 347, 348
Pyrites 370
Quartz Crystals 'M>>
Khyolite 158
Rubble .■!77
Slate 154
Soapstone ."I.'il. 371
Tuff 1.58
Platinum — In black sand concen-
trates 347,348
Butte County 346, 347, 348, 369
Calaveras County 347, 348
Del Norte County 346, 347, 369
Humboldt County . . .346, 347, 348, 369
:Mendocino County 347, 348
Nevada County 340
Placer County 346, 347, 348
Plumas County 347. 348
San Bernardino County 348
San Luis Obispo County 347
Santa Barbara County 347
Santa Cruz County 347
Shasta County .■'.47
Siskiyou County 346, 347, :'.4S. :!69
Stanislaus County .346
Tehama County 347
Trinity Couky . .346, 347, 348, 349, 369
Ventura County 369
Yuba County .•'.47
I'lnza lime quarry 65
Plumas County — Chrome .■'>(>2
Iron 299
.iMspcr 366
Page.
I'liimas County — I^ime 75
Marble 101
Manganese 368, 377
Platinum 347,348
(Juartz Crystals 350. 370
Plumbago. (See Graphitk. i
Pomona Brick Co 248
I'omona Lime Co 72
Porcelain Clay. (See Clays.)
Poi'])liyry. Where quarried 15
I'ort Costa bricks 375
Port Costa macadam 317
Porter brickyards .374
Porter lime deposit 80
Portland Cement. (See Cement.)
Portland ocher mine 341
Priest magnesite claim 328
Purrington quarry 327
Putah sandstone quarry 145
I'yrites— Alameda County 349, 378
Amador County 370
Calaveras County 370
Napa County 370
Nevada County 370, 378
Placer County .•'.70
San Luis Obispo County 370
Shasta County 370, 378
Siskiyou County 370
Sonoma County 370
Trinity County 370
Tuolumne County 370
(.Quarry drainage 22
(Quarry site, selecting 22
(Quarry waste 22
Quartz Crystals — Amador County. . .''.70
P.utte County 370
Calaveras County 349, 370
El Dorado County 850, 370
Inyo County 370
Mariposa County 370
Mono County 370
Napa County 370
Placer County 378
Plumas County 350, 370
Sacramento County 370
Sierra County 370
Tuolumne County 370
Tulare County 370
Quartz for glass sand. (See Glass
Sand.)
Quicksilver. (See Letter of Trans-
mittal, 5.)
(iuigley lime quarry 93
(}uilly iron mine 2'.>9
(^)uiml)y <fc Harrelson quarry .".21
Quinn's granite quarry 42, 47
Knnsome Construction Co 315
INDEX.
407
Page.
Raymond granite quarry 28-32, 877
Ray & Tyrrell infusorial oarlh deposit 2'.)6
Red Rock macadam quarry o77
Reed fuller's earth deposit 27S
Reliance iron mine 297
Remillard Brick Co 242. 2r,0. 87.")
Rempel iron deposit 297
Resting Springs iron mine MOO
Rewert infusorial earth deposit.... 292
lihyolite, Calaveras County 870
Placer County I-jS
San Bernardino County 870
San Luis Obispo County l."!)S
Sutter County 1G4
Rice tuff quarry 1G4
Rich Flat clay deposit 220, 221
Riverside County, Asbestos 263
Bauxite 3G1
Brick Clay 2.52. 2.58, 375
Cement 361
Clay 221. 222, 22.3. .375
(ilass Sand 363, 375
Granite 40, 47
Graphite 364
Gypsum 286, 364
Lime 75, 76
Macadam 320, 377
Manganese 336, 368
-Alarble 102, 367
Mica 367
Mineral Paint 339
Gnyx 869
Paving Blocks 842, 377
Soapstone 351
Richmond Brick Co 242
Roberts Island Brick Co 254
Roberts granite quarry 'MQ
Roberts paving-block quarry 345
Rock Mine granite quarry 47
Rockingham ware 200
Rocklin Granite Co .8(i-40
Rocklin granite quarries 86-40
Rose Canon Brick Co 254
Rose Firebrick Co 204
Rose tuff quarry 157
Roseville glass sand deposits 278
Rubble. (See Macadam, i
Where quarried 15
Rubidoux Hill granite 47
Russell magnesite mine 836
Ru-ssell sandstone quarry 140
Russell talc deposit .852
Sacramento County — Brick (^lay . . . 253
Clay 225.362
Granite 47. 48. 364
Granodiorite 868
Macadam .820
I Pack.
I Sacramento County — Quartz Crystals 870
Sacramento Transportation Co.'s
brickyard 253
Salines. (See Letter of Transmit-
tal, 5.)
Salmina tuff quarry 157
Salsipuedes Ranch infusorial earth
deposit 296
; Sampson Flat lime 68
San Benito County — Asbestos 860
Cement 184
Chrome 269, 362
Clay 226
Infusorial Earth 292, 363
Iron 299, 365
Jasper 366
Lime 76, 366
Manganese 8.36, 368
Sandstone 132
San Bernardino County — Antimony 259
Asbestos 263, 860
Barytes 264, 360
Basalt 360
Brick Clay 253, 254
Cement 188, 184, 361
[ Clay 220,227,362
Fuller's Earth 275, 363
Glass Sand 363
Granite 48-53, 364
Graphite 280,364
Gypsum 286, 287, 364
Infusorial Earth 292
Iron 299. 800, 365
Lime 76. 77, 78. 79, 366, 376
Macadam 320, 321
Manganese 336, 368
Marble 102-106, 367, 377
Mineral Paint 369
Onyx 869
Paving Blocks 342
Platinum 848
Rhyolite 370
Sandstone 132
Trachyte 372
Tungsten .8.55, 372
Zinc 373
San Bruno macadam quarry 323
San Diego County — Asbestos. . . .2t)8, 860
Brick Clay 254. 375
Cement 184
Clay 227,362
Granite 52, 33, 56, 364, 876
Gypsum 864
Infusorial Earth ,868
Iron 300
liime 866
Lithia :'.08, 800, 376
408
INDEX.
Pace.
San Diego County — Magnesite 307
Maniianosp 368
Miul)lo 100,307
Mica 3(>7
Pace.
San Joaqnin County — Macadam.. "ili^. 377
Manganese 3t;s. .•!77
San JcsL' Brick Co :!7."i
San Jose Cement P.lock Co 170
Oiivx 3(1!) San Leandro macadam quarry
315
St>ai)sii)ii(' 371
Tungsten '•''-
San Diego Desert Marble Co 107
Sand Flat sandstone quarry 138
Sandstone 114-146
Product of California 116
Alameda County IKL 117. :'.70
Amador County 117. 370
Calaveras County 117, 119
Colusa County 118-124, 370
Contra Costa County 126. 370
Fresno County 370
Glenn County 1-7
Humboldt County 370
Kern County 12S. 370
Los Angeles County 128,370.378
Marin County 370
IMerced County 131
Monterey County 131
Napa County 131. 132, 371
Orange County 132
San Benito County 132
San Bernardino County 132
San Francisco County 371
San jMateo County 371
San Luis Obispo County 371. 3,78
Santa Barbara Co.. .183, 134. 371. 3.78
Santa Clara County 133-138,371
Santa Cruz County 371
Shasta County 138. 130, 371
Siskiyou County 130. 140. 371
Solano County 141, 371
Sonoma County 141
Stanislaus County 141
Ventura County. 142. 143. 144. 145. 371
Yolo County 145. 146. 371
San Francisco County — Brick Clay. . 254
Jasper 36()
Macadam 320, 321
Manganese 368
Sandstone 371
Serpentine 372
San Franci.sco Bay Improvcuicnt
Co.'s quarry 310
San Francisco Construction Co 321
San Franci.sco and San Joaquin Coal
Co 204, 205. 276
San Joaquin County — Brick Clay 254, 255
Clay 22V, 228
Class Sand 270
Infusorial Fartli 363
Lime 70
San Luis Obispo County — Antiniony 359
Brick Clay 255
Calcareous Tufa 158
Chrome 260. 270. 362
Clay 362
Glass Sand 279
Gypsum 288
Infusorial Earth 293. 363
Iron .301,365
.Jasper 366
Lime 70,80,366
Macadam 322
Magnesite 367
Manganese 336. 368
Onyx in. 112.360
Platinum •">47
Pyrites •'>7<*
Uhyolite 158
Sandstone ^mI, 378
Serpentine 3,72
Trachyte 372
Tuff 158, 159. 160, 161
►San Mateo County — Brick Clay. .255, 256
Clay 227, 228, 229
Granite 3()4
Infusorial Earth 3ti3,
Macadam 323
^langanese 3(58
Sandstone 3,71
Syenite 372
Zinc 373
San Pedi'O breakwater 317
San I'edro lithia mine .■'■lO
Santa Ana brickyard 252
Santa Barbara County — Barytes... .36(1
Basalt 360
Brick Clay 2.5(;
liuihliug Blocks 170
Cement 361
Clay 362
Infu.sorial Earth 293, 294, 295
Gypsum 288,364
Lime 80. 81. 82. :566
Magnesite •"•<>7
Manganese 368
:Minera! Paint 360
Platinum 3,47
Sandstone 133, 391. 3,78
Serpentine •'72
Santa ('lara County — Antimony.... .3.5'.>
Brick (May 350. 375
Building Blocks HO'
INDEX.
409
Page.
Sauta Clara County — Cement 361
Chrome 362
Granite 376
Granodiorite 363
Infusorial Earth 363
Lime 82, 88, 366, 376
Macadam 323
:SIagnesite 330, 331, 367
Manganese 336, 368
Marble 367
Mineral Paint 369
Onyx 369
Sandstone 123, 137, 371
Soapstone 371
Santa Clara County Lime Co 88
Santa Cruz County — Cement .... 184, 361
Clay 375
Lime 88.366
Macadam 324; 377
Platinum 347
Sandstone 371
"Santa Rosa basalt quarry 345
Santa Rosa Bank trachyte deposit. . 163
Santa Susana quarry .327
Santee granite quarry 52
Santiago sandstone quarry 132
Scherer granite quarry 51, 377
Sclierer lime quarry 376
Scherer marble quarry 377
Schocken paving-block quarry 345
Seeger lime quarry 376
Serpentine, Amador County 147, 371
Calaveras County .".71
Lake County .'.71
Los Angeles County 147
Mendociuo County 371
Monterey County 371
Placer County 372
f>an Bernardino County 147.148
San Francisco County 372
San Luis Obispo County ."'.72
Santa Barbara County 372
Sierra County 372
Siskiyou County 148
Sonoma County :i72
Tulare County 372
Sespe Cauon brownstone sand-
stone 142-145
Shady Run quartz crystals 378 1
Shasta County — Asbestos 360
Barytps 360 [
Brick Clay 256. 257
Chrome 270. 271, 362
Clay 230. .362
Granite 53
Infusorial Earth 206, 363
Iron .301-304. 365
27— BUL 38
Page.
Shasta County — Jasper 366
Lime 88-91,366
Macadam 324
Marble 107
Platinum 347, 348
Pyrites 370,378
Sandstone 138, 139, 371
Soapstone 371, 378
Tuff 161
Vesuvianite 162
Zinc 355. 373
Shaw manganese mine 337
Siebe's Cordelia quarry 326
Sierra County— Asbestos 263. 360
Clay 362
Chrome 271, 272
Granite 54
Iron 304. 365
Lime . . 92
v^uartz crystals 370
Serpentine .'572
Soapstone 352
Sierra Grande granite quarry 47
Sierra Granite Co 377
Sierra Iron Co 304
Silva infusorial earth deposit 293
Simons Brick Co 248
Simons-Fout Brick Co 254
Simons-Fout Macadam Co 321
Siskiyou County— Asbestos 264, 360
Barytes 360
Basalt 360
Brick Clay 257, 258
Chrome 272, 363
Clay 2.30.362
Granite 54
Graphite 280
Infusorial Earth 363
Iron 304
.Tasper 366
Limestone 139, 140, 366
Manganese 368
Marble 106. 107, 367
Mica 367
Mineral Paint 340, 369
Onyx 112.113,369
Platinum 346. 347. 348, 369
Pyrites 370
Sandstone 139, 140. 371
Serpentine 148
Soapstone 352-354. 371
Tungsten 372
Skinner graphite mine 281
Skinner «& Wordin's graphite mine. . 280
Sky Blue Marble and Onyx Co.. .75, 102
Slater macadam quarry 317
410
INDEX.
Pacje.
Slato 149-154
rrodiut of California 149
References to California 149
Where iiuarried 15
Auiador County 149
El Dorado County. . .150, 151, 152, 371
(ilenn County 152
Mariposa County .... 152, 15:?, 154, 371
Placer County 154
Saiith's JM-irkyard 242, 257
Smith's clay jilts 210
Smith's lime kiln 73
Snow Ranch clay 211
Snowball raagnesito mine 330
Snowflake and Blanco magnesite
mine 329
.'^nider lime quarry 376
Snyder lime quarry 76
Soapstone, Alameda County 350
Amador County 371
Butte County 350, 351, 378
Calaveras County 351, 371
El Dorado County 371
Glenn County 351
Inyo County 371
Los Angeles County 351, 371
Mariposa County 371
Napa County 371
Placer County 352, 371
Riverside County 352
San Diego County 371
Santa Clara County 371
Shasta County 371, 37S
Sierra County 352
Siskiyou County 352, 353, 371
Tehama Count.v 371
Trinity County 353, 371
Tulare County 371
Tuolumne County 353, 371
Ventura County 371
Yuba County 353, 371
Soda. ((Sec Lettek of Transmittal, 5.)
Solano County — Brick Clay 258, 375
Cement 185-189, 3G1
Chrome 363
lnfn.sorial Earth 363
Macadam 325. 326. 377
Marble 108
Ony.x ' 114,369
Paving Blocks 342
Sandstone 141, .■!71
Tuff 162
Sonoma Brick Co 2.58
Sonoma lime quarry 93
Sonoma Stone and Construction Co. 170
Sonoma County^ Basalt 360
Brick Clay 25S
Page.
Sonoma County — Clay 362
Cement Blocks 170
Granite 376
Graphite 280,281
Infusorial Earth 363
Iron 304, 365
Lime 93
Macadam 326, 327
Magnesite 332, 333
Manganese 337, 368
Mineral P.iint 340, 369
Onyx 114, 369
Paving Blocks 343, 344, 345, 377
Pyrites 370
Sandstone 141
Serpentine 372
Sulphur 372
Trachyte 162, 372
Tfifif 162,163,164
Sotoyome magnesite deposit 333
Southern California Brick Co 249'
Southern California Pottery Works.
216.374,375
Southern California Sandstone Co. . . 132
Southern Pacific Firebrick Works. . 225-
Southern Pacific paint deposit 342
Southern Pacilic sandstone quarry,
131, 140'
Southwestern Glass Mfg. Co 277,278
South Yuba Marble Co 100'
Spence Mineral Co. — Paint 339
Pyrites 378
Spreckels Sugar Co. lime 73-
Spring Construction Co. macadam. . 315
Stacey paving-block quarry 345
Standard Brick Co 249'
Standard Portland Cement Co.. .178-182.
Standard Pottery Co 214, 215, 375
Staneusch manganese mine 336:
Stanford Sandstone. ( ^Sec McGilvray
Stone Co.)
Stanislaus Coimty— Clay 362'
Magnesite 330-:J33
Manganese 368
Mineral I'aint 341. 342, :369
Platinum 346.
Sandstone 141
State's Prison granite quarry. .47, 4S, 320'
StauliVr Chemical Co. pyrites 349'
Stetfini-Bartini quarry 319
Stege macadam quarry 317
Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery
Co 210.228,229'
Steven.s marble deposit 10(!
Stevens talc deposit 352
Stevenson-Marshall gypsum deposit 288-
Stillwater sandstone ((uarry 1.38:
I
INDEX.
411
Page.
Stockton Brick Co 255
Stone, Building-, Adaptability of. . . . 10
Classification of 14
California, bibliography of 15
Cost of IG
Durability of 10-21
Economic features of 13-22
Kinds in California 14-15
Preservatives 22
Quarrying and dressing 10
Selecting 15, 10
Transportation 23
Uses of 14
Stony Point trachyte quarry. .. .103, 164
St. John granite quarry 51
St. Louis Firebrick and Clay Co.. 210, 374
Sulphur, Calaveras County 372
Colusa County 354, 372
Inyo County 372
Kern County 372
Lake County 372
Lassen County 372
Sonoma County 372
Tehama County 354
Ventura County 354, 372
Summit lime quarry 77
Sunnyside infusorial earth deposit. .290
Sunol Road macadam quarry 315
Superior lime quarry 79
Sutter County, Clay 302
Rhyolite 104
Swain & Hudson's brickyard 375
Swank paving-block quarry 345
Sweetwater Dam granite quarry .... 53
Syenite, Kern County 372
Mariposa County 372
San Mateo County 372
Syndicate macadam quarry 315
T. A. Work Building Block Co 169
Tafton tuff quarry 158
Talc. {Sec Soapstone.)
Taylor Bros. Brick Co 2.")3, 254
Taylor soapstone deposit 378
Tohama County— Brick Clay 258
Chrome 272, 363, 375
Glass Sand 363
(iraphite 304
Infusorial Earth 290, 30:{
Iron 304, :]0."'>
Magnesite 333
Onyx 309
Platinum 247
Soapstone 371
Sulphur 354
Tuff 1(14
Tehachapi lime 70, 71
Telegraph Hill quarry 321
Temecula granite 41
Pj
Tesla mine 204, 205, 200,
Tesla glass sand
Texas Spring sandstone 138,
Thomas infusorial earth mine
Thompson tungsten deposit
Thurber's quarry 87,
Tiburon paint quarry
Tilghman lime quarry
Tognizi's infusorial earth deposit. . .
Trachyte, Calaveras County
Los Angeles County 154,
Marin County
Napa County 155, 150,
San Bernardino County
San Luis Obispo County
Sonoma County 102. 103,
Trachytic tuff. {See Tuff.)
Treat marble quarry
Trewhitt brickyard
Trinity County — Asbestos 204,
Barytes
Chrome 272, 303,
Clay
Granite
Iron
Jasper
Lime
Mineral Paint
Platinum 340, 347, 348, 349,
Pyrites
Soapstone 353,
Tropico Tile Works
Tuff, Butte County
Calaveras County 154,
El Dorado County 372
Glenn County 154
Inyo County 154
Mono County 372
Napa County . . . 155, 156, 157, 158. .372
Placer County 158
San Luis Obispo County 158-101
Santa Barbara County 372
Shasta County 101
Siskiyou County 161, 102
Solano County 102
Sonoma County I(i2. 103. 104
Tehama County 1<)4. 372
Yolo County 104
Tulare County — ^ Asbestos 300
Brick Clay 2.59
Clay 375
Granite 54, 55. 50, S04
Graphite 304
Gyi>sum 288,364
Infusorial Earth 376
Iron 305
Lime 94,95,360
Magnesite 334
\c;e.
276
270
139
370
355
324
319
370
293
372
155
372
372
372
99
243
360
360
375
302
54
305
300
94
342
309
370
371
216
154
372
412
INDEX.
Page.
Tulare County — Manganese 368
Marble 108,307
Onyx •. 3G9
Quartz Crystals 370
Soapstonc 371
Serpentine 372 |
Tally's gypsum deposit 287
Tungsten 354, 355 i
Humboldt County 372 ,
Kern County 355, 372, 378 j
Los Angeles County 372 |
Madera County 372
Mariposa County 372 i
San Bernardino County 355, 372
San Diego County 372
Siskiyou County 372
Tuolumne County — Clay 3G2
Granite 56,364
Grauodiorite 363
Graphite 280,281
Gypsum 288
Lime 95
Manganese 368
Marble 108, 109, 110, 367
Pyrites 370 !
Quartz Crystals 370
Soapstone 353, 371
Twin Peaks quarries 322
Underwood's lime quarry 76
Union Prick Co 375
Union Construction Co.'s paving-
blocks 345,377
Union Lime Co 71, 72
Union Sugar Co.'s lime 81
Vallecito talc claim 351
A'allejo tufE quarry 164
A'alley Springs clay pit 212
Van Slyke's fuller's earth deposit... 275
Van Slyke's graphite mine 280
A'an Slyke's graphite deposit 106
Ventura County— Prirk Clay 259
Clay :^62
Gypsum 288.364
Macadam 327
Mica 3:',7. 367
Mineral Paint 369
Platinum 369
Sandstone 142, 143. 144, 145, 371
Soapstone 371
Sulphur .3.54. .372
Ventura M. & L. Co.'s brickyard 259
Verdo Antique inarblo quarry 101
Verde Anti(|ue serpentine quarry 147. 148
Vesuvianite, Shasta County 162
A''ictor granite quarry 51. 377
Victorville granite quarries.
50.
Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks. . .154-164
Volcanic Tuff. (See Tuff.)
Page.
Voyle mineral paint mine 341, 342
Vulcan macadam quarry 322
Walcott chrome mine 375
Walker's brickyard 242, 258, 374
Washington Cons, asbestos mine.... 262
Waterman granite quarry 53
Weber Ranch magnesite 331
Weimer iron deposit 299
West Branch lime quarry 376
Western Art Tile Works 217, 359
Western Graphite Co . 280
Western Petroleum Co.'s gypsum... 284
Wetmore macadam quarry 322
Weyl paving-block quarry 345
W heeland Brick Co 375
White granite quarry " 51
White Rock magnesite claim 330
Whittier Brick Co 374
Wildermuth sandstone quarry 119
Wilkinson paving-block quarry 345
Williams Estate iron mine 299
Williams gypsum deposit 287
W"'lson-Lyon Construction Co 32
Wing's trachyte quarry 158
Wood's marble deposit 108
Wright Ranch sandstone 141
Wymore paving-block quarry 345
Yolo County — Asbestos 264, 360
Basalt 360
Brick Clay 259
Iron 365
Sandstone 145, 146, 371
Tuff 164
Young's limestone quarry 66
Yuba County — Asbestos 264
Bauxite 265,361
Brick Clay 259. 375
Clay 230
Granite 56
Iron 365
Marble 110
Mineral Paint 342
Platinum 347
Sandstone 145
. Soapstone 3.'>3. 371
Zelma basalt quarry 158
Zinc 355,356
Fresno County 373
Inyo County 373
Los Angeles Covmty 373
Madera County 373
Mono County 373
Orange County 373
San Bernardino County 373
San Mateo County 373
Shasta County 355, 356. 373
Zollnor's macadam quarry 320
Zollner's p;iviug-i)l(>ck quarry 342
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no. 38
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